ORC-1841: [C++][CI] Add UBSAN support to Cmake #4468

Job	Run time
cpp-linter	8m 57s
Java 17 and clang++ on ubuntu-22.04	21m 53s
Java 21 and clang++ on ubuntu-22.04	20m 21s
Javadoc generation	1m 18s
Java 17 and clang++ on ubuntu-24.04	21m 3s
Java 21 and clang++ on ubuntu-24.04	20m 12s
Docker debian11	19m 4s
License Check	31s
Java 17 and clang++ on macos-13	25m 44s
Docker debian12	21m 3s
C++ Test on macOS (13)	10m 55s
Java 21 and clang++ on macos-13	25m 53s
Docker ubuntu24	20m 50s
Java 17 and clang++ on macos-14	14m 40s
SIMD programming using C++ intrinsic functions on ubuntu-22.04	10m 2s
Docker fedora37	18m 59s
C++ Test on macOS (14)	5m 8s
Java 21 and clang++ on macos-14	16m 19s
Docker oraclelinux9	19m 36s
Java 17 and clang++ on macos-15	14m 6s
C++ General Test on Windows	6m 15s
Java 21 and clang++ on macos-15	14m 43s
C++ AVX512 Test on Windows	7m 0s
Java 17 and g++ on ubuntu-22.04	20m 20s
	6h 4m 52s

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