syscall-steal.c

/*
 * syscall-steal.c
 *
 * System call "stealing" sample.
 *
 * Disables page protection at a processor level by changing the 16th bit
 * in the cr0 register (could be Intel specific).
 */

#include <linux/delay.h>
#include <linux/kernel.h>
#include <linux/module.h>
#include <linux/moduleparam.h> /* which will have params */
#include <linux/unistd.h> /* The list of system calls */
#include <linux/cred.h> /* For current_uid() */
#include <linux/uidgid.h> /* For __kuid_val() */
#include <linux/version.h>

/* For the current (process) structure, we need this to know who the
 * current user is.
 */
#include <linux/sched.h>
#include <linux/uaccess.h>

/* The way we access "sys_call_table" varies as kernel internal changes.
 * - Prior to v5.4 : manual symbol lookup
 * - v5.5 to v5.6  : use kallsyms_lookup_name()
 * - v5.7+         : Kprobes or specific kernel module parameter
 */

/* The in-kernel calls to the ksys_close() syscall were removed in Linux v5.11+.
 */
#if (LINUX_VERSION_CODE < KERNEL_VERSION(5, 7, 0))

#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE <= KERNEL_VERSION(5, 4, 0)
#define HAVE_KSYS_CLOSE 1
#include <linux/syscalls.h> /* For ksys_close() */
#else
#include <linux/kallsyms.h> /* For kallsyms_lookup_name */
#endif

#else

#if defined(CONFIG_KPROBES)
#define HAVE_KPROBES 1
#if defined(CONFIG_X86_64)
/* If you have tried to use the syscall table to intercept syscalls and it 
 * doesn't work, you can try to use Kprobes to intercept syscalls.
 * Set USE_KPROBES_PRE_HANDLER_BEFORE_SYSCALL to 1 to register a pre-handler
 * before the syscall.
 */
#define USE_KPROBES_PRE_HANDLER_BEFORE_SYSCALL 0
#endif
#include <linux/kprobes.h>
#else
#define HAVE_PARAM 1
#include <linux/kallsyms.h> /* For sprint_symbol */
/* The address of the sys_call_table, which can be obtained with looking up
 * "/boot/System.map" or "/proc/kallsyms". When the kernel version is v5.7+,
 * without CONFIG_KPROBES, you can input the parameter or the module will look
 * up all the memory.
 */
static unsigned long sym = 0;
module_param(sym, ulong, 0644);
#endif /* CONFIG_KPROBES */

#endif /* Version < v5.7 */

/* UID we want to spy on - will be filled from the command line. */
static uid_t uid = -1;
module_param(uid, int, 0644);

#if USE_KPROBES_PRE_HANDLER_BEFORE_SYSCALL

/* syscall_sym is the symbol name of the syscall to spy on. The default is
 * "__x64_sys_openat", which can be changed by the module parameter. You can 
 * look up the symbol name of a syscall in /proc/kallsyms.
 */
static char *syscall_sym = "__x64_sys_openat";
module_param(syscall_sym, charp, 0644);

static int sys_call_kprobe_pre_handler(struct kprobe *p, struct pt_regs *regs)
{
    if (__kuid_val(current_uid()) != uid) {
        return 0;
    }

    pr_info("%s called by %d\n", syscall_sym, uid);
    return 0;
}

static struct kprobe syscall_kprobe = {
    .symbol_name = "__x64_sys_openat",
    .pre_handler = sys_call_kprobe_pre_handler,
};

#else

static unsigned long **sys_call_table_stolen;

/* A pointer to the original system call. The reason we keep this, rather
 * than call the original function (sys_openat), is because somebody else
 * might have replaced the system call before us. Note that this is not
 * 100% safe, because if another module replaced sys_openat before us,
 * then when we are inserted, we will call the function in that module -
 * and it might be removed before we are.
 *
 * Another reason for this is that we can not get sys_openat.
 * It is a static variable, so it is not exported.
 */
#ifdef CONFIG_ARCH_HAS_SYSCALL_WRAPPER
static asmlinkage long (*original_call)(const struct pt_regs *);
#else
static asmlinkage long (*original_call)(int, const char __user *, int, umode_t);
#endif

/* The function we will replace sys_openat (the function called when you
 * call the open system call) with. To find the exact prototype, with
 * the number and type of arguments, we find the original function first
 * (it is at fs/open.c).
 *
 * In theory, this means that we are tied to the current version of the
 * kernel. In practice, the system calls almost never change (it would
 * wreck havoc and require programs to be recompiled, since the system
 * calls are the interface between the kernel and the processes).
 */
#ifdef CONFIG_ARCH_HAS_SYSCALL_WRAPPER
static asmlinkage long our_sys_openat(const struct pt_regs *regs)
#else
static asmlinkage long our_sys_openat(int dfd, const char __user *filename,
                                      int flags, umode_t mode)
#endif
{
    int i = 0;
    char ch;

    if (__kuid_val(current_uid()) != uid)
        goto orig_call;

    /* Report the file, if relevant */
    pr_info("Opened file by %d: ", uid);
    do {
#ifdef CONFIG_ARCH_HAS_SYSCALL_WRAPPER
        get_user(ch, (char __user *)regs->si + i);
#else
        get_user(ch, (char __user *)filename + i);
#endif
        i++;
        pr_info("%c", ch);
    } while (ch != 0);
    pr_info("\n");

orig_call:
    /* Call the original sys_openat - otherwise, we lose the ability to
     * open files.
     */
#ifdef CONFIG_ARCH_HAS_SYSCALL_WRAPPER
    return original_call(regs);
#else
    return original_call(dfd, filename, flags, mode);
#endif
}

static unsigned long **acquire_sys_call_table(void)
{
#ifdef HAVE_KSYS_CLOSE
    unsigned long int offset = PAGE_OFFSET;
    unsigned long **sct;

    while (offset < ULLONG_MAX) {
        sct = (unsigned long **)offset;

        if (sct[__NR_close] == (unsigned long *)ksys_close)
            return sct;

        offset += sizeof(void *);
    }

    return NULL;
#endif

#ifdef HAVE_PARAM
    const char sct_name[15] = "sys_call_table";
    char symbol[40] = { 0 };

    if (sym == 0) {
        pr_alert("For Linux v5.7+, Kprobes is the preferable way to get "
                 "symbol.\n");
        pr_info("If Kprobes is absent, you have to specify the address of "
                "sys_call_table symbol\n");
        pr_info("by /boot/System.map or /proc/kallsyms, which contains all the "
                "symbol addresses, into sym parameter.\n");
        return NULL;
    }
    sprint_symbol(symbol, sym);
    if (!strncmp(sct_name, symbol, sizeof(sct_name) - 1))
        return (unsigned long **)sym;

    return NULL;
#endif

#ifdef HAVE_KPROBES
    unsigned long (*kallsyms_lookup_name)(const char *name);
    struct kprobe kp = {
        .symbol_name = "kallsyms_lookup_name",
    };

    if (register_kprobe(&kp) < 0)
        return NULL;
    kallsyms_lookup_name = (unsigned long (*)(const char *name))kp.addr;
    unregister_kprobe(&kp);
#endif

    return (unsigned long **)kallsyms_lookup_name("sys_call_table");
}

#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(5, 3, 0)
static inline void __write_cr0(unsigned long cr0)
{
    asm volatile("mov %0,%%cr0" : "+r"(cr0) : : "memory");
}
#else
#define __write_cr0 write_cr0
#endif

static void enable_write_protection(void)
{
    unsigned long cr0 = read_cr0();
    set_bit(16, &cr0);
    __write_cr0(cr0);
}

static void disable_write_protection(void)
{
    unsigned long cr0 = read_cr0();
    clear_bit(16, &cr0);
    __write_cr0(cr0);
}
#endif

static int __init syscall_steal_start(void)
{
#if USE_KPROBES_PRE_HANDLER_BEFORE_SYSCALL
    int err;
    /* use symbol name from the module parameter */
    syscall_kprobe.symbol_name = syscall_sym;
    err = register_kprobe(&syscall_kprobe);
    if (err) {
        pr_err("register_kprobe() on %s failed: %d\n", syscall_sym, err);
        pr_err("Please check the symbol name from 'syscall_sym' parameter.\n");
        return err;
    }
#else
    if (!(sys_call_table_stolen = acquire_sys_call_table()))
        return -1;

    disable_write_protection();

    /* keep track of the original open function */
    original_call = (void *)sys_call_table_stolen[__NR_openat];

    /* use our openat function instead */
    sys_call_table_stolen[__NR_openat] = (unsigned long *)our_sys_openat;

    enable_write_protection();
#endif

    pr_info("Spying on UID:%d\n", uid);
    return 0;
}

static void __exit syscall_steal_end(void)
{
#if USE_KPROBES_PRE_HANDLER_BEFORE_SYSCALL
    unregister_kprobe(&syscall_kprobe);
#else
    if (!sys_call_table_stolen)
        return;

    /* Return the system call back to normal */
    if (sys_call_table_stolen[__NR_openat] != (unsigned long *)our_sys_openat) {
        pr_alert("Somebody else also played with the ");
        pr_alert("open system call\n");
        pr_alert("The system may be left in ");
        pr_alert("an unstable state.\n");
    }

    disable_write_protection();
    sys_call_table_stolen[__NR_openat] = (unsigned long *)original_call;
    enable_write_protection();
#endif

    msleep(2000);
}

module_init(syscall_steal_start);
module_exit(syscall_steal_end);

MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");