In this chapter, we enter the building site and start constructing the LFS system in earnest. That is, we chroot into the temporary mini Linux system, make a few final preparations, and then begin installing the packages.
The installation of this software is straightforward. Although in many cases the installation instructions could be made shorter and more generic, we have opted to provide the full instructions for every package to minimize the possibilities for mistakes. The key to learning what makes a Linux system work is to know what each package is used for and why you (or the system) may need it.
We do not recommend using optimizations. They can make a program run slightly faster, but they may also cause compilation difficulties and problems when running the program. If a package refuses to compile when using optimization, try to compile it without optimization and see if that fixes the problem. Even if the package does compile when using optimization, there is the risk it may have been compiled incorrectly because of the complex interactions between the code and build tools. Also note that the -march and -mtune options using values not specified in the book have not been tested. This may cause problems with the toolchain packages (Binutils, GCC and Glibc). The small potential gains achieved in using compiler optimizations are often outweighed by the risks. First-time builders of LFS are encouraged to build without custom optimizations. The subsequent system will still run very fast and be stable at the same time.
The order that packages are installed in this chapter needs to be strictly followed to ensure that no program accidentally acquires a path referring to /tools hard-wired into it. For the same reason, do not compile separate packages in parallel. Compiling in parallel may save time (especially on dual-CPU machines), but it could result in a program containing a hard-wired path to /tools, which will cause the program to stop working when that directory is removed.
Before the installation instructions, each installation page provides information about the package, including a concise description of what it contains, approximately how long it will take to build, and how much disk space is required during this building process. Following the installation instructions, there is a list of programs and libraries (along with brief descriptions of these) that the package installs.
The SBU values and required disk space includes test suite data for all applicable packages in Chapter 6.
In general, the LFS editors discourage building and installing static libraries. The original purpose for most static libraries has been made obsolete in a modern Linux system. In addition linking a static library into a program can be detrimental. If an update to the library is needed to remove a security problem, all programs that use the static library will need to be relinked to the new library. Since the use of static libraries is not always obvious, the relevant programs (and the procedures needed to do the linking) may not even be known.
In the procedures in Chapter 6, we remove or disable installation of most static libraries. In a few cases, especially glibc and gcc, the use of static libraries remains essential to the general package building process. Usually this is done by passing a --disable-static option to configure. In other cases, alternate means are needed.
For a more complete discussion of libraries, see the discussion Libraries: Static or shared? in the BLFS book.
Various file systems exported by the kernel are used to communicate to and from the kernel itself. These file systems are virtual in that no disk space is used for them. The content of the file systems resides in memory.
Begin by creating directories onto which the file systems will be mounted:
mkdir -pv $LFS/{dev,proc,sys,run}
When the kernel boots the system, it requires the presence of a few device nodes, in particular the console and null devices. The device nodes must be created on the hard disk so that they are available before udevd has been started, and additionally when Linux is started with*init=/bin/bash*. Create the devices by running the following commands:
mknod -m 600 $LFS/dev/console c 5 1
mknod -m 666 $LFS/dev/null c 1 3
The recommended method of populating the /dev directory with devices is to mount a virtual filesystem (such as tmpfs) on the /dev directory, and allow the devices to be created dynamically on that virtual filesystem as they are detected or accessed. Device creation is generally done during the boot process by Udev. Since this new system does not yet have Udev and has not yet been booted, it is necessary to mount and populate /dev manually. This is accomplished by bind mounting the host system's /dev directory. A bind mount is a special type of mount that allows you to create a mirror of a directory or mount point to some other location. Use the following command to achieve this:
mount -v --bind /dev $LFS/dev
Now mount the remaining virtual kernel filesystems:
mount -vt devpts devpts $LFS/dev/pts -o gid=5,mode=620
mount -vt proc proc $LFS/proc
mount -vt sysfs sysfs $LFS/sys
mount -vt tmpfs tmpfs $LFS/run
The meaning of the mount options for devpts:
gid=5
This ensures that all devpts-created device nodes are owned by group ID 5. This is the ID we will use later on for the tty group. We use the group ID instead of a name, since the host system might use a different ID for its tty group.
mode=0620
This ensures that all devpts-created device nodes have mode 0620 (user readable and writable, group writable). Together with the option above, this ensures that devpts will create device nodes that meet the requirements of grantpt(), meaning the Glibc pt_chownhelper binary (which is not installed by default) is not necessary.
In some host systems, /dev/shm is a symbolic link to /run/shm. The /run tmpfs was mounted above so in this case only a directory needs to be created.
if [ -h $LFS/dev/shm ]; then
mkdir -pv $LFS/$(readlink $LFS/dev/shm)
fi
Package Management is an often requested addition to the LFS Book. A Package Manager allows tracking the installation of files making it easy to remove and upgrade packages. As well as the binary and library files, a package manager will handle the installation of configuration files. Before you begin to wonder, NO—this section will not talk about nor recommend any particular package manager. What it provides is a roundup of the more popular techniques and how they work. The perfect package manager for you may be among these techniques or may be a combination of two or more of these techniques. This section briefly mentions issues that may arise when upgrading packages.
Some reasons why no package manager is mentioned in LFS or BLFS include:
Dealing with package management takes the focus away from the goals of these books—teaching how a Linux system is built.
There are multiple solutions for package management, each having its strengths and drawbacks. Including one that satisfies all audiences is difficult.
There are some hints written on the topic of package management. Visit the Hints Project and see if one of them fits your need.
A Package Manager makes it easy to upgrade to newer versions when they are released. Generally the instructions in the LFS and BLFS Book can be used to upgrade to the newer versions. Here are some points that you should be aware of when upgrading packages, especially on a running system.
If Glibc needs to be upgraded to a newer version, (e.g. from glibc-2.19 to glibc-2.20, it is safer to rebuild LFS. Though you may be able to rebuild all the packages in their dependency order, we do not recommend it.
If a package containing a shared library is updated, and if the name of the library changes, then all the packages dynamically linked to the library need to be recompiled to link against the newer library. (Note that there is no correlation between the package version and the name of the library.) For example, consider a package foo-1.2.3 that installs a shared library with name libfoo.so.1. Say you upgrade the package to a newer version foo-1.2.4 that installs a shared library with name libfoo.so.2. In this case, all packages that are dynamically linked to libfoo.so.1 need to be recompiled to link against libfoo.so.2. Note that you should not remove the previous libraries until the dependent packages are recompiled.
The following are some common package management techniques. Before making a decision on a package manager, do some research on the various techniques, particularly the drawbacks of the particular scheme.
Yes, this is a package management technique. Some folks do not find the need for a package manager because they know the packages intimately and know what files are installed by each package. Some users also do not need any package management because they plan on rebuilding the entire system when a package is changed.
This is a simplistic package management that does not need any extra package to manage the installations. Each package is installed in a separate directory. For example, package foo-1.1 is installed in /usr/pkg/foo-1.1 and a symlink is made from /usr/pkg/foo to /usr/pkg/foo-1.1. When installing a new version foo-1.2, it is installed in /usr/pkg/foo-1.2 and the previous symlink is replaced by a symlink to the new version.
Environment variables such as PATH, LD_LIBRARY_PATH, MANPATH, INFOPATH and CPPFLAGS need to be expanded to include /usr/pkg/foo. For more than a few packages, this scheme becomes unmanageable.
This is a variation of the previous package management technique. Each package is installed similar to the previous scheme. But instead of making the symlink, each file is symlinked into the /usr hierarchy. This removes the need to expand the environment variables. Though the symlinks can be created by the user to automate the creation, many package managers have been written using this approach. A few of the popular ones include Stow, Epkg, Graft, and Depot.
The installation needs to be faked, so that the package thinks that it is installed in /usr though in reality it is installed in the /usr/pkg hierarchy. Installing in this manner is not usually a trivial task. For example, consider that you are installing a package libfoo-1.1. The following instructions may not install the package properly:
./configure --prefix=/usr/pkg/libfoo/1.1
make
make install
The installation will work, but the dependent packages may not link to libfoo as you would expect. If you compile a package that links against libfoo, you may notice that it is linked to /usr/pkg/libfoo/1.1/lib/libfoo.so.1 instead of /usr/lib/libfoo.so.1 as you would expect. The correct approach is to use the DESTDIR strategy to fake installation of the package. This approach works as follows:
./configure --prefix=/usr
make
make DESTDIR=/usr/pkg/libfoo/1.1 install
Most packages support this approach, but there are some which do not. For the non-compliant packages, you may either need to manually install the package, or you may find that it is easier to install some problematic packages into /opt.
In this technique, a file is timestamped before the installation of the package. After the installation, a simple use of the find command with the appropriate options can generate a log of all the files installed after the timestamp file was created. A package manager written with this approach is install-log.
Though this scheme has the advantage of being simple, it has two drawbacks. If, during installation, the files are installed with any timestamp other than the current time, those files will not be tracked by the package manager. Also, this scheme can only be used when one package is installed at a time. The logs are not reliable if two packages are being installed on two different consoles.
In this approach, the commands that the installation scripts perform are recorded. There are two techniques that one can use:
The LD_PRELOAD environment variable can be set to point to a library to be preloaded before installation. During installation, this library tracks the packages that are being installed by attaching itself to various executables such as cp, install, mv and tracking the system calls that modify the filesystem. For this approach to work, all the executables need to be dynamically linked without the suid or sgid bit. Preloading the library may cause some unwanted side-effects during installation. Therefore, it is advised that one performs some tests to ensure that the package manager does not break anything and logs all the appropriate files.
The second technique is to use strace, which logs all system calls made during the execution of the installation scripts.
In this scheme, the package installation is faked into a separate tree as described in the Symlink style package management. After the installation, a package archive is created using the installed files. This archive is then used to install the package either on the local machine or can even be used to install the package on other machines.
This approach is used by most of the package managers found in the commercial distributions. Examples of package managers that follow this approach are RPM (which, incidentally, is required by the Linux Standard Base Specification), pkg-utils, Debian's apt, and Gentoo's Portage system. A hint describing how to adopt this style of package management for LFS systems is located at http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/hints/downloads/files/fakeroot.txt.
Creation of package files that include dependency information is complex and is beyond the scope of LFS.
Slackware uses a tar based system for package archives. This system purposely does not handle package dependencies as more complex package managers do. For details of Slackware package management, see http://www.slackbook.org/html/package-management.html.
This scheme, unique to LFS, was devised by Matthias Benkmann, and is available from the Hints Project. In this scheme, each package is installed as a separate user into the standard locations. Files belonging to a package are easily identified by checking the user ID. The features and shortcomings of this approach are too complex to describe in this section. For the details please see the hint at http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/hints/downloads/files/more_control_and_pkg_man.txt.
One of the advantages of an LFS system is that there are no files that depend on the position of files on a disk system. Cloning an LFS build to another computer with the same architecture as the base system is as simple as using tar on the LFS partition that contains the root directory (about 250MB uncompressed for a base LFS build), copying that file via network transfer or CD-ROM to the new system and expanding it. From that point, a few configuration files will have to be changed. Configuration files that may need to be updated include: /etc/hosts, /etc/fstab, /etc/passwd, /etc/group, /etc/shadow, /etc/ld.so.conf, /etc/sysconfig/rc.site, /etc/sysconfig/network, and /etc/sysconfig/ifconfig.eth0.
A custom kernel may need to be built for the new system depending on differences in system hardware and the original kernel configuration.
There have been some reports of issues when copying between similar but not identical architectures. For instance, the instruction set for an Intel system is not identical with an AMD processor and later versions of some processors may have instructions that are unavailable in earlier versions.
Finally the new system has to be made bootable via Section 8.4, “Using GRUB to Set Up the Boot Process”.
It is time to enter the chroot environment to begin building and installing the final LFS system. As user root, run the following command to enter the realm that is, at the moment, populated with only the temporary tools:
chroot "$LFS" /tools/bin/env -i \
HOME=/root \
TERM="$TERM" \
PS1='\u:\w\$ ' \
PATH=/bin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/usr/sbin:/tools/bin \
/tools/bin/bash --login +h
The -i option given to the env command will clear all variables of the chroot environment. After that, only the HOME, TERM, PS1, and PATH variables are set again. The TERM=$TERM construct will set the TERM variable inside chroot to the same value as outside chroot. This variable is needed for programs like vim and less to operate properly. If other variables are needed, such as CFLAGS or CXXFLAGS, this is a good place to set them again.
From this point on, there is no need to use the LFS variable anymore, because all work will be restricted to the LFS file system. This is because the Bash shell is told that $LFS is now the root (/) directory.
Notice that /tools/bin comes last in the PATH. This means that a temporary tool will no longer be used once its final version is installed. This occurs when the shell does not “remember” the locations of executed binaries—for this reason, hashing is switched off by passing the *+h*option to bash.
Note that the bash prompt will say I have no name! This is normal because the /etc/passwd file has not been created yet.
It is important that all the commands throughout the remainder of this chapter and the following chapters are run from within the chroot environment. If you leave this environment for any reason (rebooting for example), ensure that the virtual kernel filesystems are mounted as explained in Section 6.2.2, “Mounting and Populating /dev” and Section 6.2.3, “Mounting Virtual Kernel File Systems” and enter chroot again before continuing with the installation.
It is time to create some structure in the LFS file system. Create a standard directory tree by issuing the following commands:
mkdir -pv /{bin,boot,etc/{opt,sysconfig},home,lib/firmware,mnt,opt}
mkdir -pv /{media/{floppy,cdrom},sbin,srv,var}
install -dv -m 0750 /root
install -dv -m 1777 /tmp /var/tmp
mkdir -pv /usr/{,local/}{bin,include,lib,sbin,src}
mkdir -pv /usr/{,local/}share/{color,dict,doc,info,locale,man}
mkdir -v /usr/{,local/}share/{misc,terminfo,zoneinfo}
mkdir -v /usr/libexec
mkdir -pv /usr/{,local/}share/man/man{1..8}
case $(uname -m) in
x86_64) mkdir -v /lib64 ;;
esac
mkdir -v /var/{log,mail,spool}
ln -sv /run /var/run
ln -sv /run/lock /var/lock
mkdir -pv /var/{opt,cache,lib/{color,misc,locate},local}
Directories are, by default, created with permission mode 755, but this is not desirable for all directories. In the commands above, two changes are made—one to the home directory of user root, and another to the directories for temporary files.
The first mode change ensures that not just anybody can enter the /root directory—the same as a normal user would do with his or her home directory. The second mode change makes sure that any user can write to the /tmp and /var/tmp directories, but cannot remove another user's files from them. The latter is prohibited by the so-called “sticky bit,” the highest bit (1) in the 1777 bit mask.
The directory tree is based on the Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (FHS) (available at https://wiki.linuxfoundation.org/en/FHS). The FHS also specifies the optional existence of some directories such as /usr/local/games and /usr/share/games. We create only the directories that are needed. However, feel free to create these directories.
Some programs use hard-wired paths to programs which do not exist yet. In order to satisfy these programs, create a number of symbolic links which will be replaced by real files throughout the course of this chapter after the software has been installed:
ln -sv /tools/bin/{bash,cat,dd,echo,ln,pwd,rm,stty} /bin
ln -sv /tools/bin/{install,perl} /usr/bin
ln -sv /tools/lib/libgcc_s.so{,.1} /usr/lib
ln -sv /tools/lib/libstdc++.{a,so{,.6}} /usr/lib
sed 's/tools/usr/' /tools/lib/libstdc++.la > /usr/lib/libstdc++.la
ln -sv bash /bin/sh
The purpose of each link:
/bin/bash
Many bash scripts specify /bin/bash.
/bin/cat
This pathname is hard-coded into Glibc's configure script.
/bin/dd
The path to dd will be hard-coded into the /usr/bin/libtool utility.
/bin/echo
This is to satisfy one of the tests in Glibc's test suite, which expects /bin/echo.
/usr/bin/install
The path to install will be hard-coded into the /usr/lib/bash/Makefile.inc file.
/bin/ln
The path to ln will be hard-coded into the /usr/lib/perl5/5.26.0/<target-triplet>/Config_heavy.pl file.
/bin/pwd
Some configure scripts, particularly Glibc's, have this pathname hard-coded.
/bin/rm
The path to rm will be hard-coded into the /usr/lib/perl5/5.26.0/<target-triplet>/Config_heavy.pl file.
/bin/stty
This pathname is hard-coded into Expect, therefore it is needed for Binutils and GCC test suites to pass.
/usr/bin/perl
Many Perl scripts hard-code this path to the perl program.
/usr/lib/libgcc_s.so{,.1}
Glibc needs this for the pthreads library to work.
/usr/lib/libstdc++{,.6}
This is needed by several tests in Glibc's test suite, as well as for C++ support in GMP.
/usr/lib/libstdc++.la
This prevents a /tools reference that would otherwise be in /usr/lib/libstdc++.la after GCC is installed.
/bin/sh
Many shell scripts hard-code /bin/sh.
Historically, Linux maintains a list of the mounted file systems in the file /etc/mtab. Modern kernels maintain this list internally and exposes it to the user via the /proc filesystem. To satisfy utilities that expect the presence of /etc/mtab, create the following symbolic link:
ln -sv /proc/self/mounts /etc/mtab
In order for user root to be able to login and for the name “root” to be recognized, there must be relevant entries in the /etc/passwd and /etc/group files.
Create the /etc/passwd file by running the following command:
cat > /etc/passwd << "EOF"
root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
bin:x:1:1:bin:/dev/null:/bin/false
daemon:x:6:6:Daemon User:/dev/null:/bin/false
messagebus:x:18:18:D-Bus Message Daemon User:/var/run/dbus:/bin/false
nobody:x:99:99:Unprivileged User:/dev/null:/bin/false
EOF
The actual password for root (the “x” used here is just a placeholder) will be set later.
Create the /etc/group file by running the following command:
cat > /etc/group << "EOF"
root:x:0:
bin:x:1:daemon
sys:x:2:
kmem:x:3:
tape:x:4:
tty:x:5:
daemon:x:6:
floppy:x:7:
disk:x:8:
lp:x:9:
dialout:x:10:
audio:x:11:
video:x:12:
utmp:x:13:
usb:x:14:
cdrom:x:15:
adm:x:16:
messagebus:x:18:
systemd-journal:x:23:
input:x:24:
mail:x:34:
nogroup:x:99:
users:x:999:
EOF
The created groups are not part of any standard—they are groups decided on in part by the requirements of the Udev configuration in this chapter, and in part by common convention employed by a number of existing Linux distributions. In addition, some test suites rely on specific users or groups. The Linux Standard Base (LSB, available at http://www.linuxbase.org) recommends only that, besides the group root with a Group ID (GID) of 0, a group bin with a GID of 1 be present. All other group names and GIDs can be chosen freely by the system administrator since well-written programs do not depend on GID numbers, but rather use the group's name.
To remove the “I have no name!” prompt, start a new shell. Since a full Glibc was installed in Chapter 5 and the /etc/passwd and /etc/group files have been created, user name and group name resolution will now work:
exec /tools/bin/bash --login +h
Note the use of the +h directive. This tells bash not to use its internal path hashing. Without this directive, bash would remember the paths to binaries it has executed. To ensure the use of the newly compiled binaries as soon as they are installed, the +h directive will be used for the duration of this chapter.
The login, agetty, and init programs (and others) use a number of log files to record information such as who was logged into the system and when. However, these programs will not write to the log files if they do not already exist. Initialize the log files and give them proper permissions:
touch /var/log/{btmp,lastlog,faillog,wtmp}
chgrp -v utmp /var/log/lastlog
chmod -v 664 /var/log/lastlog
chmod -v 600 /var/log/btmp
The /var/log/wtmp file records all logins and logouts. The /var/log/lastlog file records when each user last logged in. The /var/log/faillog file records failed login attempts. The /var/log/btmp file records the bad login attempts.
The /run/utmp file records the users that are currently logged in. This file is created dynamically in the boot scripts.
The Linux API Headers (in linux-4.12.7.tar.xz) expose the kernel's API for use by Glibc.
**Approximate build time:**less than 0.1 SBU
**Required disk space:**865 MB
The Linux kernel needs to expose an Application Programming Interface (API) for the system's C library (Glibc in LFS) to use. This is done by way of sanitizing various C header files that are shipped in the Linux kernel source tarball.
Make sure there are no stale files and dependencies lying around from previous activity:
make mrproper
Now extract the user-visible kernel headers from the source. They are placed in an intermediate local directory and copied to the needed location because the extraction process removes any existing files in the target directory. There are also some hidden files used by the kernel developers and not needed by LFS that are removed from the intermediate directory.
make INSTALL_HDR_PATH=dest headers_install
find dest/include \( -name .install -o -name ..install.cmd \) -delete
cp -rv dest/include/* /usr/include
Installed headers:/usr/include/asm/.h, /usr/include/asm-generic/.h, /usr/include/drm/.h, /usr/include/linux/.h, /usr/include/misc/.h, /usr/include/mtd/.h, /usr/include/rdma/.h, /usr/include/scsi/.h, /usr/include/sound/.h, /usr/include/video/.h, and /usr/include/xen/*.h
Installed directories:/usr/include/asm, /usr/include/asm-generic, /usr/include/drm, /usr/include/linux, /usr/include/misc, /usr/include/mtd, /usr/include/rdma, /usr/include/scsi, /usr/include/sound, /usr/include/video, and /usr/include/xen
/usr/include/asm/*.h
The Linux API ASM Headers
/usr/include/asm-generic/*.h
The Linux API ASM Generic Headers
/usr/include/drm/*.h
The Linux API DRM Headers
/usr/include/linux/*.h
The Linux API Linux Headers
/usr/include/mtd/*.h
The Linux API MTD Headers
/usr/include/rdma/*.h
The Linux API RDMA Headers
/usr/include/scsi/*.h
The Linux API SCSI Headers
/usr/include/sound/*.h
The Linux API Sound Headers
/usr/include/video/*.h
The Linux API Video Headers
/usr/include/xen/*.h
The Linux API Xen Headers
Last updated on
The Man-pages package contains over 2,200 man pages.
**Approximate build time:**less than 0.1 SBU
**Required disk space:**27 MB
Install Man-pages by running:
make install
**Installed files:**various man pages
man pages
Describe C programming language functions, important device files, and significant configuration files
Last updated on
The Glibc package contains the main C library. This library provides the basic routines for allocating memory, searching directories, opening and closing files, reading and writing files, string handling, pattern matching, arithmetic, and so on.
**Approximate build time:**20 SBU
**Required disk space:**2.0 GB
The Glibc build system is self-contained and will install perfectly, even though the compiler specs file and linker are still pointing to /tools. The specs and linker cannot be adjusted before the Glibc install because the Glibc autoconf tests would give false results and defeat the goal of achieving a clean build.
Some of the Glibc programs use non-FHS compilant /var/db directory to store their runtime data. Apply the following patch to make such programs store their runtime data in the FHS-compliant locations:
patch -Np1 -i ../glibc-2.26-fhs-1.patch
First create a compatibility symlink to avoid references to /tools in our final glibc:
ln -sfv /tools/lib/gcc /usr/lib
Determine the GCC include directory and create a symlink for LSB compliance. Additionally, for x86_64, create a compatibility symlink required for the dynamic loader to function correctly:
case $(uname -m) in
i?86) GCC_INCDIR=/usr/lib/gcc/$(uname -m)-pc-linux-gnu/7.2.0/include
ln -sfv ld-linux.so.2 /lib/ld-lsb.so.3
;;
x86_64) GCC_INCDIR=/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-pc-linux-gnu/7.2.0/include
ln -sfv ../lib/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2 /lib64
ln -sfv ../lib/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2 /lib64/ld-lsb-x86-64.so.3
;;
esac
Remove a file that may be left over from a previous build attempt:
rm -f /usr/include/limits.h
The Glibc documentation recommends building Glibc in a dedicated build directory:
mkdir -v build
cd build
Prepare Glibc for compilation:
CC="gcc -isystem $GCC_INCDIR -isystem /usr/include" \
../configure --prefix=/usr \
--disable-werror \
--enable-kernel=3.2 \
--enable-stack-protector=strong \
libc_cv_slibdir=/lib
unset GCC_INCDIR
The meaning of the options and new configure parameters:
CC="gcc -isystem $GCC_INCDIR -isystem /usr/include"
Setting the location of both gcc and system include directories avoids introduction of invalid paths in debugging symbols.
--disable-werror
This option disables the -Werror option passed to GCC. This is necessary for running the test suite.
--enable-stack-protector=strong
This option increases system security by adding a known canary (a random integer) to the stack during a function preamble, and checks it when the function returns. If it changed, there was a stack overflow, and the program aborts.
libc_cv_slibdir=/lib
This variable sets the correct library for all systems. We do not want lib64 to be used.
Compile the package:
make
In this section, the test suite for Glibc is considered critical. Do not skip it under any circumstance.
Generally a few tests do not pass, but you can generally ignore any of the test failures listed below. Now test the build results:
make check
You may see some test failures. The Glibc test suite is somewhat dependent on the host system. This is a list of the most common issues seen for some versions of LFS:
posix/tst-getaddrinfo4 and posix/tst-getaddrinfo5 may fail on some architectures.
The rt/tst-cputimer1 and rt/tst-cpuclock2 tests have been known to fail. The reason is not completely understood, but indications are that minor timing issues can trigger these failures.
The math tests sometimes fail when running on systems where the CPU is not a relatively new Intel or AMD processor.
The nptl/tst-thread-affinity-{pthread,pthread2,sched} tests may fail for reasons that have not been determined.
Other tests known to fail on some architectures are malloc/tst-malloc-usable and nptl/tst-cleanupx4.
Though it is a harmless message, the install stage of Glibc will complain about the absence of /etc/ld.so.conf. Prevent this warning with:
touch /etc/ld.so.conf
Fix the generated Makefile to skip an uneeded sanity check that fails in the LFS partial environment:
sed '/test-installation/s@$(PERL)@echo not running@' -i ../Makefile
Install the package:
make install
Install the configuration file and runtime directory for nscd:
cp -v ../nscd/nscd.conf /etc/nscd.conf
mkdir -pv /var/cache/nscd
Next, install the locales that can make the system respond in a different language. None of the locales are required, but if some of them are missing, the test suites of future packages would skip important testcases.
Individual locales can be installed using the localedef program. E.g., the first localedef command below combines the /usr/share/i18n/locales/cs_CZcharset-independent locale definition with the /usr/share/i18n/charmaps/UTF-8.gz charmap definition and appends the result to the /usr/lib/locale/locale-archive file. The following instructions will install the minimum set of locales necessary for the optimal coverage of tests:
mkdir -pv /usr/lib/locale
localedef -i cs_CZ -f UTF-8 cs_CZ.UTF-8
localedef -i de_DE -f ISO-8859-1 de_DE
localedef -i de_DE@euro -f ISO-8859-15 de_DE@euro
localedef -i de_DE -f UTF-8 de_DE.UTF-8
localedef -i en_GB -f UTF-8 en_GB.UTF-8
localedef -i en_HK -f ISO-8859-1 en_HK
localedef -i en_PH -f ISO-8859-1 en_PH
localedef -i en_US -f ISO-8859-1 en_US
localedef -i en_US -f UTF-8 en_US.UTF-8
localedef -i es_MX -f ISO-8859-1 es_MX
localedef -i fa_IR -f UTF-8 fa_IR
localedef -i fr_FR -f ISO-8859-1 fr_FR
localedef -i fr_FR@euro -f ISO-8859-15 fr_FR@euro
localedef -i fr_FR -f UTF-8 fr_FR.UTF-8
localedef -i it_IT -f ISO-8859-1 it_IT
localedef -i it_IT -f UTF-8 it_IT.UTF-8
localedef -i ja_JP -f EUC-JP ja_JP
localedef -i ru_RU -f KOI8-R ru_RU.KOI8-R
localedef -i ru_RU -f UTF-8 ru_RU.UTF-8
localedef -i tr_TR -f UTF-8 tr_TR.UTF-8
localedef -i zh_CN -f GB18030 zh_CN.GB18030
In addition, install the locale for your own country, language and character set.
Alternatively, install all locales listed in the glibc-2.26/localedata/SUPPORTED file (it includes every locale listed above and many more) at once with the following time-consuming command:
make localedata/install-locales
Then use the localedef command to create and install locales not listed in the glibc-2.26/localedata/SUPPORTED file in the unlikely case you need them.
The /etc/nsswitch.conf file needs to be created because the Glibc defaults do not work well in a networked environment.
Create a new file /etc/nsswitch.conf by running the following:
cat > /etc/nsswitch.conf << "EOF"
# Begin /etc/nsswitch.conf
passwd: files
group: files
shadow: files
hosts: files dns
networks: files
protocols: files
services: files
ethers: files
rpc: files
# End /etc/nsswitch.conf
EOF
Install and set up the time zone data with the following:
tar -xf ../../tzdata2017b.tar.gz
ZONEINFO=/usr/share/zoneinfo
mkdir -pv $ZONEINFO/{posix,right}
for tz in etcetera southamerica northamerica europe africa antarctica \
asia australasia backward pacificnew systemv; do
zic -L /dev/null -d $ZONEINFO -y "sh yearistype.sh" ${tz}
zic -L /dev/null -d $ZONEINFO/posix -y "sh yearistype.sh" ${tz}
zic -L leapseconds -d $ZONEINFO/right -y "sh yearistype.sh" ${tz}
done
cp -v zone.tab zone1970.tab iso3166.tab $ZONEINFO
zic -d $ZONEINFO -p America/New_York
unset ZONEINFO
The meaning of the zic commands:
zic -L /dev/null ...
This creates posix time zones, without any leap seconds. It is conventional to put these in both zoneinfo and zoneinfo/posix. It is necessary to put the POSIX time zones in zoneinfo, otherwise various test-suites will report errors. On an embedded system, where space is tight and you do not intend to ever update the time zones, you could save 1.9MB by not using the posix directory, but some applications or test-suites might produce some failures.
zic -L leapseconds ...
This creates right time zones, including leap seconds. On an embedded system, where space is tight and you do not intend to ever update the time zones, or care about the correct time, you could save 1.9MB by omitting the right directory.
zic ... -p ...
This creates the posixrules file. We use New York because POSIX requires the daylight savings time rules to be in accordance with US rules.
One way to determine the local time zone is to run the following script:
tzselect
After answering a few questions about the location, the script will output the name of the time zone (e.g., America/Edmonton). There are also some other possible time zones listed in /usr/share/zoneinfo such as Canada/Eastern or EST5EDT that are not identified by the script but can be used.
Then create the /etc/localtime file by running:
cp -v /usr/share/zoneinfo/*<xxx>* /etc/localtime
Replace <xxx> with the name of the time zone selected (e.g., Canada/Eastern).
By default, the dynamic loader (/lib/ld-linux.so.2) searches through /lib and /usr/lib for dynamic libraries that are needed by programs as they are run. However, if there are libraries in directories other than /lib and /usr/lib, these need to be added to the /etc/ld.so.conf file in order for the dynamic loader to find them. Two directories that are commonly known to contain additional libraries are /usr/local/lib and /opt/lib, so add those directories to the dynamic loader's search path.
Create a new file /etc/ld.so.conf by running the following:
cat > /etc/ld.so.conf << "EOF"
# Begin /etc/ld.so.conf
/usr/local/lib
/opt/lib
EOF
If desired, the dynamic loader can also search a directory and include the contents of files found there. Generally the files in this include directory are one line specifying the desired library path. To add this capability run the following commands:
cat >> /etc/ld.so.conf << "EOF"
# Add an include directory
include /etc/ld.so.conf.d/*.conf
EOF
mkdir -pv /etc/ld.so.conf.d
**Installed programs:**catchsegv, gencat, getconf, getent, iconv, iconvconfig, ldconfig, ldd, lddlibc4, locale, localedef, makedb, mtrace, nscd, pldd, sln, sotruss, sprof, tzselect, xtrace, zdump, and zic
**Installed libraries:**ld-2.26.so, libBrokenLocale.{a,so}, libSegFault.so, libanl.{a,so}, libc.{a,so}, libc_nonshared.a, libcidn.so, libcrypt.{a,so}, libdl.{a,so}, libg.a, libieee.a, libm.{a,so}, libmcheck.a, libmemusage.so, libnsl.{a,so}, libnss_compat.so, libnss_dns.so, libnss_files.so, libnss_hesiod.so, libnss_nis.so, libnss_nisplus.so, libpthread.{a,so}, libpthread_nonshared.a, libresolv.{a,so}, librpcsvc.a, librt.{a,so}, libthread_db.so, and libutil.{a,so}
Installed directories:/usr/include/arpa, /usr/include/bits, /usr/include/gnu, /usr/include/net, /usr/include/netash, /usr/include/netatalk, /usr/include/netax25, /usr/include/neteconet, /usr/include/netinet, /usr/include/netipx, /usr/include/netiucv, /usr/include/netpacket, /usr/include/netrom, /usr/include/netrose, /usr/include/nfs, /usr/include/protocols, /usr/include/rpc, /usr/include/rpcsvc, /usr/include/sys, /usr/lib/audit, /usr/lib/gconv, /usr/lib/locale, /usr/libexec/getconf, /usr/share/i18n, /usr/share/zoneinfo, /var/cache/nscd, and /var/lib/nss_db
catchsegv
Can be used to create a stack trace when a program terminates with a segmentation fault
gencat
Generates message catalogues
getconf
Displays the system configuration values for file system specific variables
getent
Gets entries from an administrative database
iconv
Performs character set conversion
iconvconfig
Creates fastloading iconv module configuration files
ldconfig
Configures the dynamic linker runtime bindings
ldd
Reports which shared libraries are required by each given program or shared library
lddlibc4
Assists ldd with object files
locale
Prints various information about the current locale
localedef
Compiles locale specifications
makedb
Creates a simple database from textual input
mtrace
Reads and interprets a memory trace file and displays a summary in human-readable format
nscd
A daemon that provides a cache for the most common name service requests
pldd
Lists dynamic shared objects used by running processes
sln
A statically linked ln program
sotruss
Traces shared library procedure calls of a specified command
sprof
Reads and displays shared object profiling data
tzselect
Asks the user about the location of the system and reports the corresponding time zone description
xtrace
Traces the execution of a program by printing the currently executed function
zdump
The time zone dumper
zic
The time zone compiler
ld-2.26.so
The helper program for shared library executables
libBrokenLocale
Used internally by Glibc as a gross hack to get broken programs (e.g., some Motif applications) running. See comments in glibc-2.26/locale/broken_cur_max.c for more information
libSegFault
The segmentation fault signal handler, used by catchsegv
libanl
An asynchronous name lookup library
libc
The main C library
libcidn
Used internally by Glibc for handling internationalized domain names in the getaddrinfo() function
libcrypt
The cryptography library
libdl
The dynamic linking interface library
libg
Dummy library containing no functions. Previously was a runtime library for g++
libieee
Linking in this module forces error handling rules for math functions as defined by the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE). The default is POSIX.1 error handling
libm
The mathematical library
libmcheck
Turns on memory allocation checking when linked to
libmemusage
Used by memusage to help collect information about the memory usage of a program
libnsl
The network services library
libnss
The Name Service Switch libraries, containing functions for resolving host names, user names, group names, aliases, services, protocols, etc.
libpthread
The POSIX threads library
libresolv
Contains functions for creating, sending, and interpreting packets to the Internet domain name servers
librpcsvc
Contains functions providing miscellaneous RPC services
librt
Contains functions providing most of the interfaces specified by the POSIX.1b Realtime Extension
libthread_db
Contains functions useful for building debuggers for multi-threaded programs
libutil
Contains code for “standard” functions used in many different Unix utilities
Last updated on
Now that the final C libraries have been installed, it is time to adjust the toolchain so that it will link any newly compiled program against these new libraries.
First, backup the /tools linker, and replace it with the adjusted linker we made in chapter 5. We'll also create a link to its counterpart in /tools/$(uname -m)-pc-linux-gnu/bin:
mv -v /tools/bin/{ld,ld-old}
mv -v /tools/$(uname -m)-pc-linux-gnu/bin/{ld,ld-old}
mv -v /tools/bin/{ld-new,ld}
ln -sv /tools/bin/ld /tools/$(uname -m)-pc-linux-gnu/bin/ld
Next, amend the GCC specs file so that it points to the new dynamic linker. Simply deleting all instances of “/tools” should leave us with the correct path to the dynamic linker. Also adjust the specs file so that GCC knows where to find the correct headers and Glibc start files. A sedcommand accomplishes this:
gcc -dumpspecs | sed -e 's@/tools@@g' \
-e '/\*startfile_prefix_spec:/{n;s@.*@/usr/lib/ @}' \
-e '/\*cpp:/{n;s@$@ -isystem /usr/include@}' > \
`dirname $(gcc --print-libgcc-file-name)`/specs
It is a good idea to visually inspect the specs file to verify the intended change was actually made.
It is imperative at this point to ensure that the basic functions (compiling and linking) of the adjusted toolchain are working as expected. To do this, perform the following sanity checks:
echo 'int main(){}' > dummy.c
cc dummy.c -v -Wl,--verbose &> dummy.log
readelf -l a.out | grep ': /lib'
There should be no errors, and the output of the last command will be (allowing for platform-specific differences in dynamic linker name):
[Requesting program interpreter: /lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2]
Note that on 64-bit systems /lib is the location of our dynamic linker, but is accessed via a symbolic link in /lib64.
On 32-bit systems the interpreter should be /lib/ld-linux.so.2.
Now make sure that we're setup to use the correct start files:
grep -o '/usr/lib.*/crt[1in].*succeeded' dummy.log
The output of the last command should be:
/usr/lib/../lib/crt1.o succeeded
/usr/lib/../lib/crti.o succeeded
/usr/lib/../lib/crtn.o succeeded
Verify that the compiler is searching for the correct header files:
grep -B1 '^ /usr/include' dummy.log
This command should return the following output:
#include <...> search starts here:
/usr/include
Next, verify that the new linker is being used with the correct search paths:
grep 'SEARCH.*/usr/lib' dummy.log |sed 's|; |\n|g'
References to paths that have components with '-linux-gnu' should be ignored, but otherwise the output of the last command should be:
SEARCH_DIR("/usr/lib")
SEARCH_DIR("/lib")
Next make sure that we're using the correct libc:
grep "/lib.*/libc.so.6 " dummy.log
The output of the last command should be:
attempt to open /lib/libc.so.6 succeeded
Lastly, make sure GCC is using the correct dynamic linker:
grep found dummy.log
The output of the last command should be (allowing for platform-specific differences in dynamic linker name):
found ld-linux-x86-64.so.2 at /lib/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2
If the output does not appear as shown above or is not received at all, then something is seriously wrong. Investigate and retrace the steps to find out where the problem is and correct it. The most likely reason is that something went wrong with the specs file adjustment. Any issues will need to be resolved before continuing on with the process.
Once everything is working correctly, clean up the test files:
rm -v dummy.c a.out dummy.log
The Zlib package contains compression and decompression routines used by some programs.
**Approximate build time:**less than 0.1 SBU
**Required disk space:**4.5 MB
Prepare Zlib for compilation:
./configure --prefix=/usr
Compile the package:
make
To test the results, issue:
make check
Install the package:
make install
The shared library needs to be moved to /lib, and as a result the .so file in /usr/lib will need to be recreated:
mv -v /usr/lib/libz.so.* /lib
ln -sfv ../../lib/$(readlink /usr/lib/libz.so) /usr/lib/libz.so
**Installed libraries:**libz.{a,so}
libz
Contains compression and decompression functions used by some programs
Last updated on
The File package contains a utility for determining the type of a given file or files.
**Approximate build time:**0.1 SBU
**Required disk space:**16 MB
Prepare File for compilation:
./configure --prefix=/usr
Compile the package:
make
To test the results, issue:
make check
Install the package:
make install
**Installed programs:**file
**Installed library:**libmagic.so
file
Tries to classify each given file; it does this by performing several tests—file system tests, magic number tests, and language tests
libmagic
Contains routines for magic number recognition, used by the file program
Last updated on
The Readline package is a set of libraries that offers command-line editing and history capabilities.
**Approximate build time:**0.1 SBU
**Required disk space:**15 MB
Reinstalling Readline will cause the old libraries to be moved to .old. While this is normally not a problem, in some cases it can trigger a linking bug in ldconfig. This can be avoided by issuing the following two seds:
sed -i '/MV.*old/d' Makefile.in
sed -i '/{OLDSUFF}/c:' support/shlib-install
Prepare Readline for compilation:
./configure --prefix=/usr \
--disable-static \
--docdir=/usr/share/doc/readline-7.0
Compile the package:
make SHLIB_LIBS="-L/tools/lib -lncursesw"
The meaning of the make option:
SHLIB_LIBS="-L/tools/lib -lncursesw"
This option forces Readline to link against the libncursesw library.
This package does not come with a test suite.
Install the package:
make SHLIB_LIBS="-L/tools/lib -lncurses" install
Now move the dynamic libraries to a more appropriate location and fix up some symbolic links:
mv -v /usr/lib/lib{readline,history}.so.* /lib
ln -sfv ../../lib/$(readlink /usr/lib/libreadline.so) /usr/lib/libreadline.so
ln -sfv ../../lib/$(readlink /usr/lib/libhistory.so ) /usr/lib/libhistory.so
If desired, install the documentation:
install -v -m644 doc/*.{ps,pdf,html,dvi} /usr/share/doc/readline-7.0
**Installed libraries:**libhistory.so and libreadline.so
Installed directories:/usr/include/readline, /usr/share/readline, and /usr/share/doc/readline-7.0
libhistory
Provides a consistent user interface for recalling lines of history
libreadline
Aids in the consistency of user interface across discrete programs that need to provide a command line interface
Last updated on
The M4 package contains a macro processor.
**Approximate build time:**0.4 SBU
**Required disk space:**30 MB
Prepare M4 for compilation:
./configure --prefix=/usr
Compile the package:
make
To test the results, issue:
make check
Install the package:
make install
**Installed program:**m4
m4
copies the given files while expanding the macros that they contain [These macros are either built-in or user-defined and can take any number of arguments. Besides performing macro expansion, m4 has built-in functions for including named files, running Unix commands, performing integer arithmetic, manipulating text, recursion, etc. The m4 program can be used either as a front-end to a compiler or as a macro processor in its own right.]
Last updated on
The Bc package contains an arbitrary precision numeric processing language.
**Approximate build time:**0.1 SBU
**Required disk space:**3.6 MB
First, change an internal script to use sed instead of ed:
cat > bc/fix-libmath_h << "EOF"
#! /bin/bash
sed -e '1 s/^/{"/' \
-e 's/$/",/' \
-e '2,$ s/^/"/' \
-e '$ d' \
-i libmath.h
sed -e '$ s/$/0}/' \
-i libmath.h
EOF
Create temporary symbolic links so the package can find the readline library and confirm that its required libncurses library is available. Even though the libraries are in /tools/lib at this point, the system will use /usr/lib at the end of this chapter.
ln -sv /tools/lib/libncursesw.so.6 /usr/lib/libncursesw.so.6
ln -sfv libncurses.so.6 /usr/lib/libncurses.so
Fix an issue in configure due to missing files in the early stages of LFS:
sed -i -e '/flex/s/as_fn_error/: ;; # &/' configure
Prepare Bc for compilation:
./configure --prefix=/usr \
--with-readline \
--mandir=/usr/share/man \
--infodir=/usr/share/info
The meaning of the configure options:
--with-readline
This option tells Bc to use the readline library that is already installed on the system rather than using its own readline version.
Compile the package:
make
To test bc, run the commands below. There is quite a bit of output, so you may want to redirect it to a file. There are a very small percentage of tests (10 of 12,144) that will indicate a round off error at the last digit.
echo "quit" | ./bc/bc -l Test/checklib.b
Install the package:
make install
**Installed programs:**bc and dc
bc
is a command line calculator
dc
is a reverse-polish command line calculator
Last updated on
The Binutils package contains a linker, an assembler, and other tools for handling object files.
**Approximate build time:**5.8 SBU
**Required disk space:**4.2 GB
Verify that the PTYs are working properly inside the chroot environment by performing a simple test:
expect -c "spawn ls"
This command should output the following:
spawn ls
If, instead, the output includes the message below, then the environment is not set up for proper PTY operation. This issue needs to be resolved before running the test suites for Binutils and GCC:
The system has no more ptys.
Ask your system administrator to create more.
The Binutils documentation recommends building Binutils in a dedicated build directory:
mkdir -v build
cd build
Prepare Binutils for compilation:
../configure --prefix=/usr \
--enable-gold \
--enable-ld=default \
--enable-plugins \
--enable-shared \
--disable-werror \
--with-system-zlib
The meaning of the configure parameters:
--enable-gold
Build the gold linker and install it as ld.gold (along side the default linker).
--enable-ld=default
Build the original bdf linker and install it as both ld (the default linker) and ld.bfd.
--enable-plugins
Enables plugin support for the linker.
--with-system-zlib
Use the installed zlib library rather than building the included version.
Compile the package:
make tooldir=/usr
The meaning of the make parameter:
tooldir=/usr
Normally, the tooldir (the directory where the executables will ultimately be located) is set to $(exec_prefix)/$(target_alias). For example, x86_64 machines would expand that to /usr/x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu. Because this is a custom system, this target-specific directory in /usr is not required. $(exec_prefix)/$(target_alias) would be used if the system was used to cross-compile (for example, compiling a package on an Intel machine that generates code that can be executed on PowerPC machines).
The test suite for Binutils in this section is considered critical. Do not skip it under any circumstances.
Test the results:
make -k check
One test, debug_msg.sh, is known to fail.
Install the package:
make tooldir=/usr install
**Installed programs:**addr2line, ar, as, c++filt, elfedit, gprof, ld, ld.bfd, ld.gold, nm, objcopy, objdump, ranlib, readelf, size, strings, and strip
**Installed libraries:**libbfd.{a,so} and libopcodes.{a,so}
Installed directory:/usr/lib/ldscripts
addr2line
Translates program addresses to file names and line numbers; given an address and the name of an executable, it uses the debugging information in the executable to determine which source file and line number are associated with the address
ar
Creates, modifies, and extracts from archives
as
An assembler that assembles the output of gcc into object files
c++filt
Used by the linker to de-mangle C++ and Java symbols and to keep overloaded functions from clashing
elfedit
Updates the ELF header of ELF files
gprof
Displays call graph profile data
ld
A linker that combines a number of object and archive files into a single file, relocating their data and tying up symbol references
ld.gold
A cut down version of ld that only supports the elf object file format
ld.bfd
Hard link to ld
nm
Lists the symbols occurring in a given object file
objcopy
Translates one type of object file into another
objdump
Displays information about the given object file, with options controlling the particular information to display; the information shown is useful to programmers who are working on the compilation tools
ranlib
Generates an index of the contents of an archive and stores it in the archive; the index lists all of the symbols defined by archive members that are relocatable object files
readelf
Displays information about ELF type binaries
size
Lists the section sizes and the total size for the given object files
strings
Outputs, for each given file, the sequences of printable characters that are of at least the specified length (defaulting to four); for object files, it prints, by default, only the strings from the initializing and loading sections while for other types of files, it scans the entire file
strip
Discards symbols from object files
libbfd
The Binary File Descriptor library
libopcodes
A library for dealing with opcodes—the “readable text” versions of instructions for the processor; it is used for building utilities like objdump
Last updated on
The GMP package contains math libraries. These have useful functions for arbitrary precision arithmetic.
**Approximate build time:**1.2 SBU
**Required disk space:**59 MB
If you are building for 32-bit x86, but you have a CPU which is capable of running 64-bit code and you have specified CFLAGSin the environment, the configure script will attempt to configure for 64-bits and fail. Avoid this by invoking the configure command below with
*ABI=32* ./configure ...
The default settings of GMP produce libraries optimized for the host processor. If libraries suitable for processors less capable than the host's CPU are desired, generic libraries can be created by running the following:
cp -v configfsf.guess config.guess
cp -v configfsf.sub config.sub
Prepare GMP for compilation:
./configure --prefix=/usr \
--enable-cxx \
--disable-static \
--docdir=/usr/share/doc/gmp-6.1.2
The meaning of the new configure options:
--enable-cxx
This parameter enables C++ support
--docdir=/usr/share/doc/gmp-6.1.2
This variable specifies the correct place for the documentation.
Compile the package and generate the HTML documentation:
make
make html
The test suite for GMP in this section is considered critical. Do not skip it under any circumstances.
Test the results:
make check 2>&1 | tee gmp-check-log
The code in gmp is highly optimized for the processor where it is built. Occasionally, the code that detects the processor misidentifies the system capabilities and there will be errors in the tests or other applications using the gmp libraries with the message "Illegal instruction". In this case, gmp should be reconfigured with the option --build=x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu and rebuilt.
Ensure that all 190 tests in the test suite passed. Check the results by issuing the following command:
awk '/# PASS:/{total+=$3} ; END{print total}' gmp-check-log
Install the package and its documentation:
make install
make install-html
**Installed Libraries:**libgmp.so and libgmpxx.so
Installed directory:/usr/share/doc/gmp-6.1.2
libgmp
Contains precision math functions
libgmpxx
Contains C++ precision math functions
Last updated on
The MPFR package contains functions for multiple precision math.
**Approximate build time:**0.8 SBU
**Required disk space:**45 MB
Prepare MPFR for compilation:
./configure --prefix=/usr \
--disable-static \
--enable-thread-safe \
--docdir=/usr/share/doc/mpfr-3.1.5
Compile the package and generate the HTML documentation:
make
make html
The test suite for MPFR in this section is considered critical. Do not skip it under any circumstances.
Test the results and ensure that all tests passed:
make check
Install the package and its documentation:
make install
make install-html
**Installed Libraries:**libmpfr.so
Installed directory:/usr/share/doc/mpfr-3.1.5
libmpfr
Contains multiple-precision math functions
Last updated on
The MPC package contains a library for the arithmetic of complex numbers with arbitrarily high precision and correct rounding of the result.
**Approximate build time:**0.3 SBU
**Required disk space:**17 MB
Prepare MPC for compilation:
./configure --prefix=/usr \
--disable-static \
--docdir=/usr/share/doc/mpc-1.0.3
Compile the package and generate the HTML documentation:
make
make html
To test the results, issue:
make check
Install the package and its documentation:
make install
make install-html
**Installed Libraries:**libmpc.so
Installed Directory:/usr/share/doc/mpc-1.0.3
libmpc
Contains complex math functions
Last updated on
The GCC package contains the GNU compiler collection, which includes the C and C++ compilers.
**Approximate build time:**82 SBU (with tests)
**Required disk space:**3.2 GB
If building on x86_64, change the default directory name for 64-bit libraries to “lib”:
case $(uname -m) in
x86_64)
sed -e '/m64=/s/lib64/lib/' \
-i.orig gcc/config/i386/t-linux64
;;
esac
Remove the symlink created earlier as the final gcc includes will be installed here:
rm -f /usr/lib/gcc
The GCC documentation recommends building GCC in a dedicated build directory:
mkdir -v build
cd build
Prepare GCC for compilation:
SED=sed \
../configure --prefix=/usr \
--enable-languages=c,c++ \
--disable-multilib \
--disable-bootstrap \
--with-system-zlib
Note that for other languages, there are some prerequisites that are not yet available. See the BLFS Book for instructions on how to build all of GCC's supported languages.
The meaning of the new configure parameters:
SED=sed
Setting this environment variable prevents a hard-coded path to /tools/bin/sed.
--with-system-zlib
This switch tells GCC to link to the system installed copy of the Zlib library, rather than its own internal copy.
Compile the package:
make
In this section, the test suite for GCC is considered critical. Do not skip it under any circumstance.
One set of tests in the GCC test suite is known to exhaust the stack, so increase the stack size prior to running the tests:
ulimit -s 32768
Test the results, but do not stop at errors:
make -k check
To receive a summary of the test suite results, run:
../contrib/test_summary
For only the summaries, pipe the output through grep -A7 Summ.
Results can be compared with those located at http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/build-logs/8.1/ and http://gcc.gnu.org/ml/gcc-testresults/.
A few unexpected failures cannot always be avoided. The GCC developers are usually aware of these issues, but have not resolved them yet. In particular, five tests in the libstdc++ test suite are known to fail when running as the root user as we do here. Unless the test results are vastly different from those at the above URL, it is safe to continue.
On some combinations of kernel configuration and AMD processors there may be more than 1100 failures in the gcc.target/i386/mpx tests (which are designed to test the MPX option on recent Intel processors). These can safely be ignored on AMD processors.
Install the package:
make install
Create a symlink required by the FHS for "historical" reasons.
ln -sv ../usr/bin/cpp /lib
Many packages use the name cc to call the C compiler. To satisfy those packages, create a symlink:
ln -sv gcc /usr/bin/cc
Add a compatibility symlink to enable building programs with Link Time Optimization (LTO):
install -v -dm755 /usr/lib/bfd-plugins
ln -sfv ../../libexec/gcc/$(gcc -dumpmachine)/7.2.0/liblto_plugin.so \
/usr/lib/bfd-plugins/
Now that our final toolchain is in place, it is important to again ensure that compiling and linking will work as expected. We do this by performing the same sanity checks as we did earlier in the chapter:
echo 'int main(){}' > dummy.c
cc dummy.c -v -Wl,--verbose &> dummy.log
readelf -l a.out | grep ': /lib'
There should be no errors, and the output of the last command will be (allowing for platform-specific differences in dynamic linker name):
[Requesting program interpreter: /lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2]
Now make sure that we're setup to use the correct start files:
grep -o '/usr/lib.*/crt[1in].*succeeded' dummy.log
The output of the last command should be:
/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-pc-linux-gnu/7.2.0/../../../../lib/crt1.o succeeded
/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-pc-linux-gnu/7.2.0/../../../../lib/crti.o succeeded
/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-pc-linux-gnu/7.2.0/../../../../lib/crtn.o succeeded
Depending on your machine architecture, the above may differ slightly, the difference usually being the name of the directory after /usr/lib/gcc. The important thing to look for here is that gcc has found all three crt*.o files under the /usr/lib directory.
Verify that the compiler is searching for the correct header files:
grep -B4 '^ /usr/include' dummy.log
This command should return the following output:
#include <...> search starts here:
/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-pc-linux-gnu/7.2.0/include
/usr/local/include
/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-pc-linux-gnu/7.2.0/include-fixed
/usr/include
Again, note that the directory named after your target triplet may be different than the above, depending on your architecture.
As of version 4.3.0, GCC now unconditionally installs the limits.h file into the private include-fixed directory, and that directory is required to be in place.
Next, verify that the new linker is being used with the correct search paths:
grep 'SEARCH.*/usr/lib' dummy.log |sed 's|; |\n|g'
References to paths that have components with '-linux-gnu' should be ignored, but otherwise the output of the last command should be:
SEARCH_DIR("/usr/x86_64-pc-linux-gnu/lib64")
SEARCH_DIR("/usr/local/lib64")
SEARCH_DIR("/lib64")
SEARCH_DIR("/usr/lib64")
SEARCH_DIR("/usr/x86_64-pc-linux-gnu/lib")
SEARCH_DIR("/usr/local/lib")
SEARCH_DIR("/lib")
SEARCH_DIR("/usr/lib");
A 32-bit system may see a few different directories. For example, here is the output from an i686 machine:
SEARCH_DIR("/usr/i686-pc-linux-gnu/lib32")
SEARCH_DIR("/usr/local/lib32")
SEARCH_DIR("/lib32")
SEARCH_DIR("/usr/lib32")
SEARCH_DIR("/usr/i686-pc-linux-gnu/lib")
SEARCH_DIR("/usr/local/lib")
SEARCH_DIR("/lib")
SEARCH_DIR("/usr/lib");
Next make sure that we're using the correct libc:
grep "/lib.*/libc.so.6 " dummy.log
The output of the last command should be:
attempt to open /lib/libc.so.6 succeeded
Lastly, make sure GCC is using the correct dynamic linker:
grep found dummy.log
The output of the last command should be (allowing for platform-specific differences in dynamic linker name):
found ld-linux-x86-64.so.2 at /lib/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2
If the output does not appear as shown above or is not received at all, then something is seriously wrong. Investigate and retrace the steps to find out where the problem is and correct it. The most likely reason is that something went wrong with the specs file adjustment. Any issues will need to be resolved before continuing on with the process.
Once everything is working correctly, clean up the test files:
rm -v dummy.c a.out dummy.log
Finally, move a misplaced file:
mkdir -pv /usr/share/gdb/auto-load/usr/lib
mv -v /usr/lib/*gdb.py /usr/share/gdb/auto-load/usr/lib
**Installed programs:**c++, cc (link to gcc), cpp, g++, gcc, gcc-ar, gcc-nm, gcc-ranlib, and gcov
**Installed libraries:**libasan.{a,so}, libatomic.{a,so}, libgcc.a, libgcc_eh.a, libgcc_s.so, libgcov.a, libgomp.{a,so}, libiberty.a, libitm.{a,so}, liblto_plugin.so, libquadmath.{a,so}, libssp.{a,so}, libssp_nonshared.a, libstdc++.{a,so}, libsupc++.a, and libtsan.{a,so}
Installed directories:/usr/include/c++, /usr/lib/gcc, /usr/libexec/gcc, and /usr/share/gcc-7.2.0
c++
The C++ compiler
cc
The C compiler
cpp
The C preprocessor; it is used by the compiler to expand the #include, #define, and similar statements in the source files
g++
The C++ compiler
gcc
The C compiler
gcc-ar
A wrapper around ar that adds a plugin to the command line. This program is only used to add "link time optimization" and is not useful with the default build options
gcc-nm
A wrapper around nm that adds a plugin to the command line. This program is only used to add "link time optimization" and is not useful with the default build options
gcc-ranlib
A wrapper around ranlib that adds a plugin to the command line. This program is only used to add "link time optimization" and is not useful with the default build options
gcov
A coverage testing tool; it is used to analyze programs to determine where optimizations will have the most effect
libasan
The Address Sanitizer runtime library
libgcc
Contains run-time support for gcc
libgcov
This library is linked in to a program when GCC is instructed to enable profiling
libgomp
GNU implementation of the OpenMP API for multi-platform shared-memory parallel programming in C/C++ and Fortran
libiberty
Contains routines used by various GNU programs, including getopt, obstack, strerror, strtol, and strtoul
liblto_plugin
GCC's Link Time Optimization (LTO) plugin allows GCC to perform optimizations across compilation units
libquadmath
GCC Quad Precision Math Library API
libssp
Contains routines supporting GCC's stack-smashing protection functionality
libstdc++
The standard C++ library
libsupc++
Provides supporting routines for the C++ programming language
libtsan
The Thread Sanitizer runtime library
Last updated on
The Bzip2 package contains programs for compressing and decompressing files. Compressing text files with bzip2 yields a much better compression percentage than with the traditional gzip.
**Approximate build time:**less than 0.1 SBU
**Required disk space:**2.3 MB
Apply a patch that will install the documentation for this package:
patch -Np1 -i ../bzip2-1.0.6-install_docs-1.patch
The following command ensures installation of symbolic links are relative:
sed -i 's@\(ln -s -f \)$(PREFIX)/bin/@\1@' Makefile
Ensure the man pages are installed into the correct location:
sed -i "s@(PREFIX)/man@(PREFIX)/share/man@g" Makefile
Prepare Bzip2 for compilation with:
make -f Makefile-libbz2_so
make clean
The meaning of the make parameter:
-f Makefile-libbz2_so
This will cause Bzip2 to be built using a different Makefile file, in this case the Makefile-libbz2_so file, which creates a dynamic libbz2.so library and links the Bzip2 utilities against it.
Compile and test the package:
make
Install the programs:
make PREFIX=/usr install
Install the shared bzip2 binary into the /bin directory, make some necessary symbolic links, and clean up:
cp -v bzip2-shared /bin/bzip2
cp -av libbz2.so* /lib
ln -sv ../../lib/libbz2.so.1.0 /usr/lib/libbz2.so
rm -v /usr/bin/{bunzip2,bzcat,bzip2}
ln -sv bzip2 /bin/bunzip2
ln -sv bzip2 /bin/bzcat
**Installed programs:**bunzip2 (link to bzip2), bzcat (link to bzip2), bzcmp (link to bzdiff), bzdiff, bzegrep (link to bzgrep), bzfgrep (link to bzgrep), bzgrep, bzip2, bzip2recover, bzless (link to bzmore), and bzmore
**Installed libraries:**libbz2.{a,so}
Installed directory:/usr/share/doc/bzip2-1.0.6
bunzip2
Decompresses bzipped files
bzcat
Decompresses to standard output
bzcmp
Runs cmp on bzipped files
bzdiff
Runs diff on bzipped files
bzegrep
Runs egrep on bzipped files
bzfgrep
Runs fgrep on bzipped files
bzgrep
Runs grep on bzipped files
bzip2
Compresses files using the Burrows-Wheeler block sorting text compression algorithm with Huffman coding; the compression rate is better than that achieved by more conventional compressors using “Lempel-Ziv” algorithms, like gzip
bzip2recover
Tries to recover data from damaged bzipped files
bzless
Runs less on bzipped files
bzmore
Runs more on bzipped files
libbz2
The library implementing lossless, block-sorting data compression, using the Burrows-Wheeler algorithm
Last updated on
The pkg-config package contains a tool for passing the include path and/or library paths to build tools during the configure and make file execution.
**Approximate build time:**0.3 SBU
**Required disk space:**28 MB
Prepare Pkg-config for compilation:
./configure --prefix=/usr \
--with-internal-glib \
--disable-host-tool \
--docdir=/usr/share/doc/pkg-config-0.29.2
The meaning of the new configure options:
--with-internal-glib
This will allow pkg-config to use its internal version of Glib because an external version is not available in LFS.
--disable-host-tool
This option disables the creation of an undesired hard link to the pkg-config program.
Compile the package:
make
To test the results, issue:
make check
Install the package:
make install
**Installed program:**pkg-config
Installed directory:/usr/share/doc/pkg-config-0.29.2
pkg-config
returns meta information for the specified library or package
Last updated on
The Ncurses package contains libraries for terminal-independent handling of character screens.
**Approximate build time:**0.3 SBU
**Required disk space:**39 MB
Don't install a static library that is not handled by configure:
sed -i '/LIBTOOL_INSTALL/d' c++/Makefile.in
Prepare Ncurses for compilation:
./configure --prefix=/usr \
--mandir=/usr/share/man \
--with-shared \
--without-debug \
--without-normal \
--enable-pc-files \
--enable-widec
The meaning of the new configure options:
--enable-widec
This switch causes wide-character libraries (e.g., libncursesw.so.6.0) to be built instead of normal ones (e.g., libncurses.so.6.0). These wide-character libraries are usable in both multibyte and traditional 8-bit locales, while normal libraries work properly only in 8-bit locales. Wide-character and normal libraries are source-compatible, but not binary-compatible.
--enable-pc-files
This switch generates and installs .pc files for pkg-config.
--without-normal
This switch disables building and installing most static libraries.
Compile the package:
make
This package has a test suite, but it can only be run after the package has been installed. The tests reside in the test/ directory. See theREADME file in that directory for further details.
Install the package:
make install
Move the shared libraries to the /lib directory, where they are expected to reside:
mv -v /usr/lib/libncursesw.so.6* /lib
Because the libraries have been moved, one symlink points to a non-existent file. Recreate it:
ln -sfv ../../lib/$(readlink /usr/lib/libncursesw.so) /usr/lib/libncursesw.so
Many applications still expect the linker to be able to find non-wide-character Ncurses libraries. Trick such applications into linking with wide-character libraries by means of symlinks and linker scripts:
for lib in ncurses form panel menu ; do
rm -vf /usr/lib/lib${lib}.so
echo "INPUT(-l${lib}w)" > /usr/lib/lib${lib}.so
ln -sfv ${lib}w.pc /usr/lib/pkgconfig/${lib}.pc
done
Finally, make sure that old applications that look for -lcurses at build time are still buildable:
rm -vf /usr/lib/libcursesw.so
echo "INPUT(-lncursesw)" > /usr/lib/libcursesw.so
ln -sfv libncurses.so /usr/lib/libcurses.so
If desired, install the Ncurses documentation:
mkdir -v /usr/share/doc/ncurses-6.0
cp -v -R doc/* /usr/share/doc/ncurses-6.0
The instructions above don't create non-wide-character Ncurses libraries since no package installed by compiling from sources would link against them at runtime. However, the only known binary-only applications that link against non-wide-character Ncurses libraries require version 5. If you must have such libraries because of some binary-only application or to be compliant with LSB, build the package again with the following commands:
make distclean
./configure --prefix=/usr \
--with-shared \
--without-normal \
--without-debug \
--without-cxx-binding \
--with-abi-version=5
make sources libs
cp -av lib/lib*.so.5* /usr/lib
**Installed programs:**captoinfo (link to tic), clear, infocmp, infotocap (link to tic), ncursesw6-config, reset (link to tset), tabs, tic, toe, tput, and tset
**Installed libraries:**libcursesw.so (symlink and linker script to libncursesw.so), libformw.so, libmenuw.so, libncursesw.so, libncurses++w.a, libpanelw.so, and their non-wide-character counterparts without "w" in the library names.
Installed directories:/usr/share/tabset, /usr/share/terminfo, and /usr/share/doc/ncurses-6.0
captoinfo
Converts a termcap description into a terminfo description
clear
Clears the screen, if possible
infocmp
Compares or prints out terminfo descriptions
infotocap
Converts a terminfo description into a termcap description
ncursesw6-config
Provides configuration information for ncurses
reset
Reinitializes a terminal to its default values
tabs
Clears and sets tab stops on a terminal
tic
The terminfo entry-description compiler that translates a terminfo file from source format into the binary format needed for the ncurses library routines [A terminfo file contains information on the capabilities of a certain terminal.]
toe
Lists all available terminal types, giving the primary name and description for each
tput
Makes the values of terminal-dependent capabilities available to the shell; it can also be used to reset or initialize a terminal or report its long name
tset
Can be used to initialize terminals
libcursesw
A link to libncursesw
libncursesw
Contains functions to display text in many complex ways on a terminal screen; a good example of the use of these functions is the menu displayed during the kernel's make menuconfig
libformw
Contains functions to implement forms
libmenuw
Contains functions to implement menus
libpanelw
Contains functions to implement panels
Last updated on
The attr package contains utilities to administer the extended attributes on filesystem objects.
**Approximate build time:**less than 0.1 SBU
**Required disk space:**3.3 MB
Modify the documentation directory so that it is a versioned directory:
sed -i -e 's|/@pkg_name@|&-@pkg_version@|' include/builddefs.in
Prevent installation of manual pages that were already installed by the man pages package:
sed -i -e "/SUBDIRS/s|man[25]||g" man/Makefile
Fix a problem in the test procedures caused by changes in perl-5.26:
sed -i 's:{(:\\{(:' test/run
Prepare Attr for compilation:
./configure --prefix=/usr \
--bindir=/bin \
--disable-static
Compile the package:
make
The tests need to be run on a filesystem that supports extended attributes such as the ext2, ext3, or ext4 filesystems. The tests are also known to fail if running multiple simultaneous tests (-j option greater than 1). To test the results, issue:
make -j1 tests root-tests
Install the package:
make install install-dev install-lib
chmod -v 755 /usr/lib/libattr.so
The shared library needs to be moved to /lib, and as a result the .so file in /usr/lib will need to be recreated:
mv -v /usr/lib/libattr.so.* /lib
ln -sfv ../../lib/$(readlink /usr/lib/libattr.so) /usr/lib/libattr.so
**Installed programs:**attr, getfattr, and setattr
**Installed library:**libattr.so
Installed directories:/usr/include/attr and /usr/share/doc/attr-2.4.47
attr
Extends attributes on filesystem objects
getfattr
Gets the extended attributes of filesystem objects
setattr
Sets the extended attributes of filesystem objects
libattr
Contains the libbrary functions for manipulating extended attributes
Last updated on
The Acl package contains utilities to administer Access Control Lists, which are used to define more fine-grained discretionary access rights for files and directories.
**Approximate build time:**less than 0.1 SBU
**Required disk space:**4.8 MB
Modify the documentation directory so that it is a versioned directory:
sed -i -e 's|/@pkg_name@|&-@pkg_version@|' include/builddefs.in
Fix some broken tests:
sed -i "s:| sed.*::g" test/{sbits-restore,cp,misc}.test
Fix a problem in the test procedures caused by changes in perl-5.26:
sed -i 's/{(/\\{(/' test/run
Additionally, fix a bug that causes getfacl -e to segfault on overly long group name:
sed -i -e "/TABS-1;/a if (x > (TABS-1)) x = (TABS-1);" \
libacl/__acl_to_any_text.c
Prepare Acl for compilation:
./configure --prefix=/usr \
--bindir=/bin \
--disable-static \
--libexecdir=/usr/lib
Compile the package:
make
The Acl tests need to be run on a filesystem that supports access controls after Coreutils has been built with the Acl libraries. If desired, return to this package and run make -j1 tests after Coreutils has been built later in this chapter.
Install the package:
make install install-dev install-lib
chmod -v 755 /usr/lib/libacl.so
The shared library needs to be moved to /lib, and as a result the .so file in /usr/lib will need to be recreated:
mv -v /usr/lib/libacl.so.* /lib
ln -sfv ../../lib/$(readlink /usr/lib/libacl.so) /usr/lib/libacl.so
**Installed programs:**chacl, getfacl, and setfacl
**Installed library:**libacl.so
Installed directories:/usr/include/acl and /usr/share/doc/acl-2.2.52
chacl
Changes the access control list of a file or directory
getfacl
Gets file access control lists
setfacl
Sets file access control lists
libacl
Contains the library functions for manipulating Access Control Lists
Last updated on
The Libcap package implements the user-space interfaces to the POSIX 1003.1e capabilities available in Linux kernels. These capabilities are a partitioning of the all powerful root privilege into a set of distinct privileges.
**Approximate build time:**less than 0.1 SBU
**Required disk space:**1.3 MB
Prevent a static library from being installed:
sed -i '/install.*STALIBNAME/d' libcap/Makefile
Compile the package:
make
This package does not come with a test suite.
Install the package:
make RAISE_SETFCAP=no lib=lib prefix=/usr install
chmod -v 755 /usr/lib/libcap.so
The meaning of the make option:
RAISE_SETFCAP=no
This parameter skips trying to use setcap on itself. This avoids an installation error if the kernel or file system does not support extended capabilities.
lib=lib
This parameter installs the library in $prefix/lib rather than $prefix/lib64 on x86_64. It has no effect on x86.
The shared library needs to be moved to /lib, and as a result the .so file in /usr/lib will need to be recreated:
mv -v /usr/lib/libcap.so.* /lib
ln -sfv ../../lib/$(readlink /usr/lib/libcap.so) /usr/lib/libcap.so
**Installed programs:**capsh, getcap, getpcaps, and setcap
**Installed library:**libcap.so
capsh
A shell wrapper to explore and constrain capability support
getcap
Examines file capabilities
getpcaps
Displays the capabilities on the queried process(es)
libcap
Contains the library functions for manipulating POSIX 1003.1e capabilities
setcap
Sets file capabilities
Last updated on
The Sed package contains a stream editor.
**Approximate build time:**0.3 SBU
**Required disk space:**25 MB
First fix an issue in the LFS environment and remove a failing test:
sed -i 's/usr/tools/' build-aux/help2man
sed -i 's/testsuite.panic-tests.sh//' Makefile.in
Prepare Sed for compilation:
./configure --prefix=/usr --bindir=/bin
Compile the package and generate the HTML documentation:
make
make html
To test the results, issue:
make check
Install the package and its documentation:
make install
install -d -m755 /usr/share/doc/sed-4.4
install -m644 doc/sed.html /usr/share/doc/sed-4.4
**Installed program:**sed
Installed directory:/usr/share/doc/sed-4.4
sed
Filters and transforms text files in a single pass
Last updated on
The Shadow package contains programs for handling passwords in a secure way.
**Approximate build time:**0.2 SBU
**Required disk space:**42 MB
If you would like to enforce the use of strong passwords, refer to http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/blfs/view/8.1/postlfs/cracklib.html for installing CrackLib prior to building Shadow. Then add --with-libcrack to the configure command below.
Disable the installation of the groups program and its man pages, as Coreutils provides a better version. Also Prevent the installation of manual pages that were already installed by the man pages package:
sed -i 's/groups$(EXEEXT) //' src/Makefile.in
find man -name Makefile.in -exec sed -i 's/groups\.1 / /' {} \;
find man -name Makefile.in -exec sed -i 's/getspnam\.3 / /' {} \;
find man -name Makefile.in -exec sed -i 's/passwd\.5 / /' {} \;
Instead of using the default crypt method, use the more secure SHA-512 method of password encryption, which also allows passwords longer than 8 characters. It is also necessary to change the obsolete /var/spool/mail location for user mailboxes that Shadow uses by default to the /var/mail location used currently:
sed -i -e 's@#ENCRYPT_METHOD DES@ENCRYPT_METHOD SHA512@' \
-e 's@/var/spool/mail@/var/mail@' etc/login.defs
If you chose to build Shadow with Cracklib support, run the following:
sed -i 's@DICTPATH.*@DICTPATH\t/lib/cracklib/pw_dict@' etc/login.defs
Make a minor change to make the default useradd consistent with the LFS groups file:
sed -i 's/1000/999/' etc/useradd
Prepare Shadow for compilation:
./configure --sysconfdir=/etc --with-group-name-max-length=32
The meaning of the configure option:
--with-group-name-max-length=32
The maximum user name is 32 characters. Make the maximum group name the same.
Compile the package:
make
This package does not come with a test suite.
Install the package:
make install
Move a misplaced program to its proper location:
mv -v /usr/bin/passwd /bin
This package contains utilities to add, modify, and delete users and groups; set and change their passwords; and perform other administrative tasks. For a full explanation of what password shadowing means, see the doc/HOWTO file within the unpacked source tree. If using Shadow support, keep in mind that programs which need to verify passwords (display managers, FTP programs, pop3 daemons, etc.) must be Shadow-compliant. That is, they need to be able to work with shadowed passwords.
To enable shadowed passwords, run the following command:
pwconv
To enable shadowed group passwords, run:
grpconv
Shadow's stock configuration for the useradd utility has a few caveats that need some explanation. First, the default action for the useraddutility is to create the user and a group of the same name as the user. By default the user ID (UID) and group ID (GID) numbers will begin with 1000. This means if you don't pass parameters to useradd, each user will be a member of a unique group on the system. If this behavior is undesirable, you'll need to pass the -g parameter to useradd. The default parameters are stored in the /etc/default/useradd file. You may need to modify two parameters in this file to suit your particular needs.
/etc/default/useradd Parameter Explanations
GROUP=1000
This parameter sets the beginning of the group numbers used in the /etc/group file. You can modify it to anything you desire. Note that useradd will never reuse a UID or GID. If the number identified in this parameter is used, it will use the next available number after this. Note also that if you don't have a group 1000 on your system the first time you use useradd without the -g parameter, you'll get a message displayed on the terminal that says: useradd: unknown GID 1000. You may disregard this message and group number 1000 will be used.
CREATE_MAIL_SPOOL=yes
This parameter causes useradd to create a mailbox file for the newly created user. useradd will make the group ownership of this file to the mail group with 0660 permissions. If you would prefer that these mailbox files are not created by useradd, issue the following command:
sed -i 's/yes/no/' /etc/default/useradd
Choose a password for user root and set it by running:
passwd root
**Installed programs:**chage, chfn, chgpasswd, chpasswd, chsh, expiry, faillog, gpasswd, groupadd, groupdel, groupmems, groupmod, grpck, grpconv, grpunconv, lastlog, login, logoutd, newgidmap, newgrp, newuidmap, newusers, nologin, passwd, pwck, pwconv, pwunconv, sg (link to newgrp), su, useradd, userdel, usermod, vigr (link to vipw), and vipw
Installed directory:/etc/default
chage
Used to change the maximum number of days between obligatory password changes
chfn
Used to change a user's full name and other information
chgpasswd
Used to update group passwords in batch mode
chpasswd
Used to update user passwords in batch mode
chsh
Used to change a user's default login shell
expiry
Checks and enforces the current password expiration policy
faillog
Is used to examine the log of login failures, to set a maximum number of failures before an account is blocked, or to reset the failure count
gpasswd
Is used to add and delete members and administrators to groups
groupadd
Creates a group with the given name
groupdel
Deletes the group with the given name
groupmems
Allows a user to administer his/her own group membership list without the requirement of super user privileges.
groupmod
Is used to modify the given group's name or GID
grpck
Verifies the integrity of the group files /etc/group and /etc/gshadow
grpconv
Creates or updates the shadow group file from the normal group file
grpunconv
Updates /etc/group from /etc/gshadow and then deletes the latter
lastlog
Reports the most recent login of all users or of a given user
login
Is used by the system to let users sign on
logoutd
Is a daemon used to enforce restrictions on log-on time and ports
newgidmap
Is used to set the gid mapping of a user namespace
newgrp
Is used to change the current GID during a login session
newuidmap
Is used to set the uid mapping of a user namespace
newusers
Is used to create or update an entire series of user accounts
nologin
Displays a message that an account is not available; it is designed to be used as the default shell for accounts that have been disabled
passwd
Is used to change the password for a user or group account
pwck
Verifies the integrity of the password files /etc/passwd and /etc/shadow
pwconv
Creates or updates the shadow password file from the normal password file
pwunconv
Updates /etc/passwd from /etc/shadow and then deletes the latter
sg
Executes a given command while the user's GID is set to that of the given group
su
Runs a shell with substitute user and group IDs
useradd
Creates a new user with the given name, or updates the default new-user information
userdel
Deletes the given user account
usermod
Is used to modify the given user's login name, User Identification (UID), shell, initial group, home directory, etc.
vigr
Edits the /etc/group or /etc/gshadow files
vipw
Edits the /etc/passwd or /etc/shadow files
Last updated on
The Psmisc package contains programs for displaying information about running processes.
**Approximate build time:**less than 0.1 SBU
**Required disk space:**4.2 MB
Prepare Psmisc for compilation:
./configure --prefix=/usr
Compile the package:
make
This package does not come with a test suite.
Install the package:
make install
Finally, move the killall and fuser programs to the location specified by the FHS:
mv -v /usr/bin/fuser /bin
mv -v /usr/bin/killall /bin
**Installed programs:**fuser, killall, peekfd, prtstat, pstree, and pstree.x11 (link to pstree)
fuser
Reports the Process IDs (PIDs) of processes that use the given files or file systems
killall
Kills processes by name; it sends a signal to all processes running any of the given commands
peekfd
Peek at file descriptors of a running process, given its PID
prtstat
Prints information about a process
pstree
Displays running processes as a tree
pstree.x11
Same as pstree, except that it waits for confirmation before exiting
Last updated on
The Iana-Etc package provides data for network services and protocols.
**Approximate build time:**less than 0.1 SBU
**Required disk space:**2.3 MB
The following command converts the raw data provided by IANA into the correct formats for the /etc/protocols and /etc/services data files:
make
This package does not come with a test suite.
Install the package:
make install
Installed files:/etc/protocols and /etc/services
/etc/protocols
Describes the various DARPA Internet protocols that are available from the TCP/IP subsystem
/etc/services
Provides a mapping between friendly textual names for internet services, and their underlying assigned port numbers and protocol types
Last updated on
The Bison package contains a parser generator.
**Approximate build time:**0.3 SBU
**Required disk space:**32 MB
Prepare Bison for compilation:
./configure --prefix=/usr --docdir=/usr/share/doc/bison-3.0.4
Compile the package:
make
There is a circular dependency between bison and flex with regard to the checks. If desired, after installing flex in the next section, the bison checks can be run with make check. Three tests related to lalr1.cc fail for unknown reasons.
Install the package:
make install
**Installed programs:**bison and yacc
**Installed library:**liby.a
Installed directory:/usr/share/bison
bison
Generates, from a series of rules, a program for analyzing the structure of text files; Bison is a replacement for Yacc (Yet Another Compiler Compiler)
yacc
A wrapper for bison, meant for programs that still call yacc instead of bison; it calls bison with the -y option
liby
The Yacc library containing implementations of Yacc-compatible yyerror and main functions; this library is normally not very useful, but POSIX requires it
Last updated on
The Flex package contains a utility for generating programs that recognize patterns in text.
**Approximate build time:**0.4 SBU
**Required disk space:**32 MB
First, fix a problem introduced with glibc-2.26:
sed -i "/math.h/a #include <malloc.h>" src/flexdef.h
The build procedure assumes the help2man program is available to create a man page from the executable --help option. This is not present, so we use an environment variable to skip this process. Now, prepare Flex for compilation:
HELP2MAN=/tools/bin/true \
./configure --prefix=/usr --docdir=/usr/share/doc/flex-2.6.4
Compile the package:
make
To test the results (about 0.5 SBU), issue:
make check
Install the package:
make install
A few programs do not know about flex yet and try to run its predecessor, lex. To support those programs, create a symbolic link named lexthat runs flex in lex emulation mode:
ln -sv flex /usr/bin/lex
**Installed programs:**flex, flex++ (link to flex), and lex (link to flex)
**Installed libraries:**libfl.so and libfl_pic.so
Installed directory:/usr/share/doc/flex-2.6.4
flex
A tool for generating programs that recognize patterns in text; it allows for the versatility to specify the rules for pattern-finding, eradicating the need to develop a specialized program
flex++
An extension of flex, is used for generating C++ code and classes. It is a symbolic link to flex
lex
A script that runs flex in lex emulation mode
libfl
The flex library
Last updated on
The Grep package contains programs for searching through files.
**Approximate build time:**0.4 SBU
**Required disk space:**29 MB
Prepare Grep for compilation:
./configure --prefix=/usr --bindir=/bin
Compile the package:
make
To test the results, issue:
make check
Install the package:
make install
**Installed programs:**egrep, fgrep, and grep
egrep
Prints lines matching an extended regular expression
fgrep
Prints lines matching a list of fixed strings
grep
Prints lines matching a basic regular expression
Last updated on
The Bash package contains the Bourne-Again SHell.
**Approximate build time:**2.0 SBU
**Required disk space:**56 MB
Incorporate some upstream fixes:
patch -Np1 -i ../bash-4.4-upstream_fixes-1.patch
Prepare Bash for compilation:
./configure --prefix=/usr \
--docdir=/usr/share/doc/bash-4.4 \
--without-bash-malloc \
--with-installed-readline
The meaning of the new configure option:
--with-installed-readline
This option tells Bash to use the readline library that is already installed on the system rather than using its own readline version.
Compile the package:
make
Skip down to “Install the package” if not running the test suite.
To prepare the tests, ensure that the nobody user can write to the sources tree:
chown -Rv nobody .
Now, run the tests as the nobody user:
su nobody -s /bin/bash -c "PATH=$PATH make tests"
Install the package and move the main executable to /bin:
make install
mv -vf /usr/bin/bash /bin
Run the newly compiled bash program (replacing the one that is currently being executed):
exec /bin/bash --login +h
The parameters used make the bash process an interactive login shell and continue to disable hashing so that new programs are found as they become available.
**Installed programs:**bash, bashbug, and sh (link to bash)
Installed directory:/usr/share/doc/bash-4.4
bash
A widely-used command interpreter; it performs many types of expansions and substitutions on a given command line before executing it, thus making this interpreter a powerful tool
bashbug
A shell script to help the user compose and mail standard formatted bug reports concerning bash
sh
A symlink to the bash program; when invoked as sh, bash tries to mimic the startup behavior of historical versions of shas closely as possible, while conforming to the POSIX standard as well
Last updated on
The Libtool package contains the GNU generic library support script. It wraps the complexity of using shared libraries in a consistent, portable interface.
**Approximate build time:**1.8 SBU
**Required disk space:**43 MB
Prepare Libtool for compilation:
./configure --prefix=/usr
Compile the package:
make
To test the results (about 11.0 SBU), issue:
make check
The test time for libtool can ibe reduced significantly on a system with multiple cores. To do this, append **TESTSUITEFLAGS=-j**to the line above. For instance, using -j4 can reduce the test time by over 60 percent.
Five tests are known to fail in the LFS build environment due to a circular dependency, but all tests pass if rechecked after automake is installed.
Install the package:
make install
**Installed programs:**libtool and libtoolize
**Installed libraries:**libltdl.so
Installed directories:/usr/include/libltdl and /usr/share/libtool
libtool
Provides generalized library-building support services
libtoolize
Provides a standard way to add libtool support to a package
libltdl
Hides the various difficulties of dlopening libraries
Last updated on
The GDBM package contains the GNU Database Manager. It is a library of database functions that use extensible hashing and work similar to the standard UNIX dbm. The library provides primitives for storing key/data pairs, searching and retrieving the data by its key and deleting a key along with its data.
**Approximate build time:**0.1 SBU
**Required disk space:**10 MB
Prepare GDBM for compilation:
./configure --prefix=/usr \
--disable-static \
--enable-libgdbm-compat
The meaning of the configure option:
--enable-libgdbm-compat
This switch enables the libgdbm compatibility library to be built, as some packages outside of LFS may require the older DBM routines it provides.
Compile the package:
make
To test the results, issue:
make check
Install the package:
make install
**Installed programs:**gdbm_dump, gdbm_load, and gdbmtool
**Installed libraries:**libgdbm.so and libgdbm_compat.so
gdbm_dump
Dumps a GDBM database to a file
gdbm_load
Recreates a GDBM database from a dump file
gdbmtool
Tests and modifies a GDBM database
libgdbm
Contains functions to manipulate a hashed database
libgdbm_compat
Compatibility library containing older DBM functions
Last updated on
Gperf generates a perfect hash function from a key set.
**Approximate build time:**less than 0.1 SBU
**Required disk space:**5.8 MB
Prepare Gperf for compilation:
./configure --prefix=/usr --docdir=/usr/share/doc/gperf-3.1
Compile the package:
make
The tests are known to fail if running multiple simultaneous tests (-j option greater than 1). To test the results, issue:
make -j1 check
Install the package:
make install
**Installed program:**gperf
Installed directory:/usr/share/doc/gperf-3.1
gperf
Generates a perfect hash from a key set
Last updated on
The Expat package contains a stream oriented C library for parsing XML.
**Approximate build time:**less than 0.1 SBU
**Required disk space:**9.5 MB
First fix a problem with the regession tests in the LFS environment:
sed -i 's|usr/bin/env |bin/|' run.sh.in
Prepare Expat for compilation:
./configure --prefix=/usr --disable-static
Compile the package:
make
To test the results, issue:
make check
Install the package:
make install
If desired, install the documentation:
install -v -dm755 /usr/share/doc/expat-2.2.3
install -v -m644 doc/*.{html,png,css} /usr/share/doc/expat-2.2.3
**Installed program:**xmlwf
**Installed libraries:**libexpat.so
Installed directory:/usr/share/doc/expat-2.2.3
xmlwf
is a non-validating utility to check whether or not XML documents are well formed
libexpat
contains API functions for parsing XML
Last updated on
The Inetutils package contains programs for basic networking.
**Approximate build time:**0.3 SBU
**Required disk space:**27 MB
Prepare Inetutils for compilation:
./configure --prefix=/usr \
--localstatedir=/var \
--disable-logger \
--disable-whois \
--disable-rcp \
--disable-rexec \
--disable-rlogin \
--disable-rsh \
--disable-servers
The meaning of the configure options:
--disable-logger
This option prevents Inetutils from installing the logger program, which is used by scripts to pass messages to the System Log Daemon. Do not install it because Util-linux installs a more recent version.
--disable-whois
This option disables the building of the Inetutils whois client, which is out of date. Instructions for a better whois client are in the BLFS book.
--disable-r*
These parameters disable building obsolete programs that should not be used due to security issues. The functions provided by these programs can be provided by the openssh package in the BLFS book.
--disable-servers
This disables the installation of the various network servers included as part of the Inetutils package. These servers are deemed not appropriate in a basic LFS system. Some are insecure by nature and are only considered safe on trusted networks. Note that better replacements are available for many of these servers.
Compile the package:
make
To test the results, issue:
make check
One test, libls.sh, may fail in the initial chroot environment but will pass if the test is rerun after the LFS system is complete.
Install the package:
make install
Move some programs so they are available if /usr is not accessible:
mv -v /usr/bin/{hostname,ping,ping6,traceroute} /bin
mv -v /usr/bin/ifconfig /sbin
**Installed programs:**dnsdomainname, ftp, ifconfig, hostname, ping, ping6, talk, telnet, tftp, and traceroute
dnsdomainname
Show the system's DNS domain name
ftp
Is the file transfer protocol program
hostname
Reports or sets the name of the host
ifconfig
Manages network interfaces
ping
Sends echo-request packets and reports how long the replies take
ping6
A version of ping for IPv6 networks
talk
Is used to chat with another user
telnet
An interface to the TELNET protocol
tftp
A trivial file transfer program
traceroute
Traces the route your packets take from the host you are working on to another host on a network, showing all the intermediate hops (gateways) along the way
Last updated on
The Perl package contains the Practical Extraction and Report Language.
**Approximate build time:**8.6 SBU
**Required disk space:**257 MB
First create a basic /etc/hosts file to be referenced in one of Perl's configuration files as well as the optional test suite:
echo "127.0.0.1 localhost $(hostname)" > /etc/hosts
This version of Perl now builds the Compress::Raw::Zlib and Compress::Raw::BZip2 modules. By default Perl will use an internal copy of the sources for the build. Issue the following command so that Perl will use the libraries installed on the system:
export BUILD_ZLIB=False
export BUILD_BZIP2=0
To have full control over the way Perl is set up, you can remove the “-des” options from the following command and hand-pick the way this package is built. Alternatively, use the command exactly as below to use the defaults that Perl auto-detects:
sh Configure -des -Dprefix=/usr \
-Dvendorprefix=/usr \
-Dman1dir=/usr/share/man/man1 \
-Dman3dir=/usr/share/man/man3 \
-Dpager="/usr/bin/less -isR" \
-Duseshrplib \
-Dusethreads
The meaning of the configure options:
-Dvendorprefix=/usr
This ensures perl knows how to tell packages where they should install their perl modules.
-Dpager="/usr/bin/less -isR"
This ensures that less is used instead of more.
-Dman1dir=/usr/share/man/man1 -Dman3dir=/usr/share/man/man3
Since Groff is not installed yet, Configure thinks that we do not want man pages for Perl. Issuing these parameters overrides this decision.
-Duseshrplib
Build a shared libperl needed by some perl modules.
-Dusethreads
Build perl with support for threads.
Compile the package:
make
To test the results (approximately 2.5 SBU), issue:
make -k test
Several tests related to zlib will fail due to using the system version of zlib instead of the internal version.
Install the package and clean up:
make install
unset BUILD_ZLIB BUILD_BZIP2
**Installed programs:**c2ph, corelist, cpan, enc2xs, encguess, h2ph, h2xs, instmodsh, json_pp, libnetcfg, perl, perl5.26.0 (hard link to perl), perlbug, perldoc, perlivp, perlthanks (hard link to perlbug), piconv, pl2pm, pod2html, pod2man, pod2text, pod2usage, podchecker, podselect, prove, pstruct (hard link to c2ph), ptar, ptardiff, ptargrep, shasum, splain, xsubpp, and zipdetails
**Installed libraries:**Many which cannot all be listed here
Installed directory:/usr/lib/perl5
c2ph
Dumps C structures as generated from cc -g -S
corelist
A commandline frontend to Module::CoreList
cpan
Interact with the Comprehensive Perl Archive Network (CPAN) from the command line
enc2xs
Builds a Perl extension for the Encode module from either Unicode Character Mappings or Tcl Encoding Files
encguess
Guess the encoding type of one or several files
h2ph
Converts .h C header files to .ph Perl header files
h2xs
Converts .h C header files to Perl extensions
instmodsh
Shell script for examining installed Perl modules, and can even create a tarball from an installed module
json_pp
Converts data between certain input and output formats
libnetcfg
Can be used to configure the libnet Perl module
perl
Combines some of the best features of C, sed, awk and sh into a single swiss-army language
perl5.26.0
A hard link to perl
perlbug
Used to generate bug reports about Perl, or the modules that come with it, and mail them
perldoc
Displays a piece of documentation in pod format that is embedded in the Perl installation tree or in a Perl script
perlivp
The Perl Installation Verification Procedure; it can be used to verify that Perl and its libraries have been installed correctly
perlthanks
Used to generate thank you messages to mail to the Perl developers
piconv
A Perl version of the character encoding converter iconv
pl2pm
A rough tool for converting Perl4 .pl files to Perl5 .pm modules
pod2html
Converts files from pod format to HTML format
pod2man
Converts pod data to formatted *roff input
pod2text
Converts pod data to formatted ASCII text
pod2usage
Prints usage messages from embedded pod docs in files
podchecker
Checks the syntax of pod format documentation files
podselect
Displays selected sections of pod documentation
prove
Command line tool for running tests against the Test::Harness module
pstruct
Dumps C structures as generated from cc -g -S stabs
ptar
A tar-like program written in Perl
ptardiff
A Perl program that compares an extracted archive with an unextracted one
ptargrep
A Perl program that applies pattern matching to the contents of files in a tar archive
shasum
Prints or checks SHA checksums
splain
Is used to force verbose warning diagnostics in Perl
xsubpp
Converts Perl XS code into C code
zipdetails
Displays details about the internal structure of a Zip file
Last updated on
The XML::Parser module is a Perl interface to James Clark's XML parser, Expat.
**Approximate build time:**less than 0.1 SBU
**Required disk space:**2.0 MB
Prepare XML::Parser for compilation:
perl Makefile.PL
Compile the package:
make
To test the results, issue:
make test
Install the package:
make install
**Installed module:**Expat.so
Expat
provides the Perl Expat interface
Last updated on
The Intltool is an internationalization tool used for extracting translatable strings from source files.
**Approximate build time:**less than 0.1 SBU
**Required disk space:**1.5 MB
First fix a warning that is caused by perl-5.22 and later:
sed -i 's:\\\${:\\\$\\{:' intltool-update.in
Prepare Intltool for compilation:
./configure --prefix=/usr
Compile the package:
make
To test the results, issue:
make check
Install the package:
make install
install -v -Dm644 doc/I18N-HOWTO /usr/share/doc/intltool-0.51.0/I18N-HOWTO
**Installed programs:**intltool-extract, intltool-merge, intltool-prepare, intltool-update, and intltoolize
Installed directories:/usr/share/doc/intltool-0.51.0 and /usr/share/intltool
intltoolize
Prepares a package to use intltool
intltool-extract
Generates header files that can be read by gettext
intltool-merge
Merges translated strings into various file types
intltool-prepare
Updates pot files and merges them with translation files
intltool-update
Updates the po template files and merges them with the translations
Last updated on
The Autoconf package contains programs for producing shell scripts that can automatically configure source code.
**Approximate build time:**less than 0.1 SBU (about 3.3 SBU with tests)
**Required disk space:**17.3 MB
Prepare Autoconf for compilation:
./configure --prefix=/usr
Compile the package:
make
To test the results, issue:
make check
This takes a long time, about 3.3 SBUs. In addition, several tests are skipped that use Automake. For full test coverage, Autoconf can be re-tested after Automake has been installed. In addition, two tests fail due to changes in libtool-2.4.3 and later.
The test time for autoconf can be reduced significantly on a system with multiple cores. To do this, append **TESTSUITEFLAGS=-j**to the line above. For instance, using -j4 can reduce the test time by over 60 percent.
Install the package:
make install
**Installed programs:**autoconf, autoheader, autom4te, autoreconf, autoscan, autoupdate, and ifnames
Installed directory:/usr/share/autoconf
autoconf
Produces shell scripts that automatically configure software source code packages to adapt to many kinds of Unix-like systems; the configuration scripts it produces are independent—running them does not require the autoconf program
autoheader
A tool for creating template files of C #define statements for configure to use
autom4te
A wrapper for the M4 macro processor
autoreconf
Automatically runs autoconf, autoheader, aclocal, automake, gettextize, and libtoolize in the correct order to save time when changes are made to autoconf and automake template files
autoscan
Helps to create a configure.in file for a software package; it examines the source files in a directory tree, searching them for common portability issues, and creates a configure.scan file that serves as as a preliminary configure.in file for the package
autoupdate
Modifies a configure.in file that still calls autoconf macros by their old names to use the current macro names
ifnames
Helps when writing configure.in files for a software package; it prints the identifiers that the package uses in C preprocessor conditionals [If a package has already been set up to have some portability, this program can help determine what configure needs to check for. It can also fill in gaps in a configure.in file generated by autoscan.]
Last updated on
The Automake package contains programs for generating Makefiles for use with Autoconf.
**Approximate build time:**less than 0.1 SBU (about 8.5 SBU with tests)
**Required disk space:**110 MB
Prepare Automake for compilation:
./configure --prefix=/usr --docdir=/usr/share/doc/automake-1.15.1
Compile the package:
make
There are a couple of tests that incorrectly link to the wrong version of the flex library, so we temporarily work around the problem. Also, using the -j4 make option speeds up the tests, even on systems with only one processor, due to internal delays in individual tests. To test the results, issue:
sed -i "s:./configure:LEXLIB=/usr/lib/libfl.a &:" t/lex-{clean,depend}-cxx.sh
make -j4 check
Three tests are known to fail in the LFS environment: check12.sh, subobj.sh, and check12-w.sh.
Install the package:
make install
**Installed programs:**aclocal, aclocal-1.15 (hard linked with aclocal), automake, and automake-1.15 (hard linked with automake)
Installed directories:/usr/share/aclocal-1.15, /usr/share/automake-1.15, and /usr/share/doc/automake-1.15.1
aclocal
Generates aclocal.m4 files based on the contents of configure.in files
aclocal-1.15
A hard link to aclocal
automake
A tool for automatically generating Makefile.in files from Makefile.am files [To create all the Makefile.in files for a package, run this program in the top-level directory. By scanning the configure.in file, it automatically finds each appropriate Makefile.amfile and generates the corresponding Makefile.in file.]
automake-1.15
A hard link to automake
Last updated on
The Xz package contains programs for compressing and decompressing files. It provides capabilities for the lzma and the newer xz compression formats. Compressing text files with xz yields a better compression percentage than with the traditional gzip or bzip2commands.
**Approximate build time:**0.2 SBU
**Required disk space:**15 MB
Prepare Xz for compilation with:
./configure --prefix=/usr \
--disable-static \
--docdir=/usr/share/doc/xz-5.2.3
Compile the package:
make
To test the results, issue:
make check
Install the package and make sure that all essential files are in the correct directory:
make install
mv -v /usr/bin/{lzma,unlzma,lzcat,xz,unxz,xzcat} /bin
mv -v /usr/lib/liblzma.so.* /lib
ln -svf ../../lib/$(readlink /usr/lib/liblzma.so) /usr/lib/liblzma.so
**Installed programs:**lzcat (link to xz), lzcmp (link to xzdiff), lzdiff (link to xzdiff), lzegrep (link to xzgrep), lzfgrep (link to xzgrep), lzgrep (link to xzgrep), lzless (link to xzless), lzma (link to xz), lzmadec, lzmainfo, lzmore (link to xzmore), unlzma (link to xz), unxz (link to xz), xz, xzcat (link to xz), xzcmp (link to xzdiff), xzdec, xzdiff, xzegrep (link to xzgrep), xzfgrep (link to xzgrep), xzgrep, xzless, and xzmore
**Installed libraries:**liblzma.so
Installed directories:/usr/include/lzma and /usr/share/doc/xz-5.2.3
lzcat
Decompresses to standard output
lzcmp
Runs cmp on LZMA compressed files
lzdiff
Runs diff on LZMA compressed files
lzegrep
Runs egrep on LZMA compressed files
lzfgrep
Runs fgrep on LZMA compressed files
lzgrep
Runs grep on LZMA compressed files
lzless
Runs less on LZMA compressed files
lzma
Compresses or decompresses files using the LZMA format
lzmadec
A small and fast decoder for LZMA compressed files
lzmainfo
Shows information stored in the LZMA compressed file header
lzmore
Runs more on LZMA compressed files
unlzma
Decompresses files using the LZMA format
unxz
Decompresses files using the XZ format
xz
Compresses or decompresses files using the XZ format
xzcat
Decompresses to standard output
xzcmp
Runs cmp on XZ compressed files
xzdec
A small and fast decoder for XZ compressed files
xzdiff
Runs diff on XZ compressed files
xzegrep
Runs egrep on XZ compressed files files
xzfgrep
Runs fgrep on XZ compressed files
xzgrep
Runs grep on XZ compressed files
xzless
Runs less on XZ compressed files
xzmore
Runs more on XZ compressed files
liblzma
The library implementing lossless, block-sorting data compression, using the Lempel-Ziv-Markov chain algorithm
Last updated on
The Kmod package contains libraries and utilities for loading kernel modules
**Approximate build time:**0.1 SBU
**Required disk space:**12 MB
Prepare Kmod for compilation:
./configure --prefix=/usr \
--bindir=/bin \
--sysconfdir=/etc \
--with-rootlibdir=/lib \
--with-xz \
--with-zlib
The meaning of the configure options:
--with-xz, --with-zlib
These options enable Kmod to handle compressed kernel modules.
--with-rootlibdir=/lib
This option ensures different library related files are placed in the correct directories.
Compile the package:
make
This package does not come with a test suite that can be run in the LFS chroot environment. At a minimum the git program is required and several tests will not run outside of a git repository.
Install the package, and create symlinks for compatibility with Module-Init-Tools (the package that previously handled Linux kernel modules):
make install
for target in depmod insmod lsmod modinfo modprobe rmmod; do
ln -sfv ../bin/kmod /sbin/$target
done
ln -sfv kmod /bin/lsmod
**Installed programs:**depmod (link to kmod), insmod (link to kmod), kmod, lsmod (link to kmod), modinfo (link to kmod), modprobe (link to kmod), and rmmod (link to kmod)
**Installed library:**libkmod.so
depmod
Creates a dependency file based on the symbols it finds in the existing set of modules; this dependency file is used by modprobe to automatically load the required modules
insmod
Installs a loadable module in the running kernel
kmod
Loads and unloads kernel modules
lsmod
Lists currently loaded modules
modinfo
Examines an object file associated with a kernel module and displays any information that it can glean
modprobe
Uses a dependency file, created by depmod, to automatically load relevant modules
rmmod
Unloads modules from the running kernel
libkmod
This library is used by other programs to load and unload kernel modules
Last updated on
The Gettext package contains utilities for internationalization and localization. These allow programs to be compiled with NLS (Native Language Support), enabling them to output messages in the user's native language.
**Approximate build time:**2.4 SBU
**Required disk space:**199 MB
First, suppress two invocations of test-lock which on some machines can loop forever:
sed -i '/^TESTS =/d' gettext-runtime/tests/Makefile.in &&
sed -i 's/test-lock..EXEEXT.//' gettext-tools/gnulib-tests/Makefile.in
Prepare Gettext for compilation:
./configure --prefix=/usr \
--disable-static \
--docdir=/usr/share/doc/gettext-0.19.8.1
Compile the package:
make
To test the results (this takes a long time, around 3 SBUs), issue:
make check
Install the package:
make install
chmod -v 0755 /usr/lib/preloadable_libintl.so
**Installed programs:**autopoint, envsubst, gettext, gettext.sh, gettextize, msgattrib, msgcat, msgcmp, msgcomm, msgconv, msgen, msgexec, msgfilter, msgfmt, msggrep, msginit, msgmerge, msgunfmt, msguniq, ngettext, recode-sr-latin, and xgettext
**Installed libraries:**libasprintf.so, libgettextlib.so, libgettextpo.so, libgettextsrc.so, and preloadable_libintl.so
Installed directories:/usr/lib/gettext, /usr/share/doc/gettext-0.19.8.1, and /usr/share/gettext
autopoint
Copies standard Gettext infrastructure files into a source package
envsubst
Substitutes environment variables in shell format strings
gettext
Translates a natural language message into the user's language by looking up the translation in a message catalog
gettext.sh
Primarily serves as a shell function library for gettext
gettextize
Copies all standard Gettext files into the given top-level directory of a package to begin internationalizing it
msgattrib
Filters the messages of a translation catalog according to their attributes and manipulates the attributes
msgcat
Concatenates and merges the given .po files
msgcmp
Compares two .po files to check that both contain the same set of msgid strings
msgcomm
Finds the messages that are common to the given .po files
msgconv
Converts a translation catalog to a different character encoding
msgen
Creates an English translation catalog
msgexec
Applies a command to all translations of a translation catalog
msgfilter
Applies a filter to all translations of a translation catalog
msgfmt
Generates a binary message catalog from a translation catalog
msggrep
Extracts all messages of a translation catalog that match a given pattern or belong to some given source files
msginit
Creates a new .po file, initializing the meta information with values from the user's environment
msgmerge
Combines two raw translations into a single file
msgunfmt
Decompiles a binary message catalog into raw translation text
msguniq
Unifies duplicate translations in a translation catalog
ngettext
Displays native language translations of a textual message whose grammatical form depends on a number
recode-sr-latin
Recodes Serbian text from Cyrillic to Latin script
xgettext
Extracts the translatable message lines from the given source files to make the first translation template
libasprintf
defines the autosprintf class, which makes C formatted output routines usable in C++ programs, for use with the strings and the streams
libgettextlib
a private library containing common routines used by the various Gettext programs; these are not intended for general use
libgettextpo
Used to write specialized programs that process .po files; this library is used when the standard applications shipped with Gettext (such as msgcomm, msgcmp, msgattrib, and msgen) will not suffice
libgettextsrc
A private library containing common routines used by the various Gettext programs; these are not intended for general use
preloadable_libintl
A library, intended to be used by LD_PRELOAD that assists libintl in logging untranslated messages
Last updated on
The Procps-ng package contains programs for monitoring processes.
**Approximate build time:**0.1 SBU
**Required disk space:**14 MB
Now prepare procps-ng for compilation:
./configure --prefix=/usr \
--exec-prefix= \
--libdir=/usr/lib \
--docdir=/usr/share/doc/procps-ng-3.3.12 \
--disable-static \
--disable-kill
The meaning of the configure options:
--disable-kill
This switch disables building the kill command that will be installed by the Util-linux package.
Compile the package:
make
The test suite needs some custom modifications for LFS. Remove a test that fails when scripting does not use a tty device and fix two others. To run the test suite, run the following commands:
sed -i -r 's|(pmap_initname)\\\$|\1|' testsuite/pmap.test/pmap.exp
sed -i '/set tty/d' testsuite/pkill.test/pkill.exp
rm testsuite/pgrep.test/pgrep.exp
make check
One ps test may fail, but passes if the tests are rerun at the end of Chapter 6.
Install the package:
make install
Finally, move essential libraries to a location that can be found if /usr is not mounted.
mv -v /usr/lib/libprocps.so.* /lib
ln -sfv ../../lib/$(readlink /usr/lib/libprocps.so) /usr/lib/libprocps.so
**Installed programs:**free, pgrep, pidof, pkill, pmap, ps, pwdx, slabtop, sysctl, tload, top, uptime, vmstat, w, and watch
**Installed library:**libprocps.so
Installed directories:/usr/include/proc and /usr/share/doc/procps-ng-3.3.12
free
Reports the amount of free and used memory (both physical and swap memory) in the system
pgrep
Looks up processes based on their name and other attributes
pidof
Reports the PIDs of the given programs
pkill
Signals processes based on their name and other attributes
pmap
Reports the memory map of the given process
ps
Lists the current running processes
pwdx
Reports the current working directory of a process
slabtop
Displays detailed kernel slap cache information in real time
sysctl
Modifies kernel parameters at run time
tload
Prints a graph of the current system load average
top
Displays a list of the most CPU intensive processes; it provides an ongoing look at processor activity in real time
uptime
Reports how long the system has been running, how many users are logged on, and the system load averages
vmstat
Reports virtual memory statistics, giving information about processes, memory, paging, block Input/Output (IO), traps, and CPU activity
w
Shows which users are currently logged on, where, and since when
watch
Runs a given command repeatedly, displaying the first screen-full of its output; this allows a user to watch the output change over time
libprocps
Contains the functions used by most programs in this package
Last updated on
The E2fsprogs package contains the utilities for handling the ext2 file system. It also supports the ext3 and ext4 journaling file systems.
**Approximate build time:**3.3 SBU
**Required disk space:**58 MB
The E2fsprogs documentation recommends that the package be built in a subdirectory of the source tree:
mkdir -v build
cd build
Prepare E2fsprogs for compilation:
LIBS=-L/tools/lib \
CFLAGS=-I/tools/include \
PKG_CONFIG_PATH=/tools/lib/pkgconfig \
../configure --prefix=/usr \
--bindir=/bin \
--with-root-prefix="" \
--enable-elf-shlibs \
--disable-libblkid \
--disable-libuuid \
--disable-uuidd \
--disable-fsck
The meaning of the environment variable and configure options:
PKG_CONFIG_PATH, LIBS, CFLAGS
These variables enable e2fsprogs to be built using the Section 5.34, “Util-linux-2.30.1” package built earlier.
--with-root-prefix="" and --bindir=/bin
Certain programs (such as the e2fsck program) are considered essential programs. When, for example, /usr is not mounted, these programs still need to be available. They belong in directories like /lib and /sbin. If this option is not passed to E2fsprogs' configure, the programs are installed into the /usr directory.
--enable-elf-shlibs
This creates the shared libraries which some programs in this package use.
--disable-*
This prevents E2fsprogs from building and installing the libuuid and libblkid libraries, the uuidd daemon, and the fsck wrapper, as Util-Linux installs more recent versions.
Compile the package:
make
To set up and run the test suite we need to first link some libraries from /tools/lib to a location where the test programs look. To run the tests, issue:
ln -sfv /tools/lib/lib{blk,uu}id.so.1 lib
make LD_LIBRARY_PATH=/tools/lib check
One of the E2fsprogs tests will attempt to allocate 256 MB of memory. If you do not have significantly more RAM than this, be sure to enable sufficient swap space for the test. See Section 2.5, “Creating a File System on the Partition” and Section 2.7, “Mounting the New Partition” for details on creating and enabling swap space.
Install the binaries, documentation, and shared libraries:
make install
Install the static libraries and headers:
make install-libs
Make the installed static libraries writable so debugging symbols can be removed later:
chmod -v u+w /usr/lib/{libcom_err,libe2p,libext2fs,libss}.a
This package installs a gzipped .info file but doesn't update the system-wide dir file. Unzip this file and then update the system dir file using the following commands.
gunzip -v /usr/share/info/libext2fs.info.gz
install-info --dir-file=/usr/share/info/dir /usr/share/info/libext2fs.info
If desired, create and install some additional documentation by issuing the following commands:
makeinfo -o doc/com_err.info ../lib/et/com_err.texinfo
install -v -m644 doc/com_err.info /usr/share/info
install-info --dir-file=/usr/share/info/dir /usr/share/info/com_err.info
**Installed programs:**badblocks, chattr, compile_et, debugfs, dumpe2fs,e2freefrag, e2fsck, e2image, e2label, e2undo, e4defrag, filefrag, fsck.ext2, fsck.ext3, fsck.ext4, fsck.ext4dev, logsave, lsattr, mk_cmds, mke2fs, mkfs.ext2, mkfs.ext3, mkfs.ext4, mkfs.ext4dev, mklost+found, resize2fs, and tune2fs
**Installed libraries:**libcom_err.so, libe2p.so, libext2fs.so, and libss.so
Installed directories:/usr/include/e2p, /usr/include/et, /usr/include/ext2fs, /usr/include/ss, /usr/share/et, and /usr/share/ss
badblocks
Searches a device (usually a disk partition) for bad blocks
chattr
Changes the attributes of files on an ext2 file system; it also changes ext3 file systems, the journaling version of ext2file systems
compile_et
An error table compiler; it converts a table of error-code names and messages into a C source file suitable for use with the com_err library
debugfs
A file system debugger; it can be used to examine and change the state of an ext2 file system
dumpe2fs
Prints the super block and blocks group information for the file system present on a given device
e2freefrag
Reports free space fragmentation information
e2fsck
Is used to check, and optionally repair ext2 file systems and ext3 file systems
e2image
Is used to save critical ext2 file system data to a file
e2label
Displays or changes the file system label on the ext2 file system present on a given device
e2undo
Replays the undo log undo_log for an ext2/ext3/ext4 filesystem found on a device [This can be used to undo a failed operation by an e2fsprogs program.]
e4defrag
Online defragmenter for ext4 filesystems
filefrag
Reports on how badly fragmented a particular file might be
fsck.ext2
By default checks ext2 file systems and is a hard link to e2fsck
fsck.ext3
By default checks ext3 file systems and is a hard link to e2fsck
fsck.ext4
By default checks ext4 file systems and is a hard link to e2fsck
fsck.ext4dev
By default checks ext4 development file systems and is a hard link to e2fsck
logsave
Saves the output of a command in a log file
lsattr
Lists the attributes of files on a second extended file system
mk_cmds
Converts a table of command names and help messages into a C source file suitable for use with the libss subsystem library
mke2fs
Creates an ext2 or ext3 file system on the given device
mkfs.ext2
By default creates ext2 file systems and is a hard link to mke2fs
mkfs.ext3
By default creates ext3 file systems and is a hard link to mke2fs
mkfs.ext4
By default creates ext4 file systems and is a hard link to mke2fs
mkfs.ext4dev
By default creates ext4 development file systems and is a hard link to mke2fs
mklost+found
Used to create a lost+found directory on an ext2 file system; it pre-allocates disk blocks to this directory to lighten the task of e2fsck
resize2fs
Can be used to enlarge or shrink an ext2 file system
tune2fs
Adjusts tunable file system parameters on an ext2 file system
libcom_err
The common error display routine
libe2p
Used by dumpe2fs, chattr, and lsattr
libext2fs
Contains routines to enable user-level programs to manipulate an ext2 file system
libss
Used by debugfs
Last updated on
The Coreutils package contains utilities for showing and setting the basic system characteristics.
**Approximate build time:**2.4 SBU
**Required disk space:**171 MB
POSIX requires that programs from Coreutils recognize character boundaries correctly even in multibyte locales. The following patch fixes this non-compliance and other internationalization-related bugs.
patch -Np1 -i ../coreutils-8.27-i18n-1.patch
In the past, many bugs were found in this patch. When reporting new bugs to Coreutils maintainers, please check first if they are reproducible without this patch.
Suppress a test which on some machines can loop forever:
sed -i '/test.lock/s/^/#/' gnulib-tests/gnulib.mk
Now prepare Coreutils for compilation:
FORCE_UNSAFE_CONFIGURE=1 ./configure \
--prefix=/usr \
--enable-no-install-program=kill,uptime
The meaning of the configure options:
FORCE_UNSAFE_CONFIGURE=1
This environment variable allows the package to be built as the root user.
--enable-no-install-program=kill,uptime
The purpose of this switch is to prevent Coreutils from installing binaries that will be installed by other packages later.
Compile the package:
FORCE_UNSAFE_CONFIGURE=1 make
Skip down to “Install the package” if not running the test suite.
Now the test suite is ready to be run. First, run the tests that are meant to be run as user root:
make NON_ROOT_USERNAME=nobody check-root
We're going to run the remainder of the tests as the nobody user. Certain tests, however, require that the user be a member of more than one group. So that these tests are not skipped we'll add a temporary group and make the user nobody a part of it:
echo "dummy:x:1000:nobody" >> /etc/group
Fix some of the permissions so that the non-root user can compile and run the tests:
chown -Rv nobody .
Now run the tests. Make sure the PATH in the su environment includes /tools/bin.
su nobody -s /bin/bash \
-c "PATH=$PATH make RUN_EXPENSIVE_TESTS=yes check"
The test programs test-getlogin and date-debug are known to fail in a partially built system environment like the chroot environment here, but pass if run at the end of this chapter.
Remove the temporary group:
sed -i '/dummy/d' /etc/group
Install the package:
make install
Move programs to the locations specified by the FHS:
mv -v /usr/bin/{cat,chgrp,chmod,chown,cp,date,dd,df,echo} /bin
mv -v /usr/bin/{false,ln,ls,mkdir,mknod,mv,pwd,rm} /bin
mv -v /usr/bin/{rmdir,stty,sync,true,uname} /bin
mv -v /usr/bin/chroot /usr/sbin
mv -v /usr/share/man/man1/chroot.1 /usr/share/man/man8/chroot.8
sed -i s/\"1\"/\"8\"/1 /usr/share/man/man8/chroot.8
Some of the scripts in the LFS-Bootscripts package depend on head, sleep, and nice. As /usr may not be available during the early stages of booting, those binaries need to be on the root partition:
mv -v /usr/bin/{head,sleep,nice,test,[} /bin
Installed programs:[, base32, base64, basename, cat, chcon, chgrp, chmod, chown, chroot, cksum, comm, cp, csplit, cut, date, dd, df, dir, dircolors, dirname, du, echo, env, expand, expr, factor, false, fmt, fold, groups, head, hostid, id, install, join, link, ln, logname, ls, md5sum, mkdir, mkfifo, mknod, mktemp, mv, nice, nl, nohup, nproc, numfmt, od, paste, pathchk, pinky, pr, printenv, printf, ptx, pwd, readlink, realpath, rm, rmdir, runcon, seq, sha1sum, sha224sum, sha256sum, sha384sum, sha512sum, shred, shuf, sleep, sort, split, stat, stdbuf, stty, sum, sync, tac, tail, tee, test, timeout, touch, tr, true, truncate, tsort, tty, uname, unexpand, uniq, unlink, users, vdir, wc, who, whoami, and yes
**Installed library:**libstdbuf.so
Installed directory:/usr/libexec/coreutils
base32
Encodes and decodes data according to the base32 specification (RFC 4648)
base64
Encodes and decodes data according to the base64 specification (RFC 4648)
basename
Strips any path and a given suffix from a file name
cat
Concatenates files to standard output
chcon
Changes security context for files and directories
chgrp
Changes the group ownership of files and directories
chmod
Changes the permissions of each file to the given mode; the mode can be either a symbolic representation of the changes to make or an octal number representing the new permissions
chown
Changes the user and/or group ownership of files and directories
chroot
Runs a command with the specified directory as the / directory
cksum
Prints the Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) checksum and the byte counts of each specified file
comm
Compares two sorted files, outputting in three columns the lines that are unique and the lines that are common
cp
Copies files
csplit
Splits a given file into several new files, separating them according to given patterns or line numbers and outputting the byte count of each new file
cut
Prints sections of lines, selecting the parts according to given fields or positions
date
Displays the current time in the given format, or sets the system date
dd
Copies a file using the given block size and count, while optionally performing conversions on it
df
Reports the amount of disk space available (and used) on all mounted file systems, or only on the file systems holding the selected files
dir
Lists the contents of each given directory (the same as the ls command)
dircolors
Outputs commands to set the LS_COLOR environment variable to change the color scheme used by ls
dirname
Strips the non-directory suffix from a file name
du
Reports the amount of disk space used by the current directory, by each of the given directories (including all subdirectories) or by each of the given files
echo
Displays the given strings
env
Runs a command in a modified environment
expand
Converts tabs to spaces
expr
Evaluates expressions
factor
Prints the prime factors of all specified integer numbers
false
Does nothing, unsuccessfully; it always exits with a status code indicating failure
fmt
Reformats the paragraphs in the given files
fold
Wraps the lines in the given files
groups
Reports a user's group memberships
head
Prints the first ten lines (or the given number of lines) of each given file
hostid
Reports the numeric identifier (in hexadecimal) of the host
id
Reports the effective user ID, group ID, and group memberships of the current user or specified user
install
Copies files while setting their permission modes and, if possible, their owner and group
join
Joins the lines that have identical join fields from two separate files
link
Creates a hard link with the given name to a file
ln
Makes hard links or soft (symbolic) links between files
logname
Reports the current user's login name
ls
Lists the contents of each given directory
md5sum
Reports or checks Message Digest 5 (MD5) checksums
mkdir
Creates directories with the given names
mkfifo
Creates First-In, First-Outs (FIFOs), a "named pipe" in UNIX parlance, with the given names
mknod
Creates device nodes with the given names; a device node is a character special file, a block special file, or a FIFO
mktemp
Creates temporary files in a secure manner; it is used in scripts
mv
Moves or renames files or directories
nice
Runs a program with modified scheduling priority
nl
Numbers the lines from the given files
nohup
Runs a command immune to hangups, with its output redirected to a log file
nproc
Prints the number of processing units available to a process
numfmt
Converts numbers to or from human-readable strings
od
Dumps files in octal and other formats
paste
Merges the given files, joining sequentially corresponding lines side by side, separated by tab characters
pathchk
Checks if file names are valid or portable
pinky
Is a lightweight finger client; it reports some information about the given users
pr
Paginates and columnates files for printing
printenv
Prints the environment
printf
Prints the given arguments according to the given format, much like the C printf function
ptx
Produces a permuted index from the contents of the given files, with each keyword in its context
pwd
Reports the name of the current working directory
readlink
Reports the value of the given symbolic link
realpath
Prints the resolved path
rm
Removes files or directories
rmdir
Removes directories if they are empty
runcon
Runs a command with specified security context
seq
Prints a sequence of numbers within a given range and with a given increment
sha1sum
Prints or checks 160-bit Secure Hash Algorithm 1 (SHA1) checksums
sha224sum
Prints or checks 224-bit Secure Hash Algorithm checksums
sha256sum
Prints or checks 256-bit Secure Hash Algorithm checksums
sha384sum
Prints or checks 384-bit Secure Hash Algorithm checksums
sha512sum
Prints or checks 512-bit Secure Hash Algorithm checksums
shred
Overwrites the given files repeatedly with complex patterns, making it difficult to recover the data
shuf
Shuffles lines of text
sleep
Pauses for the given amount of time
sort
Sorts the lines from the given files
split
Splits the given file into pieces, by size or by number of lines
stat
Displays file or filesystem status
stdbuf
Runs commands with altered buffering operations for its standard streams
stty
Sets or reports terminal line settings
sum
Prints checksum and block counts for each given file
sync
Flushes file system buffers; it forces changed blocks to disk and updates the super block
tac
Concatenates the given files in reverse
tail
Prints the last ten lines (or the given number of lines) of each given file
tee
Reads from standard input while writing both to standard output and to the given files
test
Compares values and checks file types
timeout
Runs a command with a time limit
touch
Changes file timestamps, setting the access and modification times of the given files to the current time; files that do not exist are created with zero length
tr
Translates, squeezes, and deletes the given characters from standard input
true
Does nothing, successfully; it always exits with a status code indicating success
truncate
Shrinks or expands a file to the specified size
tsort
Performs a topological sort; it writes a completely ordered list according to the partial ordering in a given file
tty
Reports the file name of the terminal connected to standard input
uname
Reports system information
unexpand
Converts spaces to tabs
uniq
Discards all but one of successive identical lines
unlink
Removes the given file
users
Reports the names of the users currently logged on
vdir
Is the same as ls -l
wc
Reports the number of lines, words, and bytes for each given file, as well as a total line when more than one file is given
who
Reports who is logged on
whoami
Reports the user name associated with the current effective user ID
yes
Repeatedly outputs “y” or a given string until killed
libstdbuf
Library used by stdbuf
Last updated on
The Diffutils package contains programs that show the differences between files or directories.
**Approximate build time:**0.4 SBU
**Required disk space:**30 MB
Prepare Diffutils for compilation:
./configure --prefix=/usr
Compile the package:
make
To test the results, issue:
make check
Install the package:
make install
**Installed programs:**cmp, diff, diff3, and sdiff
cmp
Compares two files and reports whether or in which bytes they differ
diff
Compares two files or directories and reports which lines in the files differ
diff3
Compares three files line by line
sdiff
Merges two files and interactively outputs the results
Last updated on
The Gawk package contains programs for manipulating text files.
**Approximate build time:**0.3 SBU
**Required disk space:**36 MB
Prepare Gawk for compilation:
./configure --prefix=/usr
Compile the package:
make
To test the results, issue:
make check
Install the package:
make install
If desired, install the documentation:
mkdir -v /usr/share/doc/gawk-4.1.4
cp -v doc/{awkforai.txt,*.{eps,pdf,jpg}} /usr/share/doc/gawk-4.1.4
**Installed programs:**awk (link to gawk), gawk, gawk-4.1.4, and igawk
**Installed libraries:**filefuncs.so, fnmatch.so, fork.so, inplace.so, ordchr.so, readdir.so, readfile.so, revoutput.so, revtwoway.so, rwarray.so, testext.so, and time.so
Installed directories:/usr/lib/gawk, /usr/libexec/awk, /usr/share/awk, and /usr/share/doc/gawk-4.1.4
awk
A link to gawk
gawk
A program for manipulating text files; it is the GNU implementation of awk
gawk-4.1.4
A hard link to gawk
igawk
Gives gawk the ability to include files
Last updated on
The Findutils package contains programs to find files. These programs are provided to recursively search through a directory tree and to create, maintain, and search a database (often faster than the recursive find, but unreliable if the database has not been recently updated).
**Approximate build time:**0.7 SBU
**Required disk space:**48 MB
First, suppress a test which on some machines can loop forever:
sed -i 's/test-lock..EXEEXT.//' tests/Makefile.in
Prepare Findutils for compilation:
./configure --prefix=/usr --localstatedir=/var/lib/locate
The meaning of the configure options:
--localstatedir
This option changes the location of the locate database to be in /var/lib/locate, which is FHS-compliant.
Compile the package:
make
To test the results, issue:
make check
Install the package:
make install
Some of the scripts in the LFS-Bootscripts package depend on find. As /usr may not be available during the early stages of booting, this program needs to be on the root partition. The updatedb script also needs to be modified to correct an explicit path:
mv -v /usr/bin/find /bin
sed -i 's|find:=${BINDIR}|find:=/bin|' /usr/bin/updatedb
**Installed programs:**code, find, locate, oldfind, updatedb, and xargs
code
Was formerly used to produce locate databases; it is the ancestor of frcode
find
Searches given directory trees for files matching the specified criteria
locate
Searches through a database of file names and reports the names that contain a given string or match a given pattern
oldfind
Older version of find, using a different algorithm
updatedb
Updates the locate database; it scans the entire file system (including other file systems that are currently mounted, unless told not to) and puts every file name it finds into the database
xargs
Can be used to apply a given command to a list of files
Last updated on
The Groff package contains programs for processing and formatting text.
**Approximate build time:**0.4 SBU
**Required disk space:**83 MB
Groff expects the environment variable PAGE to contain the default paper size. For users in the United States, PAGE=letter is appropriate. Elsewhere, PAGE=A4 may be more suitable. While the default paper size is configured during compilation, it can be overridden later by echoing either “A4” or “letter” to the /etc/papersize file.
Prepare Groff for compilation:
PAGE=*<paper_size>* ./configure --prefix=/usr
This package does not support parallel build. Compile the package:
make -j1
This package does not come with a test suite.
Install the package:
make install
**Installed programs:**addftinfo, afmtodit, chem, eqn, eqn2graph, gdiffmk, glilypond, gperl, gpinyin, grap2graph, grn, grodvi, groff, groffer, grog, grolbp, grolj4, gropdf, grops, grotty, hpftodit, indxbib, lkbib, lookbib, mmroff, neqn, nroff, pdfmom, pdfroff, pfbtops, pic, pic2graph, post-grohtml, preconv, pre-grohtml, refer, roff2dvi, roff2html, roff2pdf, roff2ps, roff2text, roff2x, soelim, tbl, tfmtodit, and troff
Installed directories:/usr/lib/groff and /usr/share/doc/groff-1.22.3, /usr/share/groff
addftinfo
Reads a troff font file and adds some additional font-metric information that is used by the groff system
afmtodit
Creates a font file for use with groff and grops
chem
Groff preprocessor for producing chemical structure diagrams
eqn
Compiles descriptions of equations embedded within troff input files into commands that are understood by troff
eqn2graph
Converts a troff EQN (equation) into a cropped image
gdiffmk
Marks differences between groff/nroff/troff files
glilypond
Transforms sheet music written in the lilypond language into the groff language
gperl
Preprocesor for groff, allowing addition of perl code into groff files
gpinyin
Preprocesor for groff, allowing addition of Chinese European-like language Pinyin into groff files.
grap2graph
Converts a grap diagram into a cropped bitmap image
grn
A groff preprocessor for gremlin files
grodvi
A driver for groff that produces TeX dvi format
groff
A front-end to the groff document formatting system; normally, it runs the troff program and a post-processor appropriate for the selected device
groffer
Displays groff files and man pages on X and tty terminals
grog
Reads files and guesses which of the groff options -e, -man, -me, -mm, -ms, -p, -s, and -t are required for printing files, and reports the groff command including those options
grolbp
Is a groff driver for Canon CAPSL printers (LBP-4 and LBP-8 series laser printers)
grolj4
Is a driver for groff that produces output in PCL5 format suitable for an HP LaserJet 4 printer
gropdf
Translates the output of GNU troff to PDF
grops
Translates the output of GNU troff to PostScript
grotty
Translates the output of GNU troff into a form suitable for typewriter-like devices
hpftodit
Creates a font file for use with groff -Tlj4 from an HP-tagged font metric file
indxbib
Creates an inverted index for the bibliographic databases with a specified file for use with refer, lookbib, and lkbib
lkbib
Searches bibliographic databases for references that contain specified keys and reports any references found
lookbib
Prints a prompt on the standard error (unless the standard input is not a terminal), reads a line containing a set of keywords from the standard input, searches the bibliographic databases in a specified file for references containing those keywords, prints any references found on the standard output, and repeats this process until the end of input
mmroff
A simple preprocessor for groff
neqn
Formats equations for American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII) output
nroff
A script that emulates the nroff command using groff
pdfmom
Is a wrapper around groff that facilitates the production of PDF documents from files formatted with the mom macros.
pdfroff
Creates pdf documents using groff
pfbtops
Translates a PostScript font in .pfb format to ASCII
pic
Compiles descriptions of pictures embedded within troff or TeX input files into commands understood by TeX or troff
pic2graph
Converts a PIC diagram into a cropped image
post-grohtml
Translates the output of GNU troff to HTML
preconv
Converts encoding of input files to something GNU troff understands
pre-grohtml
Translates the output of GNU troff to HTML
refer
Copies the contents of a file to the standard output, except that lines between .[ and .] are interpreted as citations, and lines between .R1 and .R2 are interpreted as commands for how citations are to be processed
roff2dvi
Transforms roff files into DVI format
roff2html
Transforms roff files into HTML format
roff2pdf
Transforms roff files into PDFs
roff2ps
Transforms roff files into ps files
roff2text
Transforms roff files into text files
roff2x
Transforms roff files into other formats
soelim
Reads files and replaces lines of the form .so file by the contents of the mentioned file
tbl
Compiles descriptions of tables embedded within troff input files into commands that are understood by troff
tfmtodit
Creates a font file for use with groff -Tdvi
troff
Is highly compatible with Unix troff; it should usually be invoked using the groff command, which will also run preprocessors and post-processors in the appropriate order and with the appropriate options
Last updated on
The GRUB package contains the GRand Unified Bootloader.
**Approximate build time:**0.8 SBU
**Required disk space:**144 MB
Prepare GRUB for compilation:
./configure --prefix=/usr \
--sbindir=/sbin \
--sysconfdir=/etc \
--disable-efiemu \
--disable-werror
The meaning of the new configure options:
--disable-werror
This allows the build to complete with warnings introduced by more recent Flex versions.
--disable-efiemu
This option minimizes what is built by disabling a feature and testing programs not needed for LFS.
Compile the package:
make
This package does not come with a test suite.
Install the package:
make install
Using GRUB to make your LFS system bootable will be discussed in Section 8.4, “Using GRUB to Set Up the Boot Process”.
**Installed programs:**grub-bios-setup, grub-editenv, grub-file, grub-fstest, grub-glue-efi, grub-install, grub-kbdcomp, grub-macbless, grub-menulst2cfg, grub-mkconfig, grub-mkimage, grub-mklayout, grub-mknetdir, grub-mkpasswd-pbkdf2, grub-mkrelpath, grub-mkrescue, grub-mkstandalone, grub-ofpathname, grub-probe, grub-reboot, grub-render-label, grub-script-check, grub-set-default, grub-sparc64-setup, and grub-syslinux2cfg
Installed directories:/usr/lib/grub, /etc/grub.d, /usr/share/grub, and boot/grub (when grub-install is first run)
grub-bios-setup
Is a helper program for grub-install
grub-editenv
A tool to edit the environment block
grub-file
Checks if FILE is of the specified type.
grub-fstest
Tool to debug the filesystem driver
grub-glue-efi
Processes ia32 and amd64 EFI images and glues them according to Apple format.
grub-install
Install GRUB on your drive
grub-kbdcomp
Script that converts an xkb layout into one recognized by GRUB
grub-macbless
Mac-style bless on HFS or HFS+ files
grub-menulst2cfg
Converts a GRUB Legacy menu.lst into a grub.cfg for use with GRUB 2
grub-mkconfig
Generate a grub config file
grub-mkimage
Make a bootable image of GRUB
grub-mklayout
Generates a GRUB keyboard layout file
grub-mknetdir
Prepares a GRUB netboot directory
grub-mkpasswd-pbkdf2
Generates an encrypted PBKDF2 password for use in the boot menu
grub-mkrelpath
Makes a system pathname relative to its root
grub-mkrescue
Make a bootable image of GRUB suitable for a floppy disk or CDROM/DVD
grub-mkstandalone
Generates a standalone image
grub-ofpathname
Is a helper program that prints the path of a GRUB device
grub-probe
Probe device information for a given path or device
grub-reboot
Sets the default boot entry for GRUB for the next boot only
grub-render-label
Render Apple .disk_label for Apple Macs
grub-script-check
Checks GRUB configuration script for syntax errors
grub-set-default
Sets the default boot entry for GRUB
grub-sparc64-setup
Is a helper program for grub-setup
grub-syslinux2cfg
Transform a syslinux config file into grub.cfg format
Last updated on
The Less package contains a text file viewer.
**Approximate build time:**less than 0.1 SBU
**Required disk space:**3.5 MB
Prepare Less for compilation:
./configure --prefix=/usr --sysconfdir=/etc
The meaning of the configure options:
--sysconfdir=/etc
This option tells the programs created by the package to look in /etc for the configuration files.
Compile the package:
make
This package does not come with a test suite.
Install the package:
make install
**Installed programs:**less, lessecho, and lesskey
less
A file viewer or pager; it displays the contents of the given file, letting the user scroll, find strings, and jump to marks
lessecho
Needed to expand meta-characters, such as *** and ?, in filenames on Unix systems
lesskey
Used to specify the key bindings for less
Last updated on
The Gzip package contains programs for compressing and decompressing files.
**Approximate build time:**0.1 SBU
**Required disk space:**19 MB
Prepare Gzip for compilation:
./configure --prefix=/usr
Compile the package:
make
To test the results, issue:
make check
Two tests are known to fail in the LFS environment: help-version and zmore.
Install the package:
make install
Move a program that needs to be on the root filesystem:
mv -v /usr/bin/gzip /bin
**Installed programs:**gunzip, gzexe, gzip, uncompress (hard link with gunzip), zcat, zcmp, zdiff, zegrep, zfgrep, zforce, zgrep, zless, zmore, and znew
gunzip
Decompresses gzipped files
gzexe
Creates self-decompressing executable files
gzip
Compresses the given files using Lempel-Ziv (LZ77) coding
uncompress
Decompresses compressed files
zcat
Decompresses the given gzipped files to standard output
zcmp
Runs cmp on gzipped files
zdiff
Runs diff on gzipped files
zegrep
Runs egrep on gzipped files
zfgrep
Runs fgrep on gzipped files
zforce
Forces a .gz extension on all given files that are gzipped files, so that gzip will not compress them again; this can be useful when file names were truncated during a file transfer
zgrep
Runs grep on gzipped files
zless
Runs less on gzipped files
zmore
Runs more on gzipped files
znew
Re-compresses files from compress format to gzip format—.Z to .gz
Last updated on
The IPRoute2 package contains programs for basic and advanced IPV4-based networking.
**Approximate build time:**0.2 SBU
**Required disk space:**12 MB
The arpd program included in this package will not be built since it is dependent on Berkeley DB, which is not installed in LFS. However, documentation files and a directory for arpd will still be installed. Prevent this by running the commands below. If the arpd binary is needed, instructions for compiling Berkeley DB can be found in the BLFS Book at http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/blfs/view/8.1/server/databases.html#db.
sed -i /ARPD/d Makefile
sed -i 's/arpd.8//' man/man8/Makefile
rm -v doc/arpd.sgml
It is also necessary to disable building one module that requires http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/blfs/view/8.1/postlfs/iptables.html.
sed -i 's/m_ipt.o//' tc/Makefile
Compile the package:
make
This package does not have a working test suite.
Install the package:
make DOCDIR=/usr/share/doc/iproute2-4.12.0 install
**Installed programs:**bridge, ctstat (link to lnstat), genl, ifcfg, ifstat, ip, lnstat, nstat, routef, routel, rtacct, rtmon, rtpr, rtstat (link to lnstat), ss, and tc
Installed directories:/etc/iproute2, /usr/lib/tc, and /usr/share/doc/iproute2-4.12.0,
bridge
Configures network bridges
ctstat
Connection status utility
genl
Generic netlink utility frontend
ifcfg
A shell script wrapper for the ip command [Note that it requires the arping and rdisk programs from the iputils package found at http://www.skbuff.net/iputils/.]
ifstat
Shows the interface statistics, including the amount of transmitted and received packets by interface
ip
The main executable. It has several different functions:
ip link <device> allows users to look at the state of devices and to make changes
ip addr allows users to look at addresses and their properties, add new addresses, and delete old ones
ip neighbor allows users to look at neighbor bindings and their properties, add new neighbor entries, and delete old ones
ip rule allows users to look at the routing policies and change them
ip route allows users to look at the routing table and change routing table rules
ip tunnel allows users to look at the IP tunnels and their properties, and change them
ip maddr allows users to look at the multicast addresses and their properties, and change them
ip mroute allows users to set, change, or delete the multicast routing
ip monitor allows users to continuously monitor the state of devices, addresses and routes
lnstat
Provides Linux network statistics; it is a generalized and more feature-complete replacement for the old rtstat program
nstat
Shows network statistics
routef
A component of ip route. This is for flushing the routing tables
routel
A component of ip route. This is for listing the routing tables
rtacct
Displays the contents of /proc/net/rt_acct
rtmon
Route monitoring utility
rtpr
Converts the output of ip -o back into a readable form
rtstat
Route status utility
ss
Similar to the netstat command; shows active connections
tc
Traffic Controlling Executable; this is for Quality Of Service (QOS) and Class Of Service (COS) implementations
tc qdisc allows users to setup the queueing discipline
tc class allows users to setup classes based on the queuing discipline scheduling
tc estimator allows users to estimate the network flow into a network
tc filter allows users to setup the QOS/COS packet filtering
tc policy allows users to setup the QOS/COS policies
Last updated on
The Kbd package contains key-table files, console fonts, and keyboard utilities.
**Approximate build time:**0.1 SBU
**Required disk space:**29 MB
The behaviour of the Backspace and Delete keys is not consistent across the keymaps in the Kbd package. The following patch fixes this issue for i386 keymaps:
patch -Np1 -i ../kbd-2.0.4-backspace-1.patch
After patching, the Backspace key generates the character with code 127, and the Delete key generates a well-known escape sequence.
Remove the redundant resizecons program (it requires the defunct svgalib to provide the video mode files - for normal use setfont sizes the console appropriately) together with its manpage.
sed -i 's/\(RESIZECONS_PROGS=\)yes/\1no/g' configure
sed -i 's/resizecons.8 //' docs/man/man8/Makefile.in
Prepare Kbd for compilation:
PKG_CONFIG_PATH=/tools/lib/pkgconfig ./configure --prefix=/usr --disable-vlock
The meaning of the configure options:
--disable-vlock
This option prevents the vlock utility from being built, as it requires the PAM library, which isn't available in the chroot environment.
Compile the package:
make
To test the results, issue:
make check
Install the package:
make install
For some languages (e.g., Belarusian) the Kbd package doesn't provide a useful keymap where the stock “by” keymap assumes the ISO-8859-5 encoding, and the CP1251 keymap is normally used. Users of such languages have to download working keymaps separately.
If desired, install the documentation:
mkdir -v /usr/share/doc/kbd-2.0.4
cp -R -v docs/doc/* /usr/share/doc/kbd-2.0.4
**Installed programs:**chvt, deallocvt, dumpkeys, fgconsole, getkeycodes, kbdinfo, kbd_mode, kbdrate, loadkeys, loadunimap, mapscrn, openvt, psfaddtable (link to psfxtable), psfgettable (link to psfxtable), psfstriptable (link to psfxtable), psfxtable, setfont, setkeycodes, setleds, setmetamode, setvtrgb, showconsolefont, showkey, unicode_start, and unicode_stop
Installed directories:/usr/share/consolefonts, /usr/share/consoletrans, /usr/share/keymaps, /usr/share/doc/kbd-2.0.4, and /usr/share/unimaps
chvt
Changes the foreground virtual terminal
deallocvt
Deallocates unused virtual terminals
dumpkeys
Dumps the keyboard translation tables
fgconsole
Prints the number of the active virtual terminal
getkeycodes
Prints the kernel scancode-to-keycode mapping table
kbdinfo
Obtains information about the status of a console
kbd_mode
Reports or sets the keyboard mode
kbdrate
Sets the keyboard repeat and delay rates
loadkeys
Loads the keyboard translation tables
loadunimap
Loads the kernel unicode-to-font mapping table
mapscrn
An obsolete program that used to load a user-defined output character mapping table into the console driver; this is now done by setfont
openvt
Starts a program on a new virtual terminal (VT)
psfaddtable
Adds a Unicode character table to a console font
psfgettable
Extracts the embedded Unicode character table from a console font
psfstriptable
Removes the embedded Unicode character table from a console font
psfxtable
Handles Unicode character tables for console fonts
setfont
Changes the Enhanced Graphic Adapter (EGA) and Video Graphics Array (VGA) fonts on the console
setkeycodes
Loads kernel scancode-to-keycode mapping table entries; this is useful if there are unusual keys on the keyboard
setleds
Sets the keyboard flags and Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs)
setmetamode
Defines the keyboard meta-key handling
setvtrgb
Sets the console color map in all virtual terminals
showconsolefont
Shows the current EGA/VGA console screen font
showkey
Reports the scancodes, keycodes, and ASCII codes of the keys pressed on the keyboard
unicode_start
Puts the keyboard and console in UNICODE mode [Don't use this program unless your keymap file is in the ISO-8859-1 encoding. For other encodings, this utility produces incorrect results.]
unicode_stop
Reverts keyboard and console from UNICODE mode
Last updated on
The Libpipeline package contains a library for manipulating pipelines of subprocesses in a flexible and convenient way.
**Approximate build time:**0.1 SBU
**Required disk space:**8.0 MB
Prepare Libpipeline for compilation:
PKG_CONFIG_PATH=/tools/lib/pkgconfig ./configure --prefix=/usr
The meaning of the configure options:
PKG_CONFIG_PATH
Use pkg-config to obtain the location of the test library metadata built in Section 5.14, “Check-0.11.0”.
Compile the package:
make
To test the results, issue:
make check
Install the package:
make install
**Installed library:**libpipeline.so
libpipeline
This library is used to safely construct pipelines between subprocesses
Last updated on
The Make package contains a program for compiling packages.
**Approximate build time:**0.6 SBU
**Required disk space:**12.6 MB
Prepare Make for compilation:
./configure --prefix=/usr
Compile the package:
make
The test suite needs to know where supporting perl files are located. We use an envronment variable to accomplish this. To test the results, issue:
make PERL5LIB=$PWD/tests/ check
Install the package:
make install
**Installed program:**make
make
Automatically determines which pieces of a package need to be (re)compiled and then issues the relevant commands
Last updated on
The Patch package contains a program for modifying or creating files by applying a “patch” file typically created by the diff program.
**Approximate build time:**0.2 SBU
**Required disk space:**11 MB
Prepare Patch for compilation:
./configure --prefix=/usr
Compile the package:
make
To test the results, issue:
make check
Install the package:
make install
**Installed program:**patch
patch
Modifies files according to a patch file [A patch file is normally a difference listing created with the diff program. By applying these differences to the original files, patch creates the patched versions.]
Last updated on
The Sysklogd package contains programs for logging system messages, such as those given by the kernel when unusual things happen.
**Approximate build time:**less than 0.1 SBU
**Required disk space:**0.7 MB
First, fix problems that causes a segmentation fault under some conditions in klogd and fix an obsolete program construct:
sed -i '/Error loading kernel symbols/{n;n;d}' ksym_mod.c
sed -i 's/union wait/int/' syslogd.c
Compile the package:
make
This package does not come with a test suite.
Install the package:
make BINDIR=/sbin install
Create a new /etc/syslog.conf file by running the following:
cat > /etc/syslog.conf << "EOF"
# Begin /etc/syslog.conf
auth,authpriv.* -/var/log/auth.log
*.*;auth,authpriv.none -/var/log/sys.log
daemon.* -/var/log/daemon.log
kern.* -/var/log/kern.log
mail.* -/var/log/mail.log
user.* -/var/log/user.log
*.emerg *
# End /etc/syslog.conf
EOF
**Installed programs:**klogd and syslogd
klogd
A system daemon for intercepting and logging kernel messages
syslogd
Logs the messages that system programs offer for logging [Every logged message contains at least a date stamp and a hostname, and normally the program's name too, but that depends on how trusting the logging daemon is told to be.]
Last updated on
The Sysvinit package contains programs for controlling the startup, running, and shutdown of the system.
**Approximate build time:**less than 0.1 SBU
**Required disk space:**1.1 MB
First, apply a patch that removes several programs installed by other packages, clarifies a message, and fixes a compiler warning:
patch -Np1 -i ../sysvinit-2.88dsf-consolidated-1.patch
Compile the package:
make -C src
This package does not come with a test suite.
Install the package:
make -C src install
**Installed programs:**bootlogd, fstab-decode, halt, init, killall5, poweroff (link to halt), reboot (link to halt), runlevel, shutdown, and telinit (link to init)
bootlogd
Logs boot messages to a log file
fstab-decode
Run a command with fstab-encoded arguments
halt
Normally invokes shutdown with the -h option, except when already in run-level 0, then it tells the kernel to halt the system; it notes in the file /var/log/wtmp that the system is being brought down
init
The first process to be started when the kernel has initialized the hardware which takes over the boot process and starts all the proceses specified in its configuration file
killall5
Sends a signal to all processes, except the processes in its own session so it will not kill its parent shell
poweroff
Tells the kernel to halt the system and switch off the computer (see halt)
reboot
Tells the kernel to reboot the system (see halt)
runlevel
Reports the previous and the current run-level, as noted in the last run-level record in /var/run/utmp
shutdown
Brings the system down in a secure way, signaling all processes and notifying all logged-in users
telinit
Tells init which run-level to change to
Last updated on
The Eudev package contains programs for dynamic creation of device nodes.
**Approximate build time:**0.2 SBU
**Required disk space:**78 MB
First, fix a test script:
sed -r -i 's|/usr(/bin/test)|\1|' test/udev-test.pl
Next, remove an unneeded line that causes a build failure:
sed -i '/keyboard_lookup_key/d' src/udev/udev-builtin-keyboard.c
Next, add a workaround to prevent the /tools directory from being hard coded into Eudev binary files library locations:
cat > config.cache << "EOF"
HAVE_BLKID=1
BLKID_LIBS="-lblkid"
BLKID_CFLAGS="-I/tools/include"
EOF
Prepare Eudev for compilation:
./configure --prefix=/usr \
--bindir=/sbin \
--sbindir=/sbin \
--libdir=/usr/lib \
--sysconfdir=/etc \
--libexecdir=/lib \
--with-rootprefix= \
--with-rootlibdir=/lib \
--enable-manpages \
--disable-static \
--config-cache
Compile the package:
LIBRARY_PATH=/tools/lib make
Create some directories now that are needed for tests, but will also be used as a part of installation:
mkdir -pv /lib/udev/rules.d
mkdir -pv /etc/udev/rules.d
To test the results, issue:
make LD_LIBRARY_PATH=/tools/lib check
Install the package:
make LD_LIBRARY_PATH=/tools/lib install
Install some custom rules and support files useful in an LFS environment:
tar -xvf ../udev-lfs-20140408.tar.bz2
make -f udev-lfs-20140408/Makefile.lfs install
Information about hardware devices is maintained in the /etc/udev/hwdb.d and /usr/lib/udev/hwdb.d directories. Eudev needs that information to be compiled into a binary database /etc/udev/hwdb.bin. Create the initial database:
LD_LIBRARY_PATH=/tools/lib udevadm hwdb --update
This command needs to be run each time the hardware information is updated.
**Installed programs:**udevadm and udevd
**Installed libraries:**libudev.so
Installed directories:/etc/udev, /lib/udev, and /usr/share/doc/udev-20140408
udevadm
Generic udev administration tool: controls the udevd daemon, provides info from the Udev database, monitors uevents, waits for uevents to finish, tests Udev configuration, and triggers uevents for a given device
udevd
A daemon that listens for uevents on the netlink socket, creates devices and runs the configured external programs in response to these uevents
libudev
A library interface to udev device information
/etc/udev
Contains Udev configuration files, device permissions, and rules for device naming
Last updated on
The Util-linux package contains miscellaneous utility programs. Among them are utilities for handling file systems, consoles, partitions, and messages.
**Approximate build time:**1.0 SBU
**Required disk space:**181 MB
The FHS recommends using the /var/lib/hwclock directory instead of the usual /etc directory as the location for the adjtime file. First create a directory to enable storage for the hwclock program:
mkdir -pv /var/lib/hwclock
Prepare Util-linux for compilation:
./configure ADJTIME_PATH=/var/lib/hwclock/adjtime \
--docdir=/usr/share/doc/util-linux-2.30.1 \
--disable-chfn-chsh \
--disable-login \
--disable-nologin \
--disable-su \
--disable-setpriv \
--disable-runuser \
--disable-pylibmount \
--disable-static \
--without-python \
--without-systemd \
--without-systemdsystemunitdir
The --disable and --without options prevent warnings about building components that require packages not in LFS or are inconsistent with programs installed by other packages.
Compile the package:
make
If desired, run the test suite as a non-root user:
Running the test suite as the root user can be harmful to your system. To run it, the CONFIG_SCSI_DEBUG option for the kernel must be available in the currently running system, and must be built as a module. Building it into the kernel will prevent booting. For complete coverage, other BLFS packages must be installed. If desired, this test can be run after rebooting into the completed LFS system and running:
bash tests/run.sh --srcdir=$PWD --builddir=$PWD
chown -Rv nobody .
su nobody -s /bin/bash -c "PATH=$PATH make -k check"
One test, fincore/count, may fail in the initial chroot environment but will pass if the test is rerun after the LFS system is complete.
Install the package:
make install
**Installed programs:**addpart, agetty, blkdiscard, blkid, blockdev, cal, cfdisk, chcpu, chrt, col, colcrt, colrm, column, ctrlaltdel, delpart, dmesg, eject, fallocate, fdformat, fdisk, findfs, findmnt, flock, fsck, fsck.cramfs, fsck.minix, fsfreeze, fstrim, getopt, hexdump, hwclock, i386, ionice, ipcmk, ipcrm, ipcs, isosize, kill, last, lastb (link to last), ldattach, linux32, linux64, logger, look, losetup, lsblk, lscpu, lsipc, lslocks, lslogins, mcookie, mesg, mkfs, mkfs.bfs, mkfs.cramfs, mkfs.minix, mkswap, more, mount, mountpoint, namei, nsenter, partx, pg, pivot_root, prlimit, raw, readprofile, rename, renice, resizepart, rev, rtcwake, script, scriptreplay, setarch, setsid, setterm, sfdisk, sulogin, swaplabel, swapoff (link to swapon), swapon, switch_root, tailf, taskset, ul, umount, uname26, unshare, utmpdump, uuidd, uuidgen, wall, wdctl, whereis, wipefs, x86_64, and zramctl
**Installed libraries:**libblkid.so, libfdisk.so, libmount.so, libsmartcols.so, and libuuid.so
Installed directories:/usr/include/blkid, /usr/include/libfdisk, /usr/include/libmount, /usr/include/libsmartcols, /usr/include/uuid, /usr/share/doc/util-linux-2.30.1, and /var/lib/hwclock
addpart
Informs the Linux kernel of new partitions
agetty
Opens a tty port, prompts for a login name, and then invokes the login program
blkdiscard
Discards sectors on a device
blkid
A command line utility to locate and print block device attributes
blockdev
Allows users to call block device ioctls from the command line
cal
Displays a simple calendar
cfdisk
Manipulates the partition table of the given device
chcpu
Modifies the state of CPUs
chrt
Manipulates real-time attributes of a process
col
Filters out reverse line feeds
colcrt
Filters nroff output for terminals that lack some capabilities, such as overstriking and half-lines
colrm
Filters out the given columns
column
Formats a given file into multiple columns
ctrlaltdel
Sets the function of the Ctrl+Alt+Del key combination to a hard or a soft reset
delpart
Asks the Linux kernel to remove a partition
dmesg
Dumps the kernel boot messages
eject
Ejects removable media
fallocate
Preallocates space to a file
fdformat
Low-level formats a floppy disk
fdisk
Manipulates the partition table of the given device
findfs
Finds a file system by label or Universally Unique Identifier (UUID)
findmnt
Is a command line interface to the libmount library for work with mountinfo, fstab and mtab files
flock
Acquires a file lock and then executes a command with the lock held
fsck
Is used to check, and optionally repair, file systems
fsck.cramfs
Performs a consistency check on the Cramfs file system on the given device
fsck.minix
Performs a consistency check on the Minix file system on the given device
fsfreeze
Is a very simple wrapper around FIFREEZE/FITHAW ioctl kernel driver operations
fstrim
Discards unused blocks on a mounted filesystem
getopt
Parses options in the given command line
hexdump
Dumps the given file in hexadecimal or in another given format
hwclock
Reads or sets the system's hardware clock, also called the Real-Time Clock (RTC) or Basic Input-Output System (BIOS) clock
i386
A symbolic link to setarch
ionice
Gets or sets the io scheduling class and priority for a program
ipcmk
Creates various IPC resources
ipcrm
Removes the given Inter-Process Communication (IPC) resource
ipcs
Provides IPC status information
isosize
Reports the size of an iso9660 file system
kill
Sends signals to processes
last
Shows which users last logged in (and out), searching back through the /var/log/wtmp file; it also shows system boots, shutdowns, and run-level changes
lastb
Shows the failed login attempts, as logged in /var/log/btmp
ldattach
Attaches a line discipline to a serial line
linux32
A symbolic link to setarch
linux64
A symbolic link to setarch
logger
Enters the given message into the system log
look
Displays lines that begin with the given string
losetup
Sets up and controls loop devices
lsblk
Lists information about all or selected block devices in a tree-like format
lscpu
Prints CPU architecture information
lsipc
Prints information on IPC facilities currently employed in the system
lslocks
Lists local system locks
lslogins
Lists information about users, groups and system accounts
mcookie
Generates magic cookies (128-bit random hexadecimal numbers) for xauth
mesg
Controls whether other users can send messages to the current user's terminal
mkfs
Builds a file system on a device (usually a hard disk partition)
mkfs.bfs
Creates a Santa Cruz Operations (SCO) bfs file system
mkfs.cramfs
Creates a cramfs file system
mkfs.minix
Creates a Minix file system
mkswap
Initializes the given device or file to be used as a swap area
more
A filter for paging through text one screen at a time
mount
Attaches the file system on the given device to a specified directory in the file-system tree
mountpoint
Checks if the directory is a mountpoint
namei
Shows the symbolic links in the given pathnames
nsenter
Runs a program with namespaces of other processes
partx
Tells the kernel about the presence and numbering of on-disk partitions
pg
Displays a text file one screen full at a time
pivot_root
Makes the given file system the new root file system of the current process
prlimit
Get and set a process' resource limits
raw
Bind a Linux raw character device to a block device
readprofile
Reads kernel profiling information
rename
Renames the given files, replacing a given string with another
renice
Alters the priority of running processes
resizepart
Asks the Linux kernel to resize a partition
rev
Reverses the lines of a given file
rtcwake
Used to enter a system sleep state until specified wakeup time
script
Makes a typescript of a terminal session
scriptreplay
Plays back typescripts using timing information
setarch
Changes reported architecture in a new program environment and sets personality flags
setsid
Runs the given program in a new session
setterm
Sets terminal attributes
sfdisk
A disk partition table manipulator
sulogin
Allows root to log in; it is normally invoked by init when the system goes into single user mode
swaplabel
Allows to change swaparea UUID and label
swapoff
Disables devices and files for paging and swapping
swapon
Enables devices and files for paging and swapping and lists the devices and files currently in use
switch_root
Switches to another filesystem as the root of the mount tree
tailf
Tracks the growth of a log file; displays the last 10 lines of a log file, then continues displaying any new entries in the log file as they are created
taskset
Retrieves or sets a process' CPU affinity
ul
A filter for translating underscores into escape sequences indicating underlining for the terminal in use
umount
Disconnects a file system from the system's file tree
uname26
A symbolic link to setarch
unshare
Runs a program with some namespaces unshared from parent
utmpdump
Displays the content of the given login file in a more user-friendly format
uuidd
A daemon used by the UUID library to generate time-based UUIDs in a secure and guranteed-unique fashion
uuidgen
Creates new UUIDs. Each new UUID can reasonably be considered unique among all UUIDs created, on the local system and on other systems, in the past and in the future
wall
Displays the contents of a file or, by default, its standard input, on the terminals of all currently logged in users
wdctl
Shows hardware watchdog status
whereis
Reports the location of the binary, source, and man page for the given command
wipefs
Wipes a filesystem signature from a device
x86_64
A symbolic link to setarch
zramctl
A program to set up and control zram (compressed ram disk) devices
libblkid
Contains routines for device identification and token extraction
libfdisk
Contains routines for manipulating partition tables
libmount
Contains routines for block device mounting and unmounting
libsmartcols
Contains routines for aiding screen output in tabular form
libuuid
Contains routines for generating unique identifiers for objects that may be accessible beyond the local system
Last updated on
The Man-DB package contains programs for finding and viewing man pages.
**Approximate build time:**0.4 SBU
**Required disk space:**30 MB
Prepare Man-DB for compilation:
./configure --prefix=/usr \
--docdir=/usr/share/doc/man-db-2.7.6.1 \
--sysconfdir=/etc \
--disable-setuid \
--enable-cache-owner=bin \
--with-browser=/usr/bin/lynx \
--with-vgrind=/usr/bin/vgrind \
--with-grap=/usr/bin/grap \
--with-systemdtmpfilesdir=
The meaning of the configure options:
--disable-setuid
This disables making the man program setuid to user man.
--enable-cache-owner=bin
This makes the system-wide cache files be owned by user bin.
--with-...
These three parameters are used to set some default programs. lynx is a text-based web browser (see BLFS for installation instructions), vgrind converts program sources to Groff input, and grap is useful for typesetting graphs in Groff documents. The vgrind and grap programs are not normally needed for viewing manual pages. They are not part of LFS or BLFS, but you should be able to install them yourself after finishing LFS if you wish to do so.
Compile the package:
make
To test the results, issue:
make check
Install the package:
make install
The following table shows the character set that Man-DB assumes manual pages installed under /usr/share/man/<ll> will be encoded with. In addition to this, Man-DB correctly determines if manual pages installed in that directory are UTF-8 encoded.
Table 6.1. Expected character encoding of legacy 8-bit manual pages
Language (code)EncodingLanguage (code)EncodingDanish (da)ISO-8859-1Croatian (hr)ISO-8859-2German (de)ISO-8859-1Hungarian (hu)ISO-8859-2English (en)ISO-8859-1Japanese (ja)EUC-JPSpanish (es)ISO-8859-1Korean (ko)EUC-KREstonian (et)ISO-8859-1Lithuanian (lt)ISO-8859-13Finnish (fi)ISO-8859-1Latvian (lv)ISO-8859-13French (fr)ISO-8859-1Macedonian (mk)ISO-8859-5Irish (ga)ISO-8859-1Polish (pl)ISO-8859-2Galician (gl)ISO-8859-1Romanian (ro)ISO-8859-2Indonesian (id)ISO-8859-1Russian (ru)KOI8-RIcelandic (is)ISO-8859-1Slovak (sk)ISO-8859-2Italian (it)ISO-8859-1Slovenian (sl)ISO-8859-2Norwegian Bokmal (nb)ISO-8859-1Serbian Latin (sr@latin)ISO-8859-2Dutch (nl)ISO-8859-1Serbian (sr)ISO-8859-5Norwegian Nynorsk (nn)ISO-8859-1Turkish (tr)ISO-8859-9Norwegian (no)ISO-8859-1Ukrainian (uk)KOI8-UPortuguese (pt)ISO-8859-1Vietnamese (vi)TCVN5712-1Swedish (sv)ISO-8859-1Simplified Chinese (zh_CN)GBKBelarusian (be)CP1251Simplified Chinese, Singapore (zh_SG)GBKBulgarian (bg)CP1251Traditional Chinese, Hong Kong (zh_HK)BIG5HKSCSCzech (cs)ISO-8859-2Traditional Chinese (zh_TW)BIG5Greek (el)ISO-8859-7
Manual pages in languages not in the list are not supported.
**Installed programs:**accessdb, apropos (link to whatis), catman, lexgrog, man, mandb, manpath, and whatis
**Installed libraries:**libman.so and libmandb.so
Installed directories:/usr/lib/man-db, /usr/lib/tmpfiles.d, /usr/libexec/man-db, and /usr/share/doc/man-db-2.7.6.1
accessdb
Dumps the whatis database contents in human-readable form
apropos
Searches the whatis database and displays the short descriptions of system commands that contain a given string
catman
Creates or updates the pre-formatted manual pages
lexgrog
Displays one-line summary information about a given manual page
man
Formats and displays the requested manual page
mandb
Creates or updates the whatis database
manpath
Displays the contents of $MANPATH or (if $MANPATH is not set) a suitable search path based on the settings in man.conf and the user's environment
whatis
Searches the whatis database and displays the short descriptions of system commands that contain the given keyword as a separate word
libman
Contains run-time support for man
libmandb
Contains run-time support for man
Last updated on
The Tar package contains an archiving program.
**Approximate build time:**2.6 SBU
**Required disk space:**39 MB
Prepare Tar for compilation:
FORCE_UNSAFE_CONFIGURE=1 \
./configure --prefix=/usr \
--bindir=/bin
The meaning of the configure options:
FORCE_UNSAFE_CONFIGURE=1
This forces the test for mknod to be run as root. It is generally considered dangerous to run this test as the root user, but as it is being run on a system that has only been partially built, overriding it is OK.
Compile the package:
make
To test the results (about 1 SBU), issue:
make check
Install the package:
make install
make -C doc install-html docdir=/usr/share/doc/tar-1.29
**Installed programs:**tar
Installed directory:/usr/share/doc/tar-1.29
tar
Creates, extracts files from, and lists the contents of archives, also known as tarballs
Last updated on
The Texinfo package contains programs for reading, writing, and converting info pages.
**Approximate build time:**1.1 SBU
**Required disk space:**128 MB
Prepare Texinfo for compilation:
./configure --prefix=/usr --disable-static
The meaning of the configure options:
--disable-static
In this case, the top-level configure script will complain that this is an unrecognized option, but the configure script for XSParagraph recognizes it and uses it to disable installing a static XSParagraph.a to /usr/lib/texinfo.
Compile the package:
make
To test the results, issue:
make check
Install the package:
make install
Optionally, install the components belonging in a TeX installation:
make TEXMF=/usr/share/texmf install-tex
The meaning of the make parameter:
TEXMF=/usr/share/texmf
The TEXMF makefile variable holds the location of the root of the TeX tree if, for example, a TeX package will be installed later.
The Info documentation system uses a plain text file to hold its list of menu entries. The file is located at /usr/share/info/dir. Unfortunately, due to occasional problems in the Makefiles of various packages, it can sometimes get out of sync with the info pages installed on the system. If the /usr/share/info/dir file ever needs to be recreated, the following optional commands will accomplish the task:
pushd /usr/share/info
rm -v dir
for f in *
do install-info $f dir 2>/dev/null
done
popd
**Installed programs:**info, install-info, makeinfo (link to texi2any), pdftexi2dvi, pod2texi, texi2any, texi2dvi, texi2pdf, and texindex
**Installed library:**XSParagraph.so
Installed directories:/usr/share/texinfo and /usr/lib/texinfo
info
Used to read info pages which are similar to man pages, but often go much deeper than just explaining all the available command line options [For example, compare man bison and info bison.]
install-info
Used to install info pages; it updates entries in the info index file
makeinfo
Translates the given Texinfo source documents into info pages, plain text, or HTML
pdftexi2dvi
Used to format the given Texinfo document into a Portable Document Format (PDF) file
pod2texi
Converts Pod to Texinfo format
texi2any
Translate Texinfo source documentation to various other formats
texi2dvi
Used to format the given Texinfo document into a device-independent file that can be printed
texi2pdf
Used to format the given Texinfo document into a Portable Document Format (PDF) file
texindex
Used to sort Texinfo index files
Last updated on
The Vim package contains a powerful text editor.
**Approximate build time:**1.1 SBU
**Required disk space:**128 MB
If you prefer another editor—such as Emacs, Joe, or Nano—please refer to http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/blfs/view/8.1/postlfs/editors.html for suggested installation instructions.
First, change the default location of the vimrc configuration file to /etc:
echo '#define SYS_VIMRC_FILE "/etc/vimrc"' >> src/feature.h
Disable a test that fails:
sed -i '/call/{s/split/xsplit/;s/303/492/}' src/testdir/test_recover.vim
Prepare Vim for compilation:
./configure --prefix=/usr
Compile the package:
make
To test the results, issue:
make -j1 test &> vim-test.log
However, this test suite outputs a lot of binary data to the screen, which can cause issues with the settings of the current terminal. This can be resolved by redirecting the output to a log file. A successful test will result in the words "ALL DONE" at completion.
Install the package:
make install
Many users are used to using vi instead of vim. To allow execution of vim when users habitually enter vi, create a symlink for both the binary and the man page in the provided languages:
ln -sv vim /usr/bin/vi
for L in /usr/share/man/{,*/}man1/vim.1; do
ln -sv vim.1 $(dirname $L)/vi.1
done
By default, Vim's documentation is installed in /usr/share/vim. The following symlink allows the documentation to be accessed via /usr/share/doc/vim-8.0.586, making it consistent with the location of documentation for other packages:
ln -sv ../vim/vim80/doc /usr/share/doc/vim-8.0.586
If an X Window System is going to be installed on the LFS system, it may be necessary to recompile Vim after installing X. Vim comes with a GUI version of the editor that requires X and some additional libraries to be installed. For more information on this process, refer to the Vim documentation and the Vim installation page in the BLFS book at http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/blfs/view/8.1/postlfs/vim.html.
By default, vim runs in vi-incompatible mode. This may be new to users who have used other editors in the past. The “nocompatible” setting is included below to highlight the fact that a new behavior is being used. It also reminds those who would change to “compatible” mode that it should be the first setting in the configuration file. This is necessary because it changes other settings, and overrides must come after this setting. Create a default vim configuration file by running the following:
cat > /etc/vimrc << "EOF"
" Begin /etc/vimrc
set nocompatible
set backspace=2
set mouse=r
syntax on
if (&term == "xterm") || (&term == "putty")
set background=dark
endif
" End /etc/vimrc
EOF
touch ~/.vimrc
The set nocompatible setting makes vim behave in a more useful way (the default) than the vi-compatible manner. Remove the “no” to keep the old vi behavior. The set backspace=2 setting allows backspacing over line breaks, autoindents, and the start of insert. The syntax on parameter enables vim's syntax highlighting. The set mouse=r setting enables proper pasting of text with the mouse when working in chroot or over a remote connection. Finally, the if statement with the set background=dark setting corrects vim's guess about the background color of some terminal emulators. This gives the highlighting a better color scheme for use on the black background of these programs.
Creating an empty ~/.vimrc prevents vim from overriding settings in /etc/vimrc by using /usr/share/vim/vim80/defaults.vim.
Documentation for other available options can be obtained by running the following command:
vim -c ':options'
By default, Vim only installs spell files for the English language. To install spell files for your preferred language, download the *.spl and optionally, the *.sug files for your language and character encoding fromftp://ftp.vim.org/pub/vim/runtime/spell/ and save them to /usr/share/vim/vim80/spell/.
To use these spell files, some configuration in /etc/vimrc is needed, e.g.:
set spelllang=en,ru
set spell
For more information, see the appropriate README file located at the URL above.
**Installed programs:**ex (link to vim), rview (link to vim), rvim (link to vim), vi (link to vim), view (link to vim), vim, vimdiff (link to vim), vimtutor, and xxd
Installed directory:/usr/share/vim
ex
Starts vim in ex mode
rview
Is a restricted version of view; no shell commands can be started and view cannot be suspended
rvim
Is a restricted version of vim; no shell commands can be started and vim cannot be suspended
vi
Link to vim
view
Starts vim in read-only mode
vim
Is the editor
vimdiff
Edits two or three versions of a file with vim and show differences
vimtutor
Teaches the basic keys and commands of vim
xxd
Creates a hex dump of the given file; it can also do the reverse, so it can be used for binary patching
Last updated on
Most programs and libraries are, by default, compiled with debugging symbols included (with gcc's -g option). This means that when debugging a program or library that was compiled with debugging information included, the debugger can provide not only memory addresses, but also the names of the routines and variables.
However, the inclusion of these debugging symbols enlarges a program or library significantly. The following is an example of the amount of space these symbols occupy:
A bash binary with debugging symbols: 1200 KB
A bash binary without debugging symbols: 480 KB
Glibc and GCC files (/lib and /usr/lib) with debugging symbols: 87 MB
Glibc and GCC files without debugging symbols: 16 MB
Sizes may vary depending on which compiler and C library were used, but when comparing programs with and without debugging symbols, the difference will usually be a factor between two and five.
Because most users will never use a debugger on their system software, a lot of disk space can be regained by removing these symbols. The next section shows how to strip all debugging symbols from the programs and libraries.
This section is optional. If the intended user is not a programmer and does not plan to do any debugging on the system software, the system size can be decreased by about 90 MB by removing the debugging symbols from binaries and libraries. This causes no inconvenience other than not being able to debug the software fully anymore.
Most people who use the commands mentioned below do not experience any difficulties. However, it is easy to make a typo and render the new system unusable, so before running the strip commands, it is a good idea to make a backup of the LFS system in its current state.
First place the debugging symbols for selected libraries in separate files. This debugging information is needed if running regression tests that use valgrind or gdb later in BLFS.
save_lib="ld-2.26.so libc-2.26.so libpthread-2.26.so libthread_db-1.0.so"
cd /lib
for LIB in $save_lib; do
objcopy --only-keep-debug $LIB $LIB.dbg
strip --strip-unneeded $LIB
objcopy --add-gnu-debuglink=$LIB.dbg $LIB
done
save_usrlib="libquadmath.so.0.0.0 libstdc++.so.6.0.24
libmpx.so.2.0.1 libmpxwrappers.so.2.0.1 libitm.so.1.0.0
libcilkrts.so.5.0.0 libatomic.so.1.2.0"
cd /usr/lib
for LIB in $save_usrlib; do
objcopy --only-keep-debug $LIB $LIB.dbg
strip --strip-unneeded $LIB
objcopy --add-gnu-debuglink=$LIB.dbg $LIB
done
unset LIB save_lib save_usrlib
Before performing the stripping, take special care to ensure that none of the binaries that are about to be stripped are running. If unsure whether the user entered chroot with the command given in Section 6.4, “Entering the Chroot Environment,” first exit from chroot:
logout
Then reenter it with:
chroot $LFS /tools/bin/env -i \
HOME=/root TERM=$TERM PS1='\u:\w\$ ' \
PATH=/bin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/usr/sbin \
/tools/bin/bash --login
Now the binaries and libraries can be safely stripped:
/tools/bin/find /usr/lib -type f -name \*.a \
-exec /tools/bin/strip --strip-debug {} ';'
/tools/bin/find /lib /usr/lib -type f \( -name \*.so* -a ! -name \*dbg \) \
-exec /tools/bin/strip --strip-unneeded {} ';'
/tools/bin/find /{bin,sbin} /usr/{bin,sbin,libexec} -type f \
-exec /tools/bin/strip --strip-all {} ';'
A large number of files will be reported as having their file format not recognized. These warnings can be safely ignored. These warnings indicate that those files are scripts instead of binaries.
Finally, clean up some extra files left around from running tests:
rm -rf /tmp/*
From now on, when reentering the chroot environment after exiting, use the following modified chroot command:
chroot "$LFS" /usr/bin/env -i \
HOME=/root TERM="$TERM" PS1='\u:\w\$ ' \
PATH=/bin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/usr/sbin \
/bin/bash --login
The reason for this is that the programs in /tools are no longer needed. Since they are no longer needed you can delete the /tools directory if so desired.
Removing /tools will also remove the temporary copies of Tcl, Expect, and DejaGNU which were used for running the toolchain tests. If you need these programs later on, they will need to be recompiled and re-installed. The BLFS book has instructions for this (see http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/blfs/).
If the virtual kernel file systems have been unmounted, either manually or through a reboot, ensure that the virtual kernel file systems are mounted when reentering the chroot. This process was explained in Section 6.2.2, “Mounting and Populating /dev” and Section 6.2.3, “Mounting Virtual Kernel File Systems”.
Finally, there were several static libraries that were not suppressed earlier in the chapter in order to satisfy the regression tests in several packages. These libraries are from binutils, bzip2, e2fsprogs, flex, libtool, and zlib. If desired, remove them now:
rm -f /usr/lib/lib{bfd,opcodes}.a
rm -f /usr/lib/libbz2.a
rm -f /usr/lib/lib{com_err,e2p,ext2fs,ss}.a
rm -f /usr/lib/libltdl.a
rm -f /usr/lib/libfl.a
rm -f /usr/lib/libfl_pic.a
rm -f /usr/lib/libz.a