From 43119701f3c0586b00c9fa926ec1448c2c5181d9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Tyr Chen <tyr.chen@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 20 Apr 2024 15:39:10 -0700
Subject: [PATCH] feature: introduce sqlx and build a url shortener

---
 Cargo.lock            | 858 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 Cargo.toml            |   2 +
 examples/shortener.rs | 126 +++++++
 test.rest             |  14 +
 4 files changed, 995 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 examples/shortener.rs

diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index cfa39a2..67bc9d5 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -27,6 +27,19 @@ dependencies = [
  "generic-array",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "ahash"
+version = "0.8.11"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "e89da841a80418a9b391ebaea17f5c112ffaaa96f621d2c285b5174da76b9011"
+dependencies = [
+ "cfg-if",
+ "getrandom",
+ "once_cell",
+ "version_check",
+ "zerocopy",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "aho-corasick"
 version = "1.1.3"
@@ -36,6 +49,12 @@ dependencies = [
  "memchr",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "allocator-api2"
+version = "0.2.18"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "5c6cb57a04249c6480766f7f7cef5467412af1490f8d1e243141daddada3264f"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "android-tzdata"
 version = "0.1.1"
@@ -102,6 +121,15 @@ dependencies = [
  "syn 2.0.58",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "atoi"
+version = "2.0.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "f28d99ec8bfea296261ca1af174f24225171fea9664ba9003cbebee704810528"
+dependencies = [
+ "num-traits",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "autocfg"
 version = "1.2.0"
@@ -116,7 +144,7 @@ checksum = "3b829e4e32b91e643de6eafe82b1d90675f5874230191a4ffbc1b336dec4d6bf"
 dependencies = [
  "async-trait",
  "axum-core 0.3.4",
- "bitflags",
+ "bitflags 1.3.2",
  "bytes",
  "futures-util",
  "http 0.2.12",
@@ -235,12 +263,27 @@ version = "0.22.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "9475866fec1451be56a3c2400fd081ff546538961565ccb5b7142cbd22bc7a51"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "base64ct"
+version = "1.6.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "8c3c1a368f70d6cf7302d78f8f7093da241fb8e8807c05cc9e51a125895a6d5b"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "bitflags"
 version = "1.3.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "bef38d45163c2f1dde094a7dfd33ccf595c92905c8f8f4fdc18d06fb1037718a"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "bitflags"
+version = "2.5.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "cf4b9d6a944f767f8e5e0db018570623c85f3d925ac718db4e06d0187adb21c1"
+dependencies = [
+ "serde",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "blake3"
 version = "1.5.1"
@@ -254,6 +297,15 @@ dependencies = [
  "constant_time_eq",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "block-buffer"
+version = "0.10.4"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "3078c7629b62d3f0439517fa394996acacc5cbc91c5a20d8c658e77abd503a71"
+dependencies = [
+ "generic-array",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "bumpalo"
 version = "3.15.4"
@@ -371,6 +423,12 @@ dependencies = [
  "tracing-subscriber",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "const-oid"
+version = "0.9.6"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "c2459377285ad874054d797f3ccebf984978aa39129f6eafde5cdc8315b612f8"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "constant_time_eq"
 version = "0.3.0"
@@ -398,6 +456,21 @@ dependencies = [
  "libc",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "crc"
+version = "3.2.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "69e6e4d7b33a94f0991c26729976b10ebde1d34c3ee82408fb536164fa10d636"
+dependencies = [
+ "crc-catalog",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "crc-catalog"
+version = "2.4.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "19d374276b40fb8bbdee95aef7c7fa6b5316ec764510eb64b8dd0e2ed0d7e7f5"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "crc32fast"
 version = "1.4.0"
@@ -416,6 +489,15 @@ dependencies = [
  "crossbeam-utils",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "crossbeam-queue"
+version = "0.3.11"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "df0346b5d5e76ac2fe4e327c5fd1118d6be7c51dfb18f9b7922923f287471e35"
+dependencies = [
+ "crossbeam-utils",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "crossbeam-utils"
 version = "0.8.19"
@@ -481,6 +563,17 @@ dependencies = [
  "parking_lot_core",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "der"
+version = "0.7.9"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "f55bf8e7b65898637379c1b74eb1551107c8294ed26d855ceb9fd1a09cfc9bc0"
+dependencies = [
+ "const-oid",
+ "pem-rfc7468",
+ "zeroize",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "deranged"
 version = "0.3.11"
@@ -535,6 +628,24 @@ dependencies = [
  "syn 1.0.109",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "digest"
+version = "0.10.7"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "9ed9a281f7bc9b7576e61468ba615a66a5c8cfdff42420a70aa82701a3b1e292"
+dependencies = [
+ "block-buffer",
+ "const-oid",
+ "crypto-common",
+ "subtle",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "dotenvy"
+version = "0.15.7"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "1aaf95b3e5c8f23aa320147307562d361db0ae0d51242340f558153b4eb2439b"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "ecosystem"
 version = "0.1.0"
@@ -553,12 +664,14 @@ dependencies = [
  "futures",
  "http 1.1.0",
  "loom",
+ "nanoid",
  "opentelemetry",
  "opentelemetry-otlp",
  "opentelemetry_sdk",
  "serde",
  "serde_json",
  "serde_with",
+ "sqlx",
  "strum",
  "thiserror",
  "tokio",
@@ -575,6 +688,9 @@ name = "either"
 version = "1.10.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "11157ac094ffbdde99aa67b23417ebdd801842852b500e395a45a9c0aac03e4a"
+dependencies = [
+ "serde",
+]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "equivalent"
@@ -582,6 +698,45 @@ version = "1.0.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "5443807d6dff69373d433ab9ef5378ad8df50ca6298caf15de6e52e24aaf54d5"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "errno"
+version = "0.3.8"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "a258e46cdc063eb8519c00b9fc845fc47bcfca4130e2f08e88665ceda8474245"
+dependencies = [
+ "libc",
+ "windows-sys 0.52.0",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "etcetera"
+version = "0.8.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "136d1b5283a1ab77bd9257427ffd09d8667ced0570b6f938942bc7568ed5b943"
+dependencies = [
+ "cfg-if",
+ "home",
+ "windows-sys 0.48.0",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "event-listener"
+version = "2.5.3"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "0206175f82b8d6bf6652ff7d71a1e27fd2e4efde587fd368662814d6ec1d9ce0"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "fastrand"
+version = "2.0.2"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "658bd65b1cf4c852a3cc96f18a8ce7b5640f6b703f905c7d74532294c2a63984"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "finl_unicode"
+version = "1.2.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "8fcfdc7a0362c9f4444381a9e697c79d435fe65b52a37466fc2c1184cee9edc6"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "flate2"
 version = "1.0.28"
@@ -592,6 +747,17 @@ dependencies = [
  "miniz_oxide",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "flume"
+version = "0.11.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "55ac459de2512911e4b674ce33cf20befaba382d05b62b008afc1c8b57cbf181"
+dependencies = [
+ "futures-core",
+ "futures-sink",
+ "spin 0.9.8",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "fnv"
 version = "1.0.7"
@@ -649,6 +815,17 @@ dependencies = [
  "futures-util",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "futures-intrusive"
+version = "0.5.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "1d930c203dd0b6ff06e0201a4a2fe9149b43c684fd4420555b26d21b1a02956f"
+dependencies = [
+ "futures-core",
+ "lock_api",
+ "parking_lot",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "futures-io"
 version = "0.3.30"
@@ -791,6 +968,19 @@ name = "hashbrown"
 version = "0.14.3"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "290f1a1d9242c78d09ce40a5e87e7554ee637af1351968159f4952f028f75604"
+dependencies = [
+ "ahash",
+ "allocator-api2",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "hashlink"
+version = "0.8.4"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "e8094feaf31ff591f651a2664fb9cfd92bba7a60ce3197265e9482ebe753c8f7"
+dependencies = [
+ "hashbrown 0.14.3",
+]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "hdrhistogram"
@@ -810,6 +1000,9 @@ name = "heck"
 version = "0.4.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "95505c38b4572b2d910cecb0281560f54b440a19336cbbcb27bf6ce6adc6f5a8"
+dependencies = [
+ "unicode-segmentation",
+]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "hermit-abi"
@@ -823,6 +1016,33 @@ version = "0.4.3"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "7f24254aa9a54b5c858eaee2f5bccdb46aaf0e486a595ed5fd8f86ba55232a70"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "hkdf"
+version = "0.12.4"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "7b5f8eb2ad728638ea2c7d47a21db23b7b58a72ed6a38256b8a1849f15fbbdf7"
+dependencies = [
+ "hmac",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "hmac"
+version = "0.12.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "6c49c37c09c17a53d937dfbb742eb3a961d65a994e6bcdcf37e7399d0cc8ab5e"
+dependencies = [
+ "digest",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "home"
+version = "0.5.9"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "e3d1354bf6b7235cb4a0576c2619fd4ed18183f689b12b006a0ee7329eeff9a5"
+dependencies = [
+ "windows-sys 0.52.0",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "http"
 version = "0.2.12"
@@ -998,6 +1218,16 @@ version = "1.0.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "b9e0384b61958566e926dc50660321d12159025e767c18e043daf26b70104c39"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "idna"
+version = "0.5.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "634d9b1461af396cad843f47fdba5597a4f9e6ddd4bfb6ff5d85028c25cb12f6"
+dependencies = [
+ "unicode-bidi",
+ "unicode-normalization",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "indexmap"
 version = "1.9.3"
@@ -1058,6 +1288,9 @@ name = "lazy_static"
 version = "1.4.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "e2abad23fbc42b3700f2f279844dc832adb2b2eb069b2df918f455c4e18cc646"
+dependencies = [
+ "spin 0.5.2",
+]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "libc"
@@ -1065,6 +1298,29 @@ version = "0.2.153"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "9c198f91728a82281a64e1f4f9eeb25d82cb32a5de251c6bd1b5154d63a8e7bd"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "libm"
+version = "0.2.8"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "4ec2a862134d2a7d32d7983ddcdd1c4923530833c9f2ea1a44fc5fa473989058"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "libsqlite3-sys"
+version = "0.27.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "cf4e226dcd58b4be396f7bd3c20da8fdee2911400705297ba7d2d7cc2c30f716"
+dependencies = [
+ "cc",
+ "pkg-config",
+ "vcpkg",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "linux-raw-sys"
+version = "0.4.13"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "01cda141df6706de531b6c46c3a33ecca755538219bd484262fa09410c13539c"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "lock_api"
 version = "0.4.11"
@@ -1109,6 +1365,16 @@ version = "0.7.3"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "0e7465ac9959cc2b1404e8e2367b43684a6d13790fe23056cc8c6c5a6b7bcb94"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "md-5"
+version = "0.10.6"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "d89e7ee0cfbedfc4da3340218492196241d89eefb6dab27de5df917a6d2e78cf"
+dependencies = [
+ "cfg-if",
+ "digest",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "memchr"
 version = "2.7.2"
@@ -1147,6 +1413,15 @@ dependencies = [
  "windows-sys 0.48.0",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "nanoid"
+version = "0.4.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "3ffa00dec017b5b1a8b7cf5e2c008bfda1aa7e0697ac1508b491fdf2622fb4d8"
+dependencies = [
+ "rand",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "nom"
 version = "7.1.3"
@@ -1167,12 +1442,49 @@ dependencies = [
  "winapi",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "num-bigint-dig"
+version = "0.8.4"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "dc84195820f291c7697304f3cbdadd1cb7199c0efc917ff5eafd71225c136151"
+dependencies = [
+ "byteorder",
+ "lazy_static",
+ "libm",
+ "num-integer",
+ "num-iter",
+ "num-traits",
+ "rand",
+ "smallvec",
+ "zeroize",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "num-conv"
 version = "0.1.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "51d515d32fb182ee37cda2ccdcb92950d6a3c2893aa280e540671c2cd0f3b1d9"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "num-integer"
+version = "0.1.46"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "7969661fd2958a5cb096e56c8e1ad0444ac2bbcd0061bd28660485a44879858f"
+dependencies = [
+ "num-traits",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "num-iter"
+version = "0.1.44"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "d869c01cc0c455284163fd0092f1f93835385ccab5a98a0dcc497b2f8bf055a9"
+dependencies = [
+ "autocfg",
+ "num-integer",
+ "num-traits",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "num-traits"
 version = "0.2.18"
@@ -1180,6 +1492,7 @@ source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "da0df0e5185db44f69b44f26786fe401b6c293d1907744beaa7fa62b2e5a517a"
 dependencies = [
  "autocfg",
+ "libm",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -1302,6 +1615,16 @@ version = "0.1.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "b15813163c1d831bf4a13c3610c05c0d03b39feb07f7e09fa234dac9b15aaf39"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "parking_lot"
+version = "0.12.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "3742b2c103b9f06bc9fff0a37ff4912935851bee6d36f3c02bcc755bcfec228f"
+dependencies = [
+ "lock_api",
+ "parking_lot_core",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "parking_lot_core"
 version = "0.9.9"
@@ -1315,6 +1638,21 @@ dependencies = [
  "windows-targets 0.48.5",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "paste"
+version = "1.0.14"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "de3145af08024dea9fa9914f381a17b8fc6034dfb00f3a84013f7ff43f29ed4c"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "pem-rfc7468"
+version = "0.7.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "88b39c9bfcfc231068454382784bb460aae594343fb030d46e9f50a645418412"
+dependencies = [
+ "base64ct",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "percent-encoding"
 version = "2.3.1"
@@ -1353,6 +1691,33 @@ version = "0.1.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "8b870d8c151b6f2fb93e84a13146138f05d02ed11c7e7c54f8826aaaf7c9f184"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "pkcs1"
+version = "0.7.5"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "c8ffb9f10fa047879315e6625af03c164b16962a5368d724ed16323b68ace47f"
+dependencies = [
+ "der",
+ "pkcs8",
+ "spki",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "pkcs8"
+version = "0.10.2"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "f950b2377845cebe5cf8b5165cb3cc1a5e0fa5cfa3e1f7f55707d8fd82e0a7b7"
+dependencies = [
+ "der",
+ "spki",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "pkg-config"
+version = "0.3.30"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "d231b230927b5e4ad203db57bbcbee2802f6bce620b1e4a9024a07d94e2907ec"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "poly1305"
 version = "0.8.0"
@@ -1462,7 +1827,7 @@ version = "0.4.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "4722d768eff46b75989dd134e5c353f0d6296e5aaa3132e776cbdb56be7731aa"
 dependencies = [
- "bitflags",
+ "bitflags 1.3.2",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -1509,6 +1874,41 @@ version = "0.8.3"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "adad44e29e4c806119491a7f06f03de4d1af22c3a680dd47f1e6e179439d1f56"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "ring"
+version = "0.17.8"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "c17fa4cb658e3583423e915b9f3acc01cceaee1860e33d59ebae66adc3a2dc0d"
+dependencies = [
+ "cc",
+ "cfg-if",
+ "getrandom",
+ "libc",
+ "spin 0.9.8",
+ "untrusted",
+ "windows-sys 0.52.0",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "rsa"
+version = "0.9.6"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "5d0e5124fcb30e76a7e79bfee683a2746db83784b86289f6251b54b7950a0dfc"
+dependencies = [
+ "const-oid",
+ "digest",
+ "num-bigint-dig",
+ "num-integer",
+ "num-traits",
+ "pkcs1",
+ "pkcs8",
+ "rand_core",
+ "signature",
+ "spki",
+ "subtle",
+ "zeroize",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "rustc-demangle"
 version = "0.1.23"
@@ -1525,10 +1925,53 @@ dependencies = [
 ]
 
 [[package]]
-name = "rustversion"
-version = "1.0.15"
+name = "rustix"
+version = "0.38.32"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "80af6f9131f277a45a3fba6ce8e2258037bb0477a67e610d3c1fe046ab31de47"
+checksum = "65e04861e65f21776e67888bfbea442b3642beaa0138fdb1dd7a84a52dffdb89"
+dependencies = [
+ "bitflags 2.5.0",
+ "errno",
+ "libc",
+ "linux-raw-sys",
+ "windows-sys 0.52.0",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "rustls"
+version = "0.21.11"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "7fecbfb7b1444f477b345853b1fce097a2c6fb637b2bfb87e6bc5db0f043fae4"
+dependencies = [
+ "ring",
+ "rustls-webpki",
+ "sct",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "rustls-pemfile"
+version = "1.0.4"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "1c74cae0a4cf6ccbbf5f359f08efdf8ee7e1dc532573bf0db71968cb56b1448c"
+dependencies = [
+ "base64 0.21.7",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "rustls-webpki"
+version = "0.101.7"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "8b6275d1ee7a1cd780b64aca7726599a1dbc893b1e64144529e55c3c2f745765"
+dependencies = [
+ "ring",
+ "untrusted",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "rustversion"
+version = "1.0.15"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "80af6f9131f277a45a3fba6ce8e2258037bb0477a67e610d3c1fe046ab31de47"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "ryu"
@@ -1548,6 +1991,16 @@ version = "1.2.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "94143f37725109f92c262ed2cf5e59bce7498c01bcc1502d7b9afe439a4e9f49"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "sct"
+version = "0.7.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "da046153aa2352493d6cb7da4b6e5c0c057d8a1d0a9aa8560baffdd945acd414"
+dependencies = [
+ "ring",
+ "untrusted",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "semver"
 version = "1.0.22"
@@ -1637,6 +2090,28 @@ dependencies = [
  "syn 2.0.58",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "sha1"
+version = "0.10.6"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "e3bf829a2d51ab4a5ddf1352d8470c140cadc8301b2ae1789db023f01cedd6ba"
+dependencies = [
+ "cfg-if",
+ "cpufeatures",
+ "digest",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "sha2"
+version = "0.10.8"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "793db75ad2bcafc3ffa7c68b215fee268f537982cd901d132f89c6343f3a3dc8"
+dependencies = [
+ "cfg-if",
+ "cpufeatures",
+ "digest",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "sharded-slab"
 version = "0.1.7"
@@ -1646,6 +2121,16 @@ dependencies = [
  "lazy_static",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "signature"
+version = "2.2.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "77549399552de45a898a580c1b41d445bf730df867cc44e6c0233bbc4b8329de"
+dependencies = [
+ "digest",
+ "rand_core",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "slab"
 version = "0.4.9"
@@ -1671,6 +2156,250 @@ dependencies = [
  "windows-sys 0.52.0",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "spin"
+version = "0.5.2"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "6e63cff320ae2c57904679ba7cb63280a3dc4613885beafb148ee7bf9aa9042d"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "spin"
+version = "0.9.8"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "6980e8d7511241f8acf4aebddbb1ff938df5eebe98691418c4468d0b72a96a67"
+dependencies = [
+ "lock_api",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "spki"
+version = "0.7.3"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "d91ed6c858b01f942cd56b37a94b3e0a1798290327d1236e4d9cf4eaca44d29d"
+dependencies = [
+ "base64ct",
+ "der",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "sqlformat"
+version = "0.2.3"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "ce81b7bd7c4493975347ef60d8c7e8b742d4694f4c49f93e0a12ea263938176c"
+dependencies = [
+ "itertools",
+ "nom",
+ "unicode_categories",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "sqlx"
+version = "0.7.4"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "c9a2ccff1a000a5a59cd33da541d9f2fdcd9e6e8229cc200565942bff36d0aaa"
+dependencies = [
+ "sqlx-core",
+ "sqlx-macros",
+ "sqlx-mysql",
+ "sqlx-postgres",
+ "sqlx-sqlite",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "sqlx-core"
+version = "0.7.4"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "24ba59a9342a3d9bab6c56c118be528b27c9b60e490080e9711a04dccac83ef6"
+dependencies = [
+ "ahash",
+ "atoi",
+ "byteorder",
+ "bytes",
+ "crc",
+ "crossbeam-queue",
+ "either",
+ "event-listener",
+ "futures-channel",
+ "futures-core",
+ "futures-intrusive",
+ "futures-io",
+ "futures-util",
+ "hashlink",
+ "hex",
+ "indexmap 2.2.6",
+ "log",
+ "memchr",
+ "once_cell",
+ "paste",
+ "percent-encoding",
+ "rustls",
+ "rustls-pemfile",
+ "serde",
+ "serde_json",
+ "sha2",
+ "smallvec",
+ "sqlformat",
+ "thiserror",
+ "tokio",
+ "tokio-stream",
+ "tracing",
+ "url",
+ "webpki-roots",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "sqlx-macros"
+version = "0.7.4"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "4ea40e2345eb2faa9e1e5e326db8c34711317d2b5e08d0d5741619048a803127"
+dependencies = [
+ "proc-macro2",
+ "quote",
+ "sqlx-core",
+ "sqlx-macros-core",
+ "syn 1.0.109",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "sqlx-macros-core"
+version = "0.7.4"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "5833ef53aaa16d860e92123292f1f6a3d53c34ba8b1969f152ef1a7bb803f3c8"
+dependencies = [
+ "dotenvy",
+ "either",
+ "heck",
+ "hex",
+ "once_cell",
+ "proc-macro2",
+ "quote",
+ "serde",
+ "serde_json",
+ "sha2",
+ "sqlx-core",
+ "sqlx-mysql",
+ "sqlx-postgres",
+ "sqlx-sqlite",
+ "syn 1.0.109",
+ "tempfile",
+ "tokio",
+ "url",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "sqlx-mysql"
+version = "0.7.4"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "1ed31390216d20e538e447a7a9b959e06ed9fc51c37b514b46eb758016ecd418"
+dependencies = [
+ "atoi",
+ "base64 0.21.7",
+ "bitflags 2.5.0",
+ "byteorder",
+ "bytes",
+ "crc",
+ "digest",
+ "dotenvy",
+ "either",
+ "futures-channel",
+ "futures-core",
+ "futures-io",
+ "futures-util",
+ "generic-array",
+ "hex",
+ "hkdf",
+ "hmac",
+ "itoa",
+ "log",
+ "md-5",
+ "memchr",
+ "once_cell",
+ "percent-encoding",
+ "rand",
+ "rsa",
+ "serde",
+ "sha1",
+ "sha2",
+ "smallvec",
+ "sqlx-core",
+ "stringprep",
+ "thiserror",
+ "tracing",
+ "whoami",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "sqlx-postgres"
+version = "0.7.4"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "7c824eb80b894f926f89a0b9da0c7f435d27cdd35b8c655b114e58223918577e"
+dependencies = [
+ "atoi",
+ "base64 0.21.7",
+ "bitflags 2.5.0",
+ "byteorder",
+ "crc",
+ "dotenvy",
+ "etcetera",
+ "futures-channel",
+ "futures-core",
+ "futures-io",
+ "futures-util",
+ "hex",
+ "hkdf",
+ "hmac",
+ "home",
+ "itoa",
+ "log",
+ "md-5",
+ "memchr",
+ "once_cell",
+ "rand",
+ "serde",
+ "serde_json",
+ "sha2",
+ "smallvec",
+ "sqlx-core",
+ "stringprep",
+ "thiserror",
+ "tracing",
+ "whoami",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "sqlx-sqlite"
+version = "0.7.4"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "b244ef0a8414da0bed4bb1910426e890b19e5e9bccc27ada6b797d05c55ae0aa"
+dependencies = [
+ "atoi",
+ "flume",
+ "futures-channel",
+ "futures-core",
+ "futures-executor",
+ "futures-intrusive",
+ "futures-util",
+ "libsqlite3-sys",
+ "log",
+ "percent-encoding",
+ "serde",
+ "sqlx-core",
+ "tracing",
+ "url",
+ "urlencoding",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "stringprep"
+version = "0.1.4"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "bb41d74e231a107a1b4ee36bd1214b11285b77768d2e3824aedafa988fd36ee6"
+dependencies = [
+ "finl_unicode",
+ "unicode-bidi",
+ "unicode-normalization",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "strsim"
 version = "0.10.0"
@@ -1739,6 +2468,18 @@ version = "1.0.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "384595c11a4e2969895cad5a8c4029115f5ab956a9e5ef4de79d11a426e5f20c"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "tempfile"
+version = "3.10.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "85b77fafb263dd9d05cbeac119526425676db3784113aa9295c88498cbf8bff1"
+dependencies = [
+ "cfg-if",
+ "fastrand",
+ "rustix",
+ "windows-sys 0.52.0",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "thiserror"
 version = "1.0.58"
@@ -1800,6 +2541,21 @@ dependencies = [
  "time-core",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "tinyvec"
+version = "1.6.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "87cc5ceb3875bb20c2890005a4e226a4651264a5c75edb2421b52861a0a0cb50"
+dependencies = [
+ "tinyvec_macros",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "tinyvec_macros"
+version = "0.1.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "1f3ccbac311fea05f86f61904b462b55fb3df8837a366dfc601a0161d0532f20"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "tokio"
 version = "1.37.0"
@@ -2054,12 +2810,39 @@ version = "1.17.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "42ff0bf0c66b8238c6f3b578df37d0b7848e55df8577b3f74f92a69acceeb825"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "unicode-bidi"
+version = "0.3.15"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "08f95100a766bf4f8f28f90d77e0a5461bbdb219042e7679bebe79004fed8d75"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "unicode-ident"
 version = "1.0.12"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "3354b9ac3fae1ff6755cb6db53683adb661634f67557942dea4facebec0fee4b"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "unicode-normalization"
+version = "0.1.23"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "a56d1686db2308d901306f92a263857ef59ea39678a5458e7cb17f01415101f5"
+dependencies = [
+ "tinyvec",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "unicode-segmentation"
+version = "1.11.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "d4c87d22b6e3f4a18d4d40ef354e97c90fcb14dd91d7dc0aa9d8a1172ebf7202"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "unicode_categories"
+version = "0.1.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "39ec24b3121d976906ece63c9daad25b85969647682eee313cb5779fdd69e14e"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "universal-hash"
 version = "0.5.1"
@@ -2070,6 +2853,23 @@ dependencies = [
  "subtle",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "untrusted"
+version = "0.9.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "8ecb6da28b8a351d773b68d5825ac39017e680750f980f3a1a85cd8dd28a47c1"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "url"
+version = "2.5.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "31e6302e3bb753d46e83516cae55ae196fc0c309407cf11ab35cc51a4c2a4633"
+dependencies = [
+ "form_urlencoded",
+ "idna",
+ "percent-encoding",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "urlencoding"
 version = "2.1.3"
@@ -2082,6 +2882,12 @@ version = "0.1.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "830b7e5d4d90034032940e4ace0d9a9a057e7a45cd94e6c007832e39edb82f6d"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "vcpkg"
+version = "0.2.15"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "accd4ea62f7bb7a82fe23066fb0957d48ef677f6eeb8215f372f52e48bb32426"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "version_check"
 version = "0.9.4"
@@ -2103,6 +2909,12 @@ version = "0.11.0+wasi-snapshot-preview1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "9c8d87e72b64a3b4db28d11ce29237c246188f4f51057d65a7eab63b7987e423"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "wasite"
+version = "0.1.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "b8dad83b4f25e74f184f64c43b150b91efe7647395b42289f38e50566d82855b"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "wasm-bindgen"
 version = "0.2.92"
@@ -2167,6 +2979,22 @@ dependencies = [
  "wasm-bindgen",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "webpki-roots"
+version = "0.25.4"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "5f20c57d8d7db6d3b86154206ae5d8fba62dd39573114de97c2cb0578251f8e1"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "whoami"
+version = "1.5.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "a44ab49fad634e88f55bf8f9bb3abd2f27d7204172a112c7c9987e01c1c94ea9"
+dependencies = [
+ "redox_syscall",
+ "wasite",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "winapi"
 version = "0.3.9"
@@ -2339,6 +3167,26 @@ version = "0.52.4"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "32b752e52a2da0ddfbdbcc6fceadfeede4c939ed16d13e648833a61dfb611ed8"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "zerocopy"
+version = "0.7.32"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "74d4d3961e53fa4c9a25a8637fc2bfaf2595b3d3ae34875568a5cf64787716be"
+dependencies = [
+ "zerocopy-derive",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "zerocopy-derive"
+version = "0.7.32"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "9ce1b18ccd8e73a9321186f97e46f9f04b778851177567b1975109d26a08d2a6"
+dependencies = [
+ "proc-macro2",
+ "quote",
+ "syn 2.0.58",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "zeroize"
 version = "1.7.0"
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index fa57c7a..453a907 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ opentelemetry_sdk = { version = "0.22.1", features = ["rt-tokio"] }
 serde = { version = "1.0.197", features = ["derive"] }
 serde_json = "1.0.115"
 serde_with = "3.7.0"
+sqlx = { version = "0.7.4", features = ["postgres", "runtime-tokio", "tls-rustls"] }
 thiserror = "1.0.58"
 tracing = "0.1.40"
 tracing-appender = "0.2.3"
@@ -33,6 +34,7 @@ derive_more = "0.99.17"
 futures = "0.3.30"
 http = "1.1.0"
 loom = "0.7.1"
+nanoid = "0.4.0"
 serde = { version = "1.0.197", features = ["derive"] }
 serde_json = "1.0.115"
 strum = { version = "0.26.2", features = ["derive"] }
diff --git a/examples/shortener.rs b/examples/shortener.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..55a9e22
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/shortener.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,126 @@
+use anyhow::Result;
+use axum::{
+    extract::{Path, State},
+    response::IntoResponse,
+    routing::{get, post},
+    Json, Router,
+};
+use http::{header::LOCATION, HeaderMap, StatusCode};
+use nanoid::nanoid;
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+use sqlx::{FromRow, PgPool};
+use tokio::net::TcpListener;
+use tracing::{info, level_filters::LevelFilter, warn};
+use tracing_subscriber::{fmt::Layer, layer::SubscriberExt, util::SubscriberInitExt, Layer as _};
+
+#[derive(Debug, Deserialize)]
+struct ShortenReq {
+    url: String,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Serialize)]
+struct ShortenRes {
+    url: String,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+struct AppState {
+    db: PgPool,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, FromRow)]
+struct UrlRecord {
+    #[sqlx(default)]
+    id: String,
+    #[sqlx(default)]
+    url: String,
+}
+
+const LISTEN_ADDR: &str = "127.0.0.1:9876";
+
+#[tokio::main]
+async fn main() -> Result<()> {
+    let layer = Layer::new().with_filter(LevelFilter::INFO);
+    tracing_subscriber::registry().with(layer).init();
+
+    let url = "postgres://postgres:postgres@localhost:5432/shortener";
+    let state = AppState::try_new(url).await?;
+    info!("Connected to database: {url}");
+    let listener = TcpListener::bind(LISTEN_ADDR).await?;
+    info!("Listening on: {}", LISTEN_ADDR);
+
+    let app = Router::new()
+        .route("/", post(shorten))
+        .route("/:id", get(redirect))
+        .with_state(state);
+
+    axum::serve(listener, app.into_make_service()).await?;
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+async fn shorten(
+    State(state): State<AppState>,
+    Json(data): Json<ShortenReq>,
+) -> Result<impl IntoResponse, StatusCode> {
+    let id = state.shorten(&data.url).await.map_err(|e| {
+        warn!("Failed to shorten URL: {e}");
+        StatusCode::UNPROCESSABLE_ENTITY
+    })?;
+    let body = Json(ShortenRes {
+        url: format!("http://{}/{}", LISTEN_ADDR, id),
+    });
+    Ok((StatusCode::CREATED, body))
+}
+
+async fn redirect(
+    Path(id): Path<String>,
+    State(state): State<AppState>,
+) -> Result<impl IntoResponse, StatusCode> {
+    let url = state
+        .get_url(&id)
+        .await
+        .map_err(|_| StatusCode::NOT_FOUND)?;
+
+    let mut headers = HeaderMap::new();
+    headers.insert(LOCATION, url.parse().unwrap());
+    Ok((StatusCode::PERMANENT_REDIRECT, headers))
+}
+
+impl AppState {
+    async fn try_new(url: &str) -> Result<Self> {
+        let pool = PgPool::connect(url).await?;
+        // Create table if not exists
+        sqlx::query(
+            r#"
+            CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS urls (
+                id CHAR(6) PRIMARY KEY,
+                url TEXT NOT NULL UNIQUE
+            )
+            "#,
+        )
+        .execute(&pool)
+        .await?;
+        Ok(Self { db: pool })
+    }
+
+    async fn shorten(&self, url: &str) -> Result<String> {
+        let id = nanoid!(6);
+        let ret: UrlRecord = sqlx::query_as(
+            "INSERT INTO urls (id, url) VALUES ($1, $2) ON CONFLICT(url) DO UPDATE SET url=EXCLUDED.url RETURNING id",
+        )
+        .bind(&id)
+        .bind(url)
+        .fetch_one(&self.db)
+        .await?;
+        Ok(ret.id)
+    }
+
+    async fn get_url(&self, id: &str) -> anyhow::Result<String> {
+        let ret: UrlRecord = sqlx::query_as("SELECT url FROM urls WHERE id = $1")
+            .bind(id)
+            .fetch_one(&self.db)
+            .await?;
+        Ok(ret.url)
+    }
+}
diff --git a/test.rest b/test.rest
index cd7a4d6..5cb9373 100644
--- a/test.rest
+++ b/test.rest
@@ -18,3 +18,17 @@ Content-Type: application/json
 {
   "skills": ["Rust"]
 }
+
+
+### url shortener
+
+POST http://localhost:9876/
+Content-Type: application/json
+
+{
+  "url": "https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Status/422"
+}
+
+### url redirect
+
+GET http://localhost:9876/wlGl3G