Introduce component logger with appropriate attributes

[djaglowski]

Implements the logger described in #12217

Alternative to #12057

Resolves #11814

component/componentattribute:

• Initializes new module
• Defines constants for component telemetry attribute keys
• Defines a zapcore.Core which can remove attributes from the root logger

service:

• Rebases component instantiation on attribute sets
• Internal constructors for attribute sets for each component type
• Constructs loggers from componentattribute

otlpreceiver:

• Uses componentattribute to remove otelcol.signal attribute from logger

memorylimiter:

• Uses componentattribute to remove otelcol.signal, otelcol.pipeline.id and otelcol.component.id attributes from logger

[mx-psi]

nit: I would call this Core or ZapCore instead of Logger

[codecov]

Codecov Report

All modified and coverable lines are covered by tests ✅

Project coverage is 91.28%. Comparing base (fc34c23) to head (a9d57b9).
Report is 2 commits behind head on main.

Additional details and impacted files

@@           Coverage Diff           @@
##             main   #12259   +/-   ##
=======================================
  Coverage   91.27%   91.28%           
=======================================
  Files         466      465    -1     
  Lines       25586    25599   +13     
=======================================
+ Hits        23354    23367   +13     
  Misses       1816     1816           
  Partials      416      416           

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