GH-45185: [C++][Parquet] Raise an error for invalid repetition levels when delimiting records

[adamreeve]

Rationale for this change

See #45185. Invalid repetition levels would previously only cause a fatal error in debug builds.

What changes are included in this PR?

Converts an existing ARROW_DCHECK_EQ of the repetition level with a check that will raise an exception in release builds too.

Are these changes tested?

Yes, using a new example file (apache/parquet-testing#67)

Are there any user-facing changes?

Yes, reading columns with invalid repetition levels as Arrow arrays will now raise an exception.

• GitHub Issue: [C++][Parquet] Raise an error when reading Parquet data with invalid repetition levels #45185

[raulcd]

Note for others taking a look, tests won't be successful until we merge the parquet-testing PR