From 8969b469c724e89f64ac42540d5f99948f6dc3b5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: tjain-mcc <62672378+tjain-mcc@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Thu, 16 Jan 2025 09:34:16 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1/8] Create simd0221

---
 proposals/simd0221 | 132 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 132 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 proposals/simd0221

diff --git a/proposals/simd0221 b/proposals/simd0221
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..eda453a05
--- /dev/null
+++ b/proposals/simd0221
@@ -0,0 +1,132 @@
+SIMD ###: Introducing a Programmatic, Market-Based Emission Mechanism Based on Staking Participation Rate
+
+Authors: Tushar Jain, Vishal Kankani
+
+#Summary
+
+This is the first of two SIMDs intended to make Solana emissions more market oriented. This SIMD proposes a market-based mechanism to dynamically determine Solana emissions. 
+
+#Motivation
+
+As Solana matures, stakers increasingly earn SOL through mechanisms like MEV. This income stream reduces the network's historical exclusive reliance on token emissions to attract stake and security. According to Blockworks (https://solana.blockworksresearch.com/), in Q4 2024 MEV, as measured by Jito Tips, was approximately $430M (2.1M SOL),representing massive quarter-over-quarter growth. In Q3 Jito Tips were approximately $86M (562k SOL), Q2 was approximately $117M (747k SOL), and Q1 was approximately $42M (300k SOL). 
+
+Given the level of economic activity the network has achieved and the subsequent revenue earned by stakers from MEV, now is a good time to revisit the network’s emission mechanism and evolve it from a fixed-schedule mechanism to a programmatic, market-driven mechanism.
+
+The purpose of token emissions in Proof of Stake (PoS) networks is to attract stakers and validators to secure the network. Therefore, the most efficient amount of token issuance is the lowest rate possible necessary to secure the network. 
+
+Solana’s current emission mechanism is a fixed, time-based formula that was activated on epoch 150, a year after genesis on February 10, 2021. The mechanism is not aware of network activity, nor does it incorporate that to determine the emission rate. Simply put, it’s “dumb emissions.” Given Solana’s thriving economic activity, it makes sense to evolve the network’s monetary policy with “smart emissions.” 
+
+There are two major implications of Smart Emissions: 
+
+Smart Emissions dynamically incentivizes participation when stake drops to secure the network.
+Smart Emissions minimize SOL issuance  to the Minimum Necessary Amount (MNA) to secure the network.
+
+This is good for the Solana network and network stakers for four reasons:
+
+High inflation can lead to more centralized ownership. To illustrate the point, imagine a network with an exceedingly high inflation rate of 10,000%. People who do not stake are diluted and lose ~99% of their network ownership every year to stakers. The higher the inflation rate, the more network ownership is concentrated in stakers’ hands after compounding for years.
+
+Reducing inflation spurs SOL usage in DeFi, which is ultimately good for the applications and stimulates new protocol development. Additionally, a high staking rate can be viewed as unhealthy for new DeFi protocols, since it means the implied hurdle rate is the inflation cost. Lowering the “risk free” inflation rate creates stimulative conditions and allows new protocols to grow. 
+
+If Smart Emissions function as designed, they will systematically reduce selling pressure as long as staking participation remains adequate. The inevitable side effect and primary downside to high token inflation is increased selling pressure. This is because some stakers in different jurisdictions have taken the interpretation that staking creates ordinary income, and therefore they must sell a portion of their staking rewards to pay taxes. This selling is a significant detriment to the network and does not benefit the network in any way. 
+
+
+In markets, sometimes perception is as important as reality. While SOL inflation is technically not cost to the network, others think it is, and that belief overall has a negative impact on the network. Inflation causes long-term, continual downward price pressure that negatively distorts the market’s price signal and hinders fair price comparison. To use an analogy from traditional financial markets, PoS inflation is equivalent to a publicly listed company doing a small share split every two days.
+
+
+Historically, issuance curves have remained static due to Bitcoin’s immutability ethos—a “Bitcoin Hangover” so to speak. While immutability suits Bitcoin’s mission to become digital gold, it doesn’t map to Solana’s mission to synchronize the world’s state at light speed.
+
+In summary, the current Solana emissions schedule is suboptimal given the current level of activity and fees on the network because it emits more SOL than is necessary to secure the network. An issuance curve set by diktat is not the right long-term approach for Solana. Markets are the best mechanism in the world to determine prices, and therefore, they should be used to determine Solana’s emissions.
+
+
+#Detailed Design
+
+###Five variables drive Solana’s staking market:
+Yield for stakers (y)
+Issuance Rate (i) - SOL emitted
+SOL staked (N)
+MEV in SOL terms (MEV)
+Validator commissions (c)
+
+These variables are mathematically related:
+
+
+y = ((i+MEV)/N)*(1-c)
+
+Currently, the network has a fixed issuance rate (i) while the number of SOL staked (N) fluctuates based on market conditions. MEV also fluctuates based on market conditions. 
+
+When considering new models for issuance, this relationship is critical. 
+
+##Proposed Design: 
+Programmatic, Market-Based Emission Mechanism Based on Staking Participation Rate
+
+A dynamic, market-based rate can be determined using the following factors:
+
+The Staking Participation Rate (s = SOL staked / Total SOL in existence) should be based on what is needed for consensus safety.
+The network should reduce issuance if the staking participation rate is higher than the target rate and increase issuance if it is lower.
+There should be a ceiling on the inflation rate as a protection mechanism.
+
+We imagine the Target Staking Participation Rate (T) as a governable variable and recommend a target staking participation rate of 50% for the following reasons:
+Beyond 67% incremental staked SOL does not add any incremental security guarantees because a supermajority of all SOL has voted on any given block and a long range attack is impossible. This “excess stake” explicitly inhibits network economic activity and hampers growth. 
+Below 33%, we potentially risk network safety because a supermajority of all SOL has explicitly not voted on any given block and this opens the edge case possibility of long range attacks.
+
+It also proposes the following bounds for the issuance rate:
+Upper Bound: The current Solana issuance curve (decreasing at a rate of 15% per year and will stop decreasing once nominal inflation is 1.5%).
+Lower Bound: 0%
+
+Increases or decreases in inflation should be proportional to the magnitude of the difference between the actual staking participation rate and the target rate (for example, 50% as per this proposal).
+
+This approach would allow for a more dynamic response to fluctuations in staking participation. By aligning inflation adjustments with the actual deviation, network issuance better reflects the network’s real-time economic and security conditions.
+
+Inflation adjustment function:
+
+Δi= k * Δs
+
+Δi = Inflation change for the new epoch
+k = Speed Co-efficient
+Δs = Staking Participation Rate (s) at the start of epoch – Target Staking Participation Rate (T)
+
+inew = max (0%, min (current issuance curve, ilast + Δi)
+
+ilast = Inflation in the last epoch
+inew = Inflation in the new epoch
+current issuance curve = inflation defined by current Solana issuance curve
+
+This proposal sets k = 0.05 per annum. So, for each extra percentage point higher/lower in staking participation rate, inflation would come down/go up by 0.05% p.a. in the next epoch. With the current staking participation rate of ~70%, the network would see a reduction of inflation of 1% p.a. in the next epoch. On the other hand, with a hypothetical staking participation rate of say 40%, the network would see an increase of inflation of 0.5% p.a. in the next epoch.
+
+The max function ensures that inflation is at least zero, and the min function ensures that the inflation does not rise above the current issuance curve.
+This design offers several key benefits:
+Consensus Safety: Adjusting inflation based on staking participation ensures sufficient validator incentives to maintain network security, prioritizing consensus safety.
+Market-Based Flexibility: The model adapts to the network's economic activity, making it more responsive to changing market conditions. It’s possible to imagine a future where stakers are earning enough from MEV that no SOL emissions are necessary. 
+Validator Retention: It accommodates Solana-aligned validators who are willing to stake even with lower emissions, recognizing that they can earn more through MEV in higher economic activity ecosystems.
+This dynamic approach balances the need for a secure, decentralized network with the flexibility to thrive in a competitive market.
+##Alternatives Considered
+
+###Alternative Design 1: Pick another fixed curve
+A simple alternative would be to adjust the issuance rate to a fixed number, determined by community inputs. However, this approach presents several risks:
+Lack of Market Mechanisms: Setting a fixed rate ignores the dynamics of free markets and the network’s real-time economic conditions.
+Arbitrary Adjustments: Using another arbitrary number risks undermining the integrity of the system and may lead to decisions that are disconnected from the network’s needs.
+Erosion of Trust: Relying on fixed adjustments could erode trust in the community’s decision-making process, especially if future changes seem disconnected from market realities.
+Compromised Consensus Safety: A fixed issuance rate, especially in uncharted territory, could undermine consensus safety, as it would not be dynamically tied to staking participation or broader network health.
+###Alternative Design 2: Fix Target Staking Yield 
+MEV has become a significant revenue source for stakers. One can consider changing the issuance rate by factoring in MEV tips, maintaining the same target yield as the original curve but offsetting it by the 30-day moving average of MEV tips.
+New Issuance Rate (i) = Target Staking Yield − 30-day moving average of MEV tips
+MEV tips reflect real revenue for validators and stakers, allowing the system to adjust to market conditions:
+Hot Markets: Higher MEV tips allow for lower emissions.
+Cold Markets: Increased emissions compensate validators, maintaining network security.
+This approach is inspired by central bank monetary policy, adjusting inflation based on economic conditions.
+But the big challenge with this design is that it incentivizes MEV payments to move out of sight of the tracking mechanism, thereby rendering the design completely ineffective.
+For an abundance of clarity, we are not proposing any design which requires measuring MEV payments.
+
+##Impact
+
+Implemented thoughtfully, this design could have a major positive economic impact on the overall health of the Solana economy.
+
+##Security Considerations
+
+Targeting a staking participation rate of 50% ensures sufficient stake for consensus safety while maintaining the network’s security and decentralization.
+
+Below 33%, we potentially risk network safety because a supermajority of all SOL has explicitly not voted on any given block and this opens the edge case possibility of long range attacks. It is important to note that these long range attacks are entirely theoretical and we have not seen one in practice. There are other mechanisms in Solana to protect against long range attacks.
+
+This proposal is the first in a series of steps to make Solana’s consensus more secure and economics more market driven. The successor to this proposal is another SIMD that introduces the concept of long-term staking, which seeks to improve network security. The option to unstake SOL on a relatively short notice (i.e., a short cool down period) poses a potential risk to networks’ stability and safety, particularly in extreme circumstances where a significant amount of SOL is unstaked within a brief timeframe. The combination of these two SIMDs address these concerns while improving network security and economic activity.
+
+

From d27fd7c96f48ebf07554c172ecc6eb19855c1e2b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: tjain-mcc <62672378+tjain-mcc@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Thu, 16 Jan 2025 11:14:55 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 2/8] Update and rename simd0221 to
 0228-market-based-emission-mechanism

---
 ...simd0221 => 0228-market-based-emission-mechanism} | 12 ++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 12 insertions(+)
 rename proposals/{simd0221 => 0228-market-based-emission-mechanism} (98%)

diff --git a/proposals/simd0221 b/proposals/0228-market-based-emission-mechanism
similarity index 98%
rename from proposals/simd0221
rename to proposals/0228-market-based-emission-mechanism
index eda453a05..43e64dce3 100644
--- a/proposals/simd0221
+++ b/proposals/0228-market-based-emission-mechanism
@@ -1,3 +1,15 @@
+---
+simd: '0228'
+title: Introducing a Programmatic, Market-Based Emission Mechanism Based on Staking Participation Rate
+authors:
+  - Tushar Jain
+  - Vishal Kankani
+category: Meta
+type: Meta
+status: Draft
+created: 2025-01-16
+---
+
 SIMD ###: Introducing a Programmatic, Market-Based Emission Mechanism Based on Staking Participation Rate
 
 Authors: Tushar Jain, Vishal Kankani

From d3edf6d0e99358ca1978a99e5876926491ecce02 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ben Hawkins <benhawkins@Bens-MacBook-Pro.local>
Date: Thu, 16 Jan 2025 11:22:00 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 3/8] fix linting and formmating errors

---
 .../0228-market-based-emission-mechanism.md   | 309 ++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 309 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 proposals/0228-market-based-emission-mechanism.md

diff --git a/proposals/0228-market-based-emission-mechanism.md b/proposals/0228-market-based-emission-mechanism.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..79bfc7a75
--- /dev/null
+++ b/proposals/0228-market-based-emission-mechanism.md
@@ -0,0 +1,309 @@
+---
+simd: '0228'
+title: Introducing a Programmatic, Market-Based Emission Mechanism Based on
+Staking Participation Rate
+authors:
+  - Tushar Jain
+  - Vishal Kankani
+category: Standard
+type: Core
+status: Review
+created: 2025-01-16
+---
+
+
+## Summary
+
+
+SIMD-0228 Introduces a Market-Based emission mechanism based on staking
+participation rates. This is the first of two SIMDs intended to make Solana
+emissions more market oriented. This SIMD proposes a market-based mechanism to
+dynamically determine Solana emissions.
+
+
+## Motivation
+
+
+As Solana matures, stakers increasingly earn SOL through mechanisms like MEV.
+This income stream reduces the network's historical exclusive reliance on token
+emissions to attract stake and security. According to Blockworks
+(https://solana.blockworksresearch.com/), in Q4 2024 MEV, as measured by Jito
+Tips, was approximately $430M (2.1M SOL),representing massive quarter-over-
+quarter growth. In Q3 Jito Tips were approximately $86M (562k SOL), Q2 was
+approximately $117M (747k SOL), and Q1 was approximately $42M (300k SOL).
+
+
+Given the level of economic activity the network has achieved and the subsequent
+revenue earned by stakers from MEV, now is a good time to revisit the network’s
+emission mechanism and evolve it from a fixed-schedule mechanism to a
+programmatic, market-driven mechanism.
+
+
+The purpose of token emissions in Proof of Stake (PoS) networks is to attract
+stakers and validators to secure the network. Therefore, the most efficient
+amount of token issuance is the lowest rate possible necessary to secure the
+network.
+
+
+Solana’s current emission mechanism is a fixed, time-based formula that was
+activated on epoch 150, a year after genesis on February 10, 2021. The mechanism
+is not aware of network activity, nor does it incorporate that to determine the
+emission rate. Simply put, it’s “dumb emissions.” Given Solana’s thriving
+economic activity, it makes sense to evolve the network’s monetary policy with
+“smart emissions.”
+
+
+There are two major implications of Smart Emissions:
+
+
+Smart Emissions dynamically incentivizes participation when stake drops to
+secure the network.
+Smart Emissions minimize SOL issuance  to the Minimum Necessary Amount (MNA) to
+secure the network.
+
+
+This is good for the Solana network and network stakers for four reasons:
+
+
+High inflation can lead to more centralized ownership. To illustrate the point,
+imagine a network with an exceedingly high inflation rate of 10,000%. People who
+do not stake are diluted and lose ~99% of their network ownership every year to
+stakers. The higher the inflation rate, the more network ownership is
+concentrated in stakers’ hands after compounding for years.
+
+
+Reducing inflation spurs SOL usage in DeFi, which is ultimately good for the
+applications and stimulates new protocol development. Additionally, a high
+staking rate can be viewed as unhealthy for new DeFi protocols, since it means
+the implied hurdle rate is the inflation cost. Lowering the “risk free”
+inflation rate creates stimulative conditions and allows new protocols to grow.
+
+
+If Smart Emissions function as designed, they will systematically reduce selling
+pressure as long as staking participation remains adequate. The inevitable side
+effect and primary downside to high token inflation is increased selling
+pressure. This is because some stakers in different jurisdictions have taken the
+interpretation that staking creates ordinary income, and therefore they must
+sell a portion of their staking rewards to pay taxes. This selling is a
+significant detriment to the network and does not benefit the network in any
+way.
+
+
+
+
+In markets, sometimes perception is as important as reality. While SOL inflation
+is technically not cost to the network, others think it is, and that belief
+overall has a negative impact on the network. Inflation causes long-term,
+continual downward price pressure that negatively distorts the market’s price
+signal and hinders fair price comparison. To use an analogy from traditional
+financial markets, PoS inflation is equivalent to a publicly listed company
+doing a small share split every two days.
+
+
+
+
+Historically, issuance curves have remained static due to Bitcoin’s immutability
+ethos—a “Bitcoin Hangover” so to speak. While immutability suits Bitcoin’s
+mission to become digital gold, it doesn’t map to Solana’s mission to
+synchronize the world’s state at light speed.
+
+
+In summary, the current Solana emissions schedule is suboptimal given the
+current level of activity and fees on the network because it emits more SOL than
+is necessary to secure the network. An issuance curve set by diktat is not the
+right long-term approach for Solana. Markets are the best mechanism in the world
+to determine prices, and therefore, they should be used to determine Solana’s
+emissions.
+
+
+
+
+## Detailed Design
+
+
+### Five variables drive Solana’s staking market:
+Yield for stakers (y)
+Issuance Rate (i) - SOL emitted
+SOL staked (N)
+MEV in SOL terms (MEV)
+Validator commissions (c)
+
+
+These variables are mathematically related:
+
+
+
+
+y = ((i+MEV)/N)*(1-c)
+
+
+Currently, the network has a fixed issuance rate (i) while the number of SOL
+staked (N) fluctuates based on market conditions. MEV also fluctuates based on
+market conditions.
+
+
+When considering new models for issuance, this relationship is critical.
+
+Programmatic, Market-Based Emission Mechanism Based on Staking Participation
+Rate
+
+
+A dynamic, market-based rate can be determined using the following factors:
+
+
+The Staking Participation Rate (s = SOL staked / Total SOL in existence) should
+be based on what is needed for consensus safety.
+The network should reduce issuance if the staking participation rate is higher
+than the target rate and increase issuance if it is lower.
+There should be a ceiling on the inflation rate as a protection mechanism.
+
+
+We imagine the Target Staking Participation Rate (T) as a governable variable
+and recommend a target staking participation rate of 50% for the following
+reasons:
+Beyond 67% incremental staked SOL does not add any incremental security
+guarantees because a supermajority of all SOL has voted on any given block and a
+long range attack is impossible. This “excess stake” explicitly inhibits network
+economic activity and hampers growth.
+Below 33%, we potentially risk network safety because a supermajority of all SOL
+has explicitly not voted on any given block and this opens the edge case
+possibility of long range attacks.
+
+
+It also proposes the following bounds for the issuance rate:
+Upper Bound: The current Solana issuance curve (decreasing at a rate of 15% per
+year and will stop decreasing once nominal inflation is 1.5%).
+Lower Bound: 0%
+
+
+Increases or decreases in inflation should be proportional to the magnitude of
+the difference between the actual staking participation rate and the target rate
+(for example, 50% as per this proposal).
+
+
+This approach would allow for a more dynamic response to fluctuations in staking
+participation. By aligning inflation adjustments with the actual deviation,
+network issuance better reflects the network’s real-time economic and security
+conditions.
+
+
+Inflation adjustment function:
+
+
+Δi= k * Δs
+
+
+Δi = Inflation change for the new epoch
+k = Speed Co-efficient
+Δs = Staking Participation Rate (s) at the start of epoch – Target Staking
+Participation Rate (T)
+
+
+inew = max (0%, min (current issuance curve, ilast + Δi)
+
+
+ilast = Inflation in the last epoch
+inew = Inflation in the new epoch
+current issuance curve = inflation defined by current Solana issuance curve
+
+
+This proposal sets k = 0.05 per annum. So, for each extra percentage point
+higher/lower in staking participation rate, inflation would come down/go up by
+0.05% p.a. in the next epoch. With the current staking participation rate of
+~70%, the network would see a reduction of inflation of 1% p.a. in the next
+epoch. On the other hand, with a hypothetical staking participation rate of say
+40%, the network would see an increase of inflation of 0.5% p.a. in the next
+epoch.
+
+
+The max function ensures that inflation is at least zero, and the min function
+ensures that the inflation does not rise above the current issuance curve.
+This design offers several key benefits:
+Consensus Safety: Adjusting inflation based on staking participation ensures
+sufficient validator incentives to maintain network security, prioritizing
+consensus safety.
+Market-Based Flexibility: The model adapts to the network's economic activity,
+making it more responsive to changing market conditions. It’s possible to
+imagine a future where stakers are earning enough from MEV that no SOL emissions
+are necessary.
+Validator Retention: It accommodates Solana-aligned validators who are willing
+to stake even with lower emissions, recognizing that they can earn more through
+MEV in higher economic activity ecosystems.
+This dynamic approach balances the need for a secure, decentralized network with
+the flexibility to thrive in a competitive market.
+
+
+
+
+## Alternatives Considered
+
+
+### Alternative Design 1: Pick another fixed curve
+A simple alternative would be to adjust the issuance rate to a fixed number,
+determined by community inputs. However, this approach presents several risks:
+Lack of Market Mechanisms: Setting a fixed rate ignores the dynamics of free
+markets and the network’s real-time economic conditions.
+Arbitrary Adjustments: Using another arbitrary number risks undermining the
+integrity of the system and may lead to decisions that are disconnected from the
+network’s needs.
+Erosion of Trust: Relying on fixed adjustments could erode trust in the
+community’s decision-making process, especially if future changes seem
+disconnected from market realities.
+Compromised Consensus Safety: A fixed issuance rate, especially in uncharted
+territory, could undermine consensus safety, as it would not be dynamically tied
+to staking participation or broader network health.
+
+
+### Alternative Design 2: Fix Target Staking Yield
+MEV has become a significant revenue source for stakers. One can consider
+changing the issuance rate by factoring in MEV tips, maintaining the same
+target yield as the original curve but offsetting it by the 30-day moving
+average of MEV tips.
+New Issuance Rate (i) = Target Staking Yield − 30-day moving average of MEV tips
+MEV tips reflect real revenue for validators and stakers, allowing the system to
+adjust to market conditions:
+Hot Markets: Higher MEV tips allow for lower emissions.
+Cold Markets: Increased emissions compensate validators, maintaining network
+security.
+This approach is inspired by central bank monetary policy, adjusting inflation
+based on economic conditions.
+But the big challenge with this design is that it incentivizes MEV payments to
+move out of sight of the tracking mechanism, thereby rendering the design
+completely ineffective.
+For an abundance of clarity, we are not proposing any design which requires
+measuring MEV payments.
+
+
+## Impact
+
+
+Implemented thoughtfully, this design could have a major positive economic
+impact on the overall health of the Solana economy.
+
+
+## Security Considerations
+
+
+Targeting a staking participation rate of 50% ensures sufficient stake for
+consensus safety while maintaining the network’s security and decentralization.
+
+
+Below 33%, we potentially risk network safety because a supermajority of all SOL
+has explicitly not voted on any given block and this opens the edge case
+possibility of long range attacks. It is important to note that these long range
+attacks are entirely theoretical and we have not seen one in practice. There are
+other mechanisms in Solana to protect against long range attacks.
+
+
+This proposal is the first in a series of steps to make Solana’s consensus more
+secure and economics more market driven. The successor to this proposal is
+another SIMD that introduces the concept of long-term staking, which seeks to
+improve network security. The option to unstake SOL on a relatively short notice
+(i.e., a short cool down period) poses a potential risk to networks’ stability
+and safety, particularly in extreme circumstances where a significant amount of
+SOL is unstaked within a brief timeframe. The combination of these two SIMDs
+address these concerns while improving network security and economic activity.
+
+
+
+

From 1269d695717a810faa91d6b4fb697eb161aadb25 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ben Hawkins <benhawkins@Bens-MacBook-Pro.local>
Date: Thu, 16 Jan 2025 11:23:10 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 4/8] delete old file

---
 .../0228-market-based-emission-mechanism      | 144 ------------------
 1 file changed, 144 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 proposals/0228-market-based-emission-mechanism

diff --git a/proposals/0228-market-based-emission-mechanism b/proposals/0228-market-based-emission-mechanism
deleted file mode 100644
index 43e64dce3..000000000
--- a/proposals/0228-market-based-emission-mechanism
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,144 +0,0 @@
----
-simd: '0228'
-title: Introducing a Programmatic, Market-Based Emission Mechanism Based on Staking Participation Rate
-authors:
-  - Tushar Jain
-  - Vishal Kankani
-category: Meta
-type: Meta
-status: Draft
-created: 2025-01-16
----
-
-SIMD ###: Introducing a Programmatic, Market-Based Emission Mechanism Based on Staking Participation Rate
-
-Authors: Tushar Jain, Vishal Kankani
-
-#Summary
-
-This is the first of two SIMDs intended to make Solana emissions more market oriented. This SIMD proposes a market-based mechanism to dynamically determine Solana emissions. 
-
-#Motivation
-
-As Solana matures, stakers increasingly earn SOL through mechanisms like MEV. This income stream reduces the network's historical exclusive reliance on token emissions to attract stake and security. According to Blockworks (https://solana.blockworksresearch.com/), in Q4 2024 MEV, as measured by Jito Tips, was approximately $430M (2.1M SOL),representing massive quarter-over-quarter growth. In Q3 Jito Tips were approximately $86M (562k SOL), Q2 was approximately $117M (747k SOL), and Q1 was approximately $42M (300k SOL). 
-
-Given the level of economic activity the network has achieved and the subsequent revenue earned by stakers from MEV, now is a good time to revisit the network’s emission mechanism and evolve it from a fixed-schedule mechanism to a programmatic, market-driven mechanism.
-
-The purpose of token emissions in Proof of Stake (PoS) networks is to attract stakers and validators to secure the network. Therefore, the most efficient amount of token issuance is the lowest rate possible necessary to secure the network. 
-
-Solana’s current emission mechanism is a fixed, time-based formula that was activated on epoch 150, a year after genesis on February 10, 2021. The mechanism is not aware of network activity, nor does it incorporate that to determine the emission rate. Simply put, it’s “dumb emissions.” Given Solana’s thriving economic activity, it makes sense to evolve the network’s monetary policy with “smart emissions.” 
-
-There are two major implications of Smart Emissions: 
-
-Smart Emissions dynamically incentivizes participation when stake drops to secure the network.
-Smart Emissions minimize SOL issuance  to the Minimum Necessary Amount (MNA) to secure the network.
-
-This is good for the Solana network and network stakers for four reasons:
-
-High inflation can lead to more centralized ownership. To illustrate the point, imagine a network with an exceedingly high inflation rate of 10,000%. People who do not stake are diluted and lose ~99% of their network ownership every year to stakers. The higher the inflation rate, the more network ownership is concentrated in stakers’ hands after compounding for years.
-
-Reducing inflation spurs SOL usage in DeFi, which is ultimately good for the applications and stimulates new protocol development. Additionally, a high staking rate can be viewed as unhealthy for new DeFi protocols, since it means the implied hurdle rate is the inflation cost. Lowering the “risk free” inflation rate creates stimulative conditions and allows new protocols to grow. 
-
-If Smart Emissions function as designed, they will systematically reduce selling pressure as long as staking participation remains adequate. The inevitable side effect and primary downside to high token inflation is increased selling pressure. This is because some stakers in different jurisdictions have taken the interpretation that staking creates ordinary income, and therefore they must sell a portion of their staking rewards to pay taxes. This selling is a significant detriment to the network and does not benefit the network in any way. 
-
-
-In markets, sometimes perception is as important as reality. While SOL inflation is technically not cost to the network, others think it is, and that belief overall has a negative impact on the network. Inflation causes long-term, continual downward price pressure that negatively distorts the market’s price signal and hinders fair price comparison. To use an analogy from traditional financial markets, PoS inflation is equivalent to a publicly listed company doing a small share split every two days.
-
-
-Historically, issuance curves have remained static due to Bitcoin’s immutability ethos—a “Bitcoin Hangover” so to speak. While immutability suits Bitcoin’s mission to become digital gold, it doesn’t map to Solana’s mission to synchronize the world’s state at light speed.
-
-In summary, the current Solana emissions schedule is suboptimal given the current level of activity and fees on the network because it emits more SOL than is necessary to secure the network. An issuance curve set by diktat is not the right long-term approach for Solana. Markets are the best mechanism in the world to determine prices, and therefore, they should be used to determine Solana’s emissions.
-
-
-#Detailed Design
-
-###Five variables drive Solana’s staking market:
-Yield for stakers (y)
-Issuance Rate (i) - SOL emitted
-SOL staked (N)
-MEV in SOL terms (MEV)
-Validator commissions (c)
-
-These variables are mathematically related:
-
-
-y = ((i+MEV)/N)*(1-c)
-
-Currently, the network has a fixed issuance rate (i) while the number of SOL staked (N) fluctuates based on market conditions. MEV also fluctuates based on market conditions. 
-
-When considering new models for issuance, this relationship is critical. 
-
-##Proposed Design: 
-Programmatic, Market-Based Emission Mechanism Based on Staking Participation Rate
-
-A dynamic, market-based rate can be determined using the following factors:
-
-The Staking Participation Rate (s = SOL staked / Total SOL in existence) should be based on what is needed for consensus safety.
-The network should reduce issuance if the staking participation rate is higher than the target rate and increase issuance if it is lower.
-There should be a ceiling on the inflation rate as a protection mechanism.
-
-We imagine the Target Staking Participation Rate (T) as a governable variable and recommend a target staking participation rate of 50% for the following reasons:
-Beyond 67% incremental staked SOL does not add any incremental security guarantees because a supermajority of all SOL has voted on any given block and a long range attack is impossible. This “excess stake” explicitly inhibits network economic activity and hampers growth. 
-Below 33%, we potentially risk network safety because a supermajority of all SOL has explicitly not voted on any given block and this opens the edge case possibility of long range attacks.
-
-It also proposes the following bounds for the issuance rate:
-Upper Bound: The current Solana issuance curve (decreasing at a rate of 15% per year and will stop decreasing once nominal inflation is 1.5%).
-Lower Bound: 0%
-
-Increases or decreases in inflation should be proportional to the magnitude of the difference between the actual staking participation rate and the target rate (for example, 50% as per this proposal).
-
-This approach would allow for a more dynamic response to fluctuations in staking participation. By aligning inflation adjustments with the actual deviation, network issuance better reflects the network’s real-time economic and security conditions.
-
-Inflation adjustment function:
-
-Δi= k * Δs
-
-Δi = Inflation change for the new epoch
-k = Speed Co-efficient
-Δs = Staking Participation Rate (s) at the start of epoch – Target Staking Participation Rate (T)
-
-inew = max (0%, min (current issuance curve, ilast + Δi)
-
-ilast = Inflation in the last epoch
-inew = Inflation in the new epoch
-current issuance curve = inflation defined by current Solana issuance curve
-
-This proposal sets k = 0.05 per annum. So, for each extra percentage point higher/lower in staking participation rate, inflation would come down/go up by 0.05% p.a. in the next epoch. With the current staking participation rate of ~70%, the network would see a reduction of inflation of 1% p.a. in the next epoch. On the other hand, with a hypothetical staking participation rate of say 40%, the network would see an increase of inflation of 0.5% p.a. in the next epoch.
-
-The max function ensures that inflation is at least zero, and the min function ensures that the inflation does not rise above the current issuance curve.
-This design offers several key benefits:
-Consensus Safety: Adjusting inflation based on staking participation ensures sufficient validator incentives to maintain network security, prioritizing consensus safety.
-Market-Based Flexibility: The model adapts to the network's economic activity, making it more responsive to changing market conditions. It’s possible to imagine a future where stakers are earning enough from MEV that no SOL emissions are necessary. 
-Validator Retention: It accommodates Solana-aligned validators who are willing to stake even with lower emissions, recognizing that they can earn more through MEV in higher economic activity ecosystems.
-This dynamic approach balances the need for a secure, decentralized network with the flexibility to thrive in a competitive market.
-##Alternatives Considered
-
-###Alternative Design 1: Pick another fixed curve
-A simple alternative would be to adjust the issuance rate to a fixed number, determined by community inputs. However, this approach presents several risks:
-Lack of Market Mechanisms: Setting a fixed rate ignores the dynamics of free markets and the network’s real-time economic conditions.
-Arbitrary Adjustments: Using another arbitrary number risks undermining the integrity of the system and may lead to decisions that are disconnected from the network’s needs.
-Erosion of Trust: Relying on fixed adjustments could erode trust in the community’s decision-making process, especially if future changes seem disconnected from market realities.
-Compromised Consensus Safety: A fixed issuance rate, especially in uncharted territory, could undermine consensus safety, as it would not be dynamically tied to staking participation or broader network health.
-###Alternative Design 2: Fix Target Staking Yield 
-MEV has become a significant revenue source for stakers. One can consider changing the issuance rate by factoring in MEV tips, maintaining the same target yield as the original curve but offsetting it by the 30-day moving average of MEV tips.
-New Issuance Rate (i) = Target Staking Yield − 30-day moving average of MEV tips
-MEV tips reflect real revenue for validators and stakers, allowing the system to adjust to market conditions:
-Hot Markets: Higher MEV tips allow for lower emissions.
-Cold Markets: Increased emissions compensate validators, maintaining network security.
-This approach is inspired by central bank monetary policy, adjusting inflation based on economic conditions.
-But the big challenge with this design is that it incentivizes MEV payments to move out of sight of the tracking mechanism, thereby rendering the design completely ineffective.
-For an abundance of clarity, we are not proposing any design which requires measuring MEV payments.
-
-##Impact
-
-Implemented thoughtfully, this design could have a major positive economic impact on the overall health of the Solana economy.
-
-##Security Considerations
-
-Targeting a staking participation rate of 50% ensures sufficient stake for consensus safety while maintaining the network’s security and decentralization.
-
-Below 33%, we potentially risk network safety because a supermajority of all SOL has explicitly not voted on any given block and this opens the edge case possibility of long range attacks. It is important to note that these long range attacks are entirely theoretical and we have not seen one in practice. There are other mechanisms in Solana to protect against long range attacks.
-
-This proposal is the first in a series of steps to make Solana’s consensus more secure and economics more market driven. The successor to this proposal is another SIMD that introduces the concept of long-term staking, which seeks to improve network security. The option to unstake SOL on a relatively short notice (i.e., a short cool down period) poses a potential risk to networks’ stability and safety, particularly in extreme circumstances where a significant amount of SOL is unstaked within a brief timeframe. The combination of these two SIMDs address these concerns while improving network security and economic activity.
-
-

From 24b1b71062b3521c37ac2c64306312bfcc7aff25 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Max Resnick <xresnick@umich.edu>
Date: Tue, 28 Jan 2025 20:14:48 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 5/8] replaced the old mechanism with a static curve

---
 .../0228-market-based-emission-mechanism.md   | 250 ++++--------------
 .../issuance_rate.png                         | Bin 0 -> 39811 bytes
 .../validator_returns.png                     | Bin 0 -> 62937 bytes
 3 files changed, 57 insertions(+), 193 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 suporting_images/0228-market-based-emission-mechanism/issuance_rate.png
 create mode 100644 suporting_images/0228-market-based-emission-mechanism/validator_returns.png

diff --git a/proposals/0228-market-based-emission-mechanism.md b/proposals/0228-market-based-emission-mechanism.md
index 79bfc7a75..dc12d67cb 100644
--- a/proposals/0228-market-based-emission-mechanism.md
+++ b/proposals/0228-market-based-emission-mechanism.md
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 ---
 simd: '0228'
-title: Introducing a Programmatic, Market-Based Emission Mechanism Based on
-Staking Participation Rate
+title: Market-Based Emission Mechanism Based on staking Participation Rate
 authors:
   - Tushar Jain
   - Vishal Kankani
+  - Max Resnick
 category: Standard
 type: Core
 status: Review
@@ -14,71 +14,60 @@ created: 2025-01-16
 
 ## Summary
 
-
 SIMD-0228 Introduces a Market-Based emission mechanism based on staking
-participation rates. This is the first of two SIMDs intended to make Solana
-emissions more market oriented. This SIMD proposes a market-based mechanism to
-dynamically determine Solana emissions.
+participation rates. The mechanism is a static curve that reduces the total issuance
+rate by a factor of the square root of the staking participation rate.
 
 
 ## Motivation
 
-
-As Solana matures, stakers increasingly earn SOL through mechanisms like MEV.
-This income stream reduces the network's historical exclusive reliance on token
-emissions to attract stake and security. According to Blockworks
-(https://solana.blockworksresearch.com/), in Q4 2024 MEV, as measured by Jito
-Tips, was approximately $430M (2.1M SOL),representing massive quarter-over-
-quarter growth. In Q3 Jito Tips were approximately $86M (562k SOL), Q2 was
-approximately $117M (747k SOL), and Q1 was approximately $42M (300k SOL).
-
+Solana has historically relied on token emissions to attract stake and guarantee security.
+As Solana matures, stakers are increasingly earning SOL from other sources (e.g. MEV).
+These developments have resulted in an increasing fraction of the Solana supply staked,
+meaning the network is now overpaying security since emissions haven't adjusted to the elevated demand for staking.
+According to Blockworks (https://solana.blockworksresearch.com/), in Q4 2024 MEV, as measured by Jito
+Tips, was approximately \$430M (2.1M SOL), representing massive quarter-over-
+quarter growth. In Q3 Jito Tips were approximately \$86M (562k SOL), Q2 was
+approximately \$117M (747k SOL), and Q1 was approximately \$42M (300k SOL).
 
 Given the level of economic activity the network has achieved and the subsequent
-revenue earned by stakers from MEV, now is a good time to revisit the network’s
+revenue earned by stakers from MEV, now is a good time to revisit the network's
 emission mechanism and evolve it from a fixed-schedule mechanism to a
 programmatic, market-driven mechanism.
 
-
 The purpose of token emissions in Proof of Stake (PoS) networks is to attract
-stakers and validators to secure the network. Therefore, the most efficient
+stakers and validators to secure the network. But issuance should never by higher than needed because  Therefore, the most efficient
 amount of token issuance is the lowest rate possible necessary to secure the
 network.
 
-
-Solana’s current emission mechanism is a fixed, time-based formula that was
+Solana's current emission mechanism is a fixed, time-based formula that was
 activated on epoch 150, a year after genesis on February 10, 2021. The mechanism
 is not aware of network activity, nor does it incorporate that to determine the
-emission rate. Simply put, it’s “dumb emissions.” Given Solana’s thriving
-economic activity, it makes sense to evolve the network’s monetary policy with
-“smart emissions.”
-
+emission rate. Simply put, it's "dumb emissions." Given Solana's thriving
+economic activity, it makes sense to evolve the network's monetary policy with
+"smart emissions."
 
 There are two major implications of Smart Emissions:
 
-
 Smart Emissions dynamically incentivizes participation when stake drops to
 secure the network.
 Smart Emissions minimize SOL issuance  to the Minimum Necessary Amount (MNA) to
 secure the network.
 
-
 This is good for the Solana network and network stakers for four reasons:
 
-
 High inflation can lead to more centralized ownership. To illustrate the point,
 imagine a network with an exceedingly high inflation rate of 10,000%. People who
 do not stake are diluted and lose ~99% of their network ownership every year to
 stakers. The higher the inflation rate, the more network ownership is
-concentrated in stakers’ hands after compounding for years.
-
+concentrated in stakers' hands after compounding for years.
 
 Reducing inflation spurs SOL usage in DeFi, which is ultimately good for the
 applications and stimulates new protocol development. Additionally, a high
 staking rate can be viewed as unhealthy for new DeFi protocols, since it means
-the implied hurdle rate is the inflation cost. Lowering the “risk free”
+the implied hurdle rate is the inflation cost. Lowering the "risk free"
 inflation rate creates stimulative conditions and allows new protocols to grow.
 
-
 If Smart Emissions function as designed, they will systematically reduce selling
 pressure as long as staking participation remains adequate. The inevitable side
 effect and primary downside to high token inflation is increased selling
@@ -88,205 +77,84 @@ sell a portion of their staking rewards to pay taxes. This selling is a
 significant detriment to the network and does not benefit the network in any
 way.
 
-
-
-
 In markets, sometimes perception is as important as reality. While SOL inflation
 is technically not cost to the network, others think it is, and that belief
 overall has a negative impact on the network. Inflation causes long-term,
-continual downward price pressure that negatively distorts the market’s price
+continual downward price pressure that negatively distorts the market's price
 signal and hinders fair price comparison. To use an analogy from traditional
 financial markets, PoS inflation is equivalent to a publicly listed company
 doing a small share split every two days.
 
-
-
-
-Historically, issuance curves have remained static due to Bitcoin’s immutability
-ethos—a “Bitcoin Hangover” so to speak. While immutability suits Bitcoin’s
-mission to become digital gold, it doesn’t map to Solana’s mission to
-synchronize the world’s state at light speed.
-
+Historically, issuance curves have remained static due to Bitcoin's immutability
+ethos—a "Bitcoin Hangover" so to speak. While immutability suits Bitcoin's
+mission to become digital gold, it doesn't map to Solana's mission to
+synchronize the world's state at light speed.
 
 In summary, the current Solana emissions schedule is suboptimal given the
 current level of activity and fees on the network because it emits more SOL than
 is necessary to secure the network. An issuance curve set by diktat is not the
 right long-term approach for Solana. Markets are the best mechanism in the world
-to determine prices, and therefore, they should be used to determine Solana’s
+to determine prices, and therefore, they should be used to determine Solana's
 emissions.
 
-
-
-
 ## Detailed Design
 
+### The Variables:
 
-### Five variables drive Solana’s staking market:
-Yield for stakers (y)
-Issuance Rate (i) - SOL emitted
-SOL staked (N)
-MEV in SOL terms (MEV)
-Validator commissions (c)
-
-
-These variables are mathematically related:
-
-
-
-
-y = ((i+MEV)/N)*(1-c)
-
-
-Currently, the network has a fixed issuance rate (i) while the number of SOL
-staked (N) fluctuates based on market conditions. MEV also fluctuates based on
-market conditions.
-
-
-When considering new models for issuance, this relationship is critical.
-
-Programmatic, Market-Based Emission Mechanism Based on Staking Participation
-Rate
+- Fraction of total supply staked: $s$
+- Issuance Rate $i$
+- Validator returns $v(s) = \frac{i}{s} + MEV$
+- r is the current inflation rate which is a constant (currently 4.5%) that automatically goes down by 15% every year until it reaches 1.5% where it stops changing.
 
+### New Emission Rate Formula
 
-A dynamic, market-based rate can be determined using the following factors:
+The issuance rate formula is:
 
+$i(s) = r(1 - \sqrt{s})$
 
-The Staking Participation Rate (s = SOL staked / Total SOL in existence) should
-be based on what is needed for consensus safety.
-The network should reduce issuance if the staking participation rate is higher
-than the target rate and increase issuance if it is lower.
-There should be a ceiling on the inflation rate as a protection mechanism.
+![Issuance Rate](../suporting_images/0228-market-based-emission-mechanism/issuance_rate.png)
 
+This yields a vote reward rate for validators with good performance of:
 
-We imagine the Target Staking Participation Rate (T) as a governable variable
-and recommend a target staking participation rate of 50% for the following
-reasons:
-Beyond 67% incremental staked SOL does not add any incremental security
-guarantees because a supermajority of all SOL has voted on any given block and a
-long range attack is impossible. This “excess stake” explicitly inhibits network
-economic activity and hampers growth.
-Below 33%, we potentially risk network safety because a supermajority of all SOL
-has explicitly not voted on any given block and this opens the edge case
-possibility of long range attacks.
-
-
-It also proposes the following bounds for the issuance rate:
-Upper Bound: The current Solana issuance curve (decreasing at a rate of 15% per
-year and will stop decreasing once nominal inflation is 1.5%).
-Lower Bound: 0%
-
-
-Increases or decreases in inflation should be proportional to the magnitude of
-the difference between the actual staking participation rate and the target rate
-(for example, 50% as per this proposal).
-
-
-This approach would allow for a more dynamic response to fluctuations in staking
-participation. By aligning inflation adjustments with the actual deviation,
-network issuance better reflects the network’s real-time economic and security
-conditions.
-
-
-Inflation adjustment function:
-
-
-Δi= k * Δs
-
-
-Δi = Inflation change for the new epoch
-k = Speed Co-efficient
-Δs = Staking Participation Rate (s) at the start of epoch – Target Staking
-Participation Rate (T)
-
-
-inew = max (0%, min (current issuance curve, ilast + Δi)
-
-
-ilast = Inflation in the last epoch
-inew = Inflation in the new epoch
-current issuance curve = inflation defined by current Solana issuance curve
-
-
-This proposal sets k = 0.05 per annum. So, for each extra percentage point
-higher/lower in staking participation rate, inflation would come down/go up by
-0.05% p.a. in the next epoch. With the current staking participation rate of
-~70%, the network would see a reduction of inflation of 1% p.a. in the next
-epoch. On the other hand, with a hypothetical staking participation rate of say
-40%, the network would see an increase of inflation of 0.5% p.a. in the next
-epoch.
-
-
-The max function ensures that inflation is at least zero, and the min function
-ensures that the inflation does not rise above the current issuance curve.
-This design offers several key benefits:
-Consensus Safety: Adjusting inflation based on staking participation ensures
-sufficient validator incentives to maintain network security, prioritizing
-consensus safety.
-Market-Based Flexibility: The model adapts to the network's economic activity,
-making it more responsive to changing market conditions. It’s possible to
-imagine a future where stakers are earning enough from MEV that no SOL emissions
-are necessary.
-Validator Retention: It accommodates Solana-aligned validators who are willing
-to stake even with lower emissions, recognizing that they can earn more through
-MEV in higher economic activity ecosystems.
-This dynamic approach balances the need for a secure, decentralized network with
-the flexibility to thrive in a competitive market.
-
+$v(s) = \frac{i(s)}{s} = \frac{r(1 - \sqrt{s})}{s}$
 
+![Issuance Rate](../suporting_images/0228-market-based-emission-mechanism/validator_returns.png)
 
 
 ## Alternatives Considered
 
+### Alternative Design 1: Pick another fixed rate
 
-### Alternative Design 1: Pick another fixed curve
-A simple alternative would be to adjust the issuance rate to a fixed number,
+A simple alternative would be to adjust the issuance rate to a fixed number, $r$
 determined by community inputs. However, this approach presents several risks:
 Lack of Market Mechanisms: Setting a fixed rate ignores the dynamics of free
-markets and the network’s real-time economic conditions.
-Arbitrary Adjustments: Using another arbitrary number risks undermining the
-integrity of the system and may lead to decisions that are disconnected from the
-network’s needs.
-Erosion of Trust: Relying on fixed adjustments could erode trust in the
-community’s decision-making process, especially if future changes seem
-disconnected from market realities.
-Compromised Consensus Safety: A fixed issuance rate, especially in uncharted
-territory, could undermine consensus safety, as it would not be dynamically tied
-to staking participation or broader network health.
-
+markets and the network's real-time economic conditions:
+- **Lack of Market Mechanisms**: Setting a fixed rate ignores the dynamics of free markets and the network's real-time economic conditions
+- **Arbitrary Adjustments**: Using another arbitrary number risks undermining the integrity of the system and may lead to decisions that are disconnected from the network's needs
+- **Erosion of Trust**: Relying on fixed adjustments could erode trust in the community's decision-making process, especially if future changes seem disconnected from market realities
+- **Compromised Consensus Safety**: A fixed issuance rate, especially in uncharted territory, could undermine consensus safety, as it would not be dynamically tied to staking participation or broader network health
 
 ### Alternative Design 2: Fix Target Staking Yield
-MEV has become a significant revenue source for stakers. One can consider
-changing the issuance rate by factoring in MEV tips, maintaining the same
-target yield as the original curve but offsetting it by the 30-day moving
-average of MEV tips.
-New Issuance Rate (i) = Target Staking Yield − 30-day moving average of MEV tips
-MEV tips reflect real revenue for validators and stakers, allowing the system to
-adjust to market conditions:
-Hot Markets: Higher MEV tips allow for lower emissions.
-Cold Markets: Increased emissions compensate validators, maintaining network
-security.
-This approach is inspired by central bank monetary policy, adjusting inflation
-based on economic conditions.
-But the big challenge with this design is that it incentivizes MEV payments to
-move out of sight of the tracking mechanism, thereby rendering the design
-completely ineffective.
-For an abundance of clarity, we are not proposing any design which requires
-measuring MEV payments.
 
+- **Revenue Source**: MEV has become a significant revenue source for stakers.
+- **Proposed Change**: One can consider changing the issuance rate by factoring in MEV tips, maintaining the same target yield as the original curve but offsetting it by the 30-day moving average of MEV tips.
+- **Formula**: New Issuance Rate (i) = Target Staking Yield − 30-day moving average of MEV tips
+- **Market Impact**: MEV tips reflect real revenue for validators and stakers, allowing the system to adjust to market conditions:
+  - **Hot Markets**: Higher MEV tips allow for lower emissions.
+  - **Cold Markets**: Increased emissions compensate validators, maintaining network security.
+- **Inspiration**: This approach is inspired by central bank monetary policy, adjusting inflation based on economic conditions.
+- **Key Challenge**: The big challenge with this design is that it incentivizes MEV payments to move out of sight of the tracking mechanism, thereby rendering the design completely ineffective.
+- **Important Note**: For an abundance of clarity, we are not proposing any design which requires measuring MEV payments.
 
 ## Impact
 
-
 Implemented thoughtfully, this design could have a major positive economic
 impact on the overall health of the Solana economy.
 
-
 ## Security Considerations
 
-
 Targeting a staking participation rate of 50% ensures sufficient stake for
-consensus safety while maintaining the network’s security and decentralization.
-
+consensus safety while maintaining the network's security and decentralization.
 
 Below 33%, we potentially risk network safety because a supermajority of all SOL
 has explicitly not voted on any given block and this opens the edge case
@@ -294,16 +162,12 @@ possibility of long range attacks. It is important to note that these long range
 attacks are entirely theoretical and we have not seen one in practice. There are
 other mechanisms in Solana to protect against long range attacks.
 
-
-This proposal is the first in a series of steps to make Solana’s consensus more
+This proposal is the first in a series of steps to make Solana's consensus more
 secure and economics more market driven. The successor to this proposal is
 another SIMD that introduces the concept of long-term staking, which seeks to
 improve network security. The option to unstake SOL on a relatively short notice
-(i.e., a short cool down period) poses a potential risk to networks’ stability
+(i.e., a short cool down period) poses a potential risk to networks' stability
 and safety, particularly in extreme circumstances where a significant amount of
 SOL is unstaked within a brief timeframe. The combination of these two SIMDs
 address these concerns while improving network security and economic activity.
 
-
-
-
diff --git a/suporting_images/0228-market-based-emission-mechanism/issuance_rate.png b/suporting_images/0228-market-based-emission-mechanism/issuance_rate.png
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From 66c26a90c89ce5049a10ad2b6deafbb70091ad9f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Max Resnick <xresnick@umich.edu>
Date: Wed, 29 Jan 2025 13:45:42 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 6/8] fixing typos

---
 .../0228-market-based-emission-mechanism.md   | 23 ++++---------------
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 19 deletions(-)

diff --git a/proposals/0228-market-based-emission-mechanism.md b/proposals/0228-market-based-emission-mechanism.md
index dc12d67cb..9aeac0589 100644
--- a/proposals/0228-market-based-emission-mechanism.md
+++ b/proposals/0228-market-based-emission-mechanism.md
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ emission mechanism and evolve it from a fixed-schedule mechanism to a
 programmatic, market-driven mechanism.
 
 The purpose of token emissions in Proof of Stake (PoS) networks is to attract
-stakers and validators to secure the network. But issuance should never by higher than needed because  Therefore, the most efficient
+stakers and validators to secure the network. But issuance should never be higher than needed because  Therefore, the most efficient
 amount of token issuance is the lowest rate possible necessary to secure the
 network.
 
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ There are two major implications of Smart Emissions:
 
 Smart Emissions dynamically incentivizes participation when stake drops to
 secure the network.
-Smart Emissions minimize SOL issuance  to the Minimum Necessary Amount (MNA) to
+Smart Emissions minimize SOL issuance to the Minimum Necessary Amount (MNA) to
 secure the network.
 
 This is good for the Solana network and network stakers for four reasons:
@@ -153,21 +153,6 @@ impact on the overall health of the Solana economy.
 
 ## Security Considerations
 
-Targeting a staking participation rate of 50% ensures sufficient stake for
-consensus safety while maintaining the network's security and decentralization.
-
-Below 33%, we potentially risk network safety because a supermajority of all SOL
-has explicitly not voted on any given block and this opens the edge case
-possibility of long range attacks. It is important to note that these long range
-attacks are entirely theoretical and we have not seen one in practice. There are
-other mechanisms in Solana to protect against long range attacks.
-
-This proposal is the first in a series of steps to make Solana's consensus more
-secure and economics more market driven. The successor to this proposal is
-another SIMD that introduces the concept of long-term staking, which seeks to
-improve network security. The option to unstake SOL on a relatively short notice
-(i.e., a short cool down period) poses a potential risk to networks' stability
-and safety, particularly in extreme circumstances where a significant amount of
-SOL is unstaked within a brief timeframe. The combination of these two SIMDs
-address these concerns while improving network security and economic activity.
+The biggest concern for this proposal is that it could reduce the amount of SOL staked more than desired. We can assure ourselves that at least with current market conditions the resulting equilibrium staked amount would be more than 30% with the following reasoning:
 
+Currently the issuance rate is 4.5% and the staked amount is 65% which comes out to around 6.25% validator rewards for performant stakers (not including MEV). If the issuance rate were instead governed by this proposal, we should expect the staked amount to be more than 30% because $v(30\%) \approx 6.25\%$. We know that $D(6.25\%)$ = 65% and therefore the staked amount under the new issuance rate would be more than 30% if demand stays the same. 

From ff8b657c87573726e696a670820d4ab04c64ad91 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Max Resnick <xresnick@umich.edu>
Date: Wed, 29 Jan 2025 19:17:15 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 7/8] polishing up a few things

---
 proposals/0228-market-based-emission-mechanism.md | 8 ++++----
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/proposals/0228-market-based-emission-mechanism.md b/proposals/0228-market-based-emission-mechanism.md
index 9aeac0589..628d1dd06 100644
--- a/proposals/0228-market-based-emission-mechanism.md
+++ b/proposals/0228-market-based-emission-mechanism.md
@@ -36,8 +36,8 @@ emission mechanism and evolve it from a fixed-schedule mechanism to a
 programmatic, market-driven mechanism.
 
 The purpose of token emissions in Proof of Stake (PoS) networks is to attract
-stakers and validators to secure the network. But issuance should never be higher than needed because  Therefore, the most efficient
-amount of token issuance is the lowest rate possible necessary to secure the
+stakers and validators to secure the network. But excessive issuance is costly because it imposes frictions on the network and crowds out SOL usage in DeFi. Therefore, the most efficient
+amount of token issuance is the lowest rate necessary to secure the
 network.
 
 Solana's current emission mechanism is a fixed, time-based formula that was
@@ -110,13 +110,13 @@ emissions.
 
 The issuance rate formula is:
 
-$i(s) = r(1 - \sqrt{s})$
+$$i(s) = r(1 - \sqrt{s})$$
 
 ![Issuance Rate](../suporting_images/0228-market-based-emission-mechanism/issuance_rate.png)
 
 This yields a vote reward rate for validators with good performance of:
 
-$v(s) = \frac{i(s)}{s} = \frac{r(1 - \sqrt{s})}{s}$
+$$v(s) = \frac{i(s)}{s} = \frac{r(1 - \sqrt{s})}{s}$$
 
 ![Issuance Rate](../suporting_images/0228-market-based-emission-mechanism/validator_returns.png)
 

From 2cf908ff41deca88744a8defb676b2a4c8cbe21b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Max Resnick <xresnick@umich.edu>
Date: Wed, 29 Jan 2025 19:44:58 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 8/8] linter

---
 .../0228-market-based-emission-mechanism.md   | 94 ++++++++++++-------
 1 file changed, 62 insertions(+), 32 deletions(-)

diff --git a/proposals/0228-market-based-emission-mechanism.md b/proposals/0228-market-based-emission-mechanism.md
index 628d1dd06..b3390f56f 100644
--- a/proposals/0228-market-based-emission-mechanism.md
+++ b/proposals/0228-market-based-emission-mechanism.md
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 ---
 simd: '0228'
-title: Market-Based Emission Mechanism Based on staking Participation Rate
+title: Market-Based Emission Mechanism
 authors:
   - Tushar Jain
   - Vishal Kankani
@@ -18,17 +18,19 @@ SIMD-0228 Introduces a Market-Based emission mechanism based on staking
 participation rates. The mechanism is a static curve that reduces the total issuance
 rate by a factor of the square root of the staking participation rate.
 
-
 ## Motivation
 
-Solana has historically relied on token emissions to attract stake and guarantee security.
-As Solana matures, stakers are increasingly earning SOL from other sources (e.g. MEV).
-These developments have resulted in an increasing fraction of the Solana supply staked,
-meaning the network is now overpaying security since emissions haven't adjusted to the elevated demand for staking.
-According to Blockworks (https://solana.blockworksresearch.com/), in Q4 2024 MEV, as measured by Jito
-Tips, was approximately \$430M (2.1M SOL), representing massive quarter-over-
-quarter growth. In Q3 Jito Tips were approximately \$86M (562k SOL), Q2 was
-approximately \$117M (747k SOL), and Q1 was approximately \$42M (300k SOL).
+Solana has historically relied on token emissions to attract stake and guarantee
+security. As Solana matures, stakers are increasingly earning SOL from other
+sources (e.g. MEV). These developments have resulted in an increasing fraction
+of the Solana supply staked, meaning the network is now overpaying security
+since emissions haven't adjusted to the elevated demand for staking.
+
+According to Blockworks (<https://solana.blockworksresearch.com/>), in Q4 2024
+MEV, as measured by Jito Tips, was approximately \$430M (2.1M SOL), representing
+massive quarter-over-quarter growth. In Q3 Jito Tips were approximately
+\$86M (562k SOL), Q2 was approximately \$117M (747k SOL), and Q1 was approximately
+\$42M (300k SOL).
 
 Given the level of economic activity the network has achieved and the subsequent
 revenue earned by stakers from MEV, now is a good time to revisit the network's
@@ -36,11 +38,12 @@ emission mechanism and evolve it from a fixed-schedule mechanism to a
 programmatic, market-driven mechanism.
 
 The purpose of token emissions in Proof of Stake (PoS) networks is to attract
-stakers and validators to secure the network. But excessive issuance is costly because it imposes frictions on the network and crowds out SOL usage in DeFi. Therefore, the most efficient
-amount of token issuance is the lowest rate necessary to secure the
-network.
+stakers and validators to secure the network. But excessive issuance is costly
+because it imposes frictions on the network and crowds out SOL usage in DeFi.
+Therefore, the most efficient amount of token issuance is the lowest rate
+necessary to secure the network.
 
-Solana's current emission mechanism is a fixed, time-based formula that was
+Solana's current emission mechanism is a fixed, time-based, formula that was
 activated on epoch 150, a year after genesis on February 10, 2021. The mechanism
 is not aware of network activity, nor does it incorporate that to determine the
 emission rate. Simply put, it's "dumb emissions." Given Solana's thriving
@@ -97,14 +100,17 @@ right long-term approach for Solana. Markets are the best mechanism in the world
 to determine prices, and therefore, they should be used to determine Solana's
 emissions.
 
-## Detailed Design
 
-### The Variables:
+## New Terminology
 
 - Fraction of total supply staked: $s$
 - Issuance Rate $i$
 - Validator returns $v(s) = \frac{i}{s} + MEV$
-- r is the current inflation rate which is a constant (currently 4.5%) that automatically goes down by 15% every year until it reaches 1.5% where it stops changing.
+- r is the current inflation rate which is a constant (currently 4.5%) that
+automatically goes down by 15% every year until it reaches 1.5% where it 
+stops changing.
+
+## Detailed Design
 
 ### New Emission Rate Formula
 
@@ -120,7 +126,6 @@ $$v(s) = \frac{i(s)}{s} = \frac{r(1 - \sqrt{s})}{s}$$
 
 ![Issuance Rate](../suporting_images/0228-market-based-emission-mechanism/validator_returns.png)
 
-
 ## Alternatives Considered
 
 ### Alternative Design 1: Pick another fixed rate
@@ -129,22 +134,39 @@ A simple alternative would be to adjust the issuance rate to a fixed number, $r$
 determined by community inputs. However, this approach presents several risks:
 Lack of Market Mechanisms: Setting a fixed rate ignores the dynamics of free
 markets and the network's real-time economic conditions:
-- **Lack of Market Mechanisms**: Setting a fixed rate ignores the dynamics of free markets and the network's real-time economic conditions
-- **Arbitrary Adjustments**: Using another arbitrary number risks undermining the integrity of the system and may lead to decisions that are disconnected from the network's needs
-- **Erosion of Trust**: Relying on fixed adjustments could erode trust in the community's decision-making process, especially if future changes seem disconnected from market realities
-- **Compromised Consensus Safety**: A fixed issuance rate, especially in uncharted territory, could undermine consensus safety, as it would not be dynamically tied to staking participation or broader network health
+
+- **Lack of Market Mechanisms**: Setting a fixed rate ignores the dynamics of
+ free markets and the network's real-time economic conditions
+- **Arbitrary Adjustments**: Using another arbitrary number risks undermining the
+ integrity of the system and may lead to decisions that are disconnected from the
+network's needs
+- **Erosion of Trust**: Relying on fixed adjustments could erode trust in the
+community's decision-making process, especially if future changes seem
+disconnected from market realities
+- **Compromised Consensus Safety**: A fixed issuance rate, especially in
+ uncharted territory, could undermine consensus safety, as it would not be
+dynamically tied to staking participation or broader network health
 
 ### Alternative Design 2: Fix Target Staking Yield
 
 - **Revenue Source**: MEV has become a significant revenue source for stakers.
-- **Proposed Change**: One can consider changing the issuance rate by factoring in MEV tips, maintaining the same target yield as the original curve but offsetting it by the 30-day moving average of MEV tips.
-- **Formula**: New Issuance Rate (i) = Target Staking Yield − 30-day moving average of MEV tips
-- **Market Impact**: MEV tips reflect real revenue for validators and stakers, allowing the system to adjust to market conditions:
+- **Proposed Change**: One can consider changing the issuance rate by factoring
+in MEV tips, maintaining the same target yield as the original curve but
+offsetting it by the 30-day moving average of MEV tips.
+- **Formula**: New Issuance Rate (i) = Target Staking Yield − 30-day moving
+ average of MEV tips
+- **Market Impact**: MEV tips reflect real revenue for validators and stakers,
+allowing the system to adjust to market conditions:
   - **Hot Markets**: Higher MEV tips allow for lower emissions.
-  - **Cold Markets**: Increased emissions compensate validators, maintaining network security.
-- **Inspiration**: This approach is inspired by central bank monetary policy, adjusting inflation based on economic conditions.
-- **Key Challenge**: The big challenge with this design is that it incentivizes MEV payments to move out of sight of the tracking mechanism, thereby rendering the design completely ineffective.
-- **Important Note**: For an abundance of clarity, we are not proposing any design which requires measuring MEV payments.
+  - **Cold Markets**: Increased emissions compensate validators, maintaining
+ network security.
+- **Inspiration**: This approach is inspired by central bank monetary policy,
+adjusting inflation based on economic conditions.
+- **Key Challenge**: The big challenge with this design is that it incentivizes
+MEV payments to move out of sight of the tracking mechanism, thereby rendering
+the design completely ineffective.
+- **Important Note**: For an abundance of clarity, we are not proposing any design
+which requires measuring MEV payments.
 
 ## Impact
 
@@ -153,6 +175,14 @@ impact on the overall health of the Solana economy.
 
 ## Security Considerations
 
-The biggest concern for this proposal is that it could reduce the amount of SOL staked more than desired. We can assure ourselves that at least with current market conditions the resulting equilibrium staked amount would be more than 30% with the following reasoning:
-
-Currently the issuance rate is 4.5% and the staked amount is 65% which comes out to around 6.25% validator rewards for performant stakers (not including MEV). If the issuance rate were instead governed by this proposal, we should expect the staked amount to be more than 30% because $v(30\%) \approx 6.25\%$. We know that $D(6.25\%)$ = 65% and therefore the staked amount under the new issuance rate would be more than 30% if demand stays the same. 
+The biggest concern for this proposal is that it could reduce the amount of SOL
+staked more than desired. We can assure ourselves that at least with current
+market conditions the resulting equilibrium staked amount would be more than 30%
+with the following reasoning:
+
+Currently the issuance rate is 4.5% and the staked amount is 65% which comes out
+to around 6.25% validator rewards for performant stakers (not including MEV).
+If the issuance rate were instead governed by this proposal, we should expect
+the staked amount to be more than 30% because $v(30\%) \approx 6.25\%$.
+We know that $D(6.25\%)$ = 65% and therefore the staked amount under the new
+issuance rate would be more than 30% if demand stays the same.