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flashcards.json
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{
"data":[
{
"anki-order":"1.01",
"book-order":"1.1",
"part-of-speech":"Vconj",
"practice":"1",
"irregular":"<ul><li>来[き]</li><li>し</li></ul>",
"conjugation":{
"romaji":"<em>Vconj</em> <strong>+</strong> masu",
"kanji":"<em>Vconj</em> <strong>+</strong> ます",
"translation":"<ul><li>\"do/will do\"</li><li>\"there is/there will be\"</li></ul>",
"related": ""
},
"description":{
"romaji":"Expresses actions or states which regularly take place/exist or will take place/exist. The auxiliary <em>masu</em> makes the tone of speech polite.",
"kanji":"Expresses actions or states which regularly take place/exist or will take place/exist. The auxiliary <em>ます</em> makes the tone of speech polite."
},
"examples":
[{
"romaji":"Tomu wa mainichi toshokan e <em>iki</em>masu.",
"kanji":"トムは 毎[まい]日[にち]図[と]書[しょ]館[かん]へ<em>行[い]き</em>ます。",
"translation":"Tom goes to the library every day.",
"footnotes":{
"romaji":"",
"kanji":""
}
},
{
"romaji":"Ashita Tanaka-san wa <em>ki</em>masen.",
"kanji":"明日[あした]田[た]中[なか]さんは<em>来[き]</em>ません。",
"translation":"Miss Tanaka won't come tomorrow.",
"footnotes":{
"romaji":"",
"kanji":""
}
},
{
"romaji":"Chichi wa sakki made koko ni <em>i</em>mashita.",
"kanji":"父[ちち]はさっきまでここに<em>い</em>ました。",
"translation":"My father was here a while ago.",
"footnotes":{
"romaji":"",
"kanji":""
}
},
{
"romaji":"Sumisu-san wa kinō gorufu o <em>shi</em>masen deshita.",
"kanji":"スミスさんは 昨日[きのう]ゴルフを<em>し</em>ませんでした。",
"translation":"Mr. Smith did not play golf yesterday.",
"footnotes":{
"romaji":"",
"kanji":""
}
}]
},
{
"anki-order":"1.02",
"book-order":"1.2",
"part-of-speech":"Vconj",
"practice":"1",
"irregular":"<ul><li>来[き]</li><li>し</li></ul>",
"conjugation":{
"romaji":"<em>Vconj</em> <strong>+</strong> mashō",
"kanji":"<em>Vconj</em> <strong>+</strong> ましょう",
"translation":"<ul><li>\"I will ~\"</li><li>\"Let's ~\"</li></ul>",
"related": ""
},
"description":{
"romaji":"Expresses the first person's volition, invitation or suggestion.",
"kanji":"Expresses the first person's volition, invitation or suggestion."
},
"examples":
[{
"romaji":"Watashi ga <em>tetsudai</em>mashō.",
"kanji":"私[わたし]が<em>手[て]伝[つだ]い</em>ましょう。",
"translation":"I will help you.",
"footnotes":{
"romaji":"",
"kanji":""
}
},
{
"romaji":"Kono dēta wa watashi-tachi ga <em>shirabe</em>mashō.",
"kanji":"このデータは 私[わたし]達[たち]が<em>調[しら]べ</em>ましょう。",
"translation":"We will check this data.",
"footnotes":{
"romaji":"",
"kanji":""
}
},
{
"romaji":"Ano heya de <em>benkyō shi</em>mashō.",
"kanji":"あの 部[へ]屋[や]で<em>勉[べん]強[きょう]し</em>ましょう。",
"translation":"Let's study in that room.",
"footnotes":{
"romaji":"",
"kanji":""
}
}]
},
{
"anki-order":"1.03",
"book-order":"1.3",
"part-of-speech":"Vconj",
"practice":"1",
"irregular":"<ul><li>来[き]</li><li>し</li></ul>",
"conjugation":{
"romaji":"<em>Vconj</em> <strong>+</strong> mashō ka/masen ka",
"kanji":"<em>Vconj</em> <strong>+</strong> ましょうか・ませんか",
"translation":"<ul><li>\"Shall I ~?\"</li><li>\"Wouldn't you ~?\"</li></ul>",
"related": ""
},
"description":{
"romaji":"Expresses a first person invitation or suggestion in the form of a question. The negative question <em>masen ka</em> is more polite than <em>mashō ka</em>.",
"kanji":"Expresses a first person invitation or suggestion in the form of a question. The negative question <em>ませんか</em> is more polite than <em>ましょうか</em>."
},
"examples":
[{
"romaji":"O-cha demo <em>nomi</em>mashō ka.",
"kanji":"お 茶[ちゃ]でも<em>飲[の]み</em>ましょうか。",
"translation":"Shall we drink tea or something?",
"footnotes":{
"romaji":"",
"kanji":""
}
},
{
"romaji":"Mado o <em>ake</em>mashō ka.",
"kanji":"窓[まど]を<em>開[あ]け</em>ましょうか。",
"translation":"Shall I open the window?",
"footnotes":{
"romaji":"",
"kanji":""
}
},
{
"romaji":"Hara-san o pātī ni <em>shōtai shi</em>masen ka.",
"kanji":"原[はら]さんをパーティーに<em>招[しょう]待[たい]し</em>ませんか。",
"translation":"Wouldn't you (like to) invite Miss Hara to the party?",
"footnotes":{
"romaji":"",
"kanji":""
}
}]
},
{
"anki-order":"1.04",
"book-order":"1.4",
"part-of-speech":"Vconj",
"practice":"2",
"irregular":"<ul><li>来[き]</li><li>し</li></ul>",
"conjugation":{
"romaji":"<em>Vconj</em> <strong>+</strong> nasai",
"kanji":"<em>Vconj</em> <strong>+</strong> なさい",
"translation":"<ul><li>\"Do ~\"</li></ul>",
"related": ""
},
"description":{
"romaji":"Expresses a plain imperative, used, for example, by teachers or parents to their students or children.",
"kanji":"Expresses a plain imperative, used, for example, by teachers or parents to their students or children."
},
"examples":
[{
"romaji":"Soto de <em>asobi</em>nasai.",
"kanji":"外[そと]で<em>遊[あそ]び</em>なさい。",
"translation":"Play outside.",
"footnotes":{
"romaji":"",
"kanji":""
}
},
{
"romaji":"Nihongo de <em>kotae</em>nasai.",
"kanji":"日[に]本[ほん]語[ご]で<em>答[こた]え</em>なさい。",
"translation":"Answer in Japanese.",
"footnotes":{
"romaji":"",
"kanji":""
}
},
{
"romaji":"Kanji o nando mo <em>renshū shi</em>nasai.",
"kanji":"漢[かん]字[じ]を 何[なん]度[ど]も<em>練[れん]習[しゅう]し</em>なさい。",
"translation":"Practice kanji many times.",
"footnotes":{
"romaji":"",
"kanji":""
}
}]
},
{
"anki-order":"1.05",
"book-order":"1.5",
"part-of-speech":"Vconj",
"practice":"2",
"irregular":"<ul><li>来[き]</li><li>し</li></ul>",
"conjugation":{
"romaji":"o <strong>+</strong> <em>Vconj</em> <strong>+</strong> kudasai",
"kanji":"お <strong>+</strong> <em>Vconj</em> <strong>+</strong> ください",
"translation":"<ul><li>\"Would you please do ~\"</li></ul>",
"related": ""
},
"description":{
"romaji":"Expresses a polite imperative to superiors or customers.",
"kanji":"Expresses a polite imperative to superiors or customers."
},
"examples":
[{
"romaji":"Sanji made ni o-<em>kaeri</em> kudasai.",
"kanji":"三[さん]時[じ]までにお<em>帰[かえ]り</em>ください。",
"translation":"Would you please return by three o'clock.",
"footnotes":{
"romaji":"Note: Some verbs also use special polite alternative, e.g. <em>miru</em> (look) → <em>Go-ran kudasai.</em> (Would you please look.); <em>iku/kuru</em> (go/come) → <em>Oide kudasai.</em> (Would you please go/come.). For <em>suru</em>-verbs, the following polite imperative form is used: e.g. <em>setsumei suru</em> (explain) → <em>Go-setsumei kudasai.</em> (Would you please explain.). Normally, the polite prefix <em>o</em> is attached to Japanese verbs and <em>go</em> to <em>suru</em>-verbs of Chinese origin.",
"kanji":"Note: Some verbs also use special polite alternative, e.g. <em>見[み]る</em> (look) → <em>ご 覧[らん]ください。</em> (Would you please look.); <em>行[い]く・ 来[く]る</em> (go/come) → <em>おいでください。</em> (Would you please go/come.). For <em>する</em>-verbs, the following polite imperative form is used: e.g. <em>説[せつ]明[めい]</em> (explain) → <em>ご 説[せつ]明[めい]ください。</em> (Would you please explain.). Normally, the polite prefix <em>お</em> is attached to Japanese verbs and <em>ご</em> to <em>する</em>-verbs of Chinese origin."
}
},
{
"romaji":"Dōzo o-<em>kake</em> kudasai.",
"kanji":"どうぞお<em>かけ</em>ください。",
"translation":"Would you please sit down.",
"footnotes":{
"romaji":"",
"kanji":""
}
}]
},
{
"anki-order":"1.06",
"book-order":"1.6",
"part-of-speech":"Vconj",
"practice":"2",
"irregular":"<ul><li>来[き]</li><li>し</li></ul>",
"conjugation":{
"romaji":"o <strong>+</strong> <em>Vconj</em> <strong>+</strong> shimasu/itashimasu",
"kanji":"お <strong>+</strong> <em>Vconj</em> <strong>+</strong> します・いたします",
"translation":"<ul><li>\"I'll do ~\"</li><li>\"I'd like to do ~\"</li></ul>",
"related": ""
},
"description":{
"romaji":"Expresses the speaker's volition in the humble style. The verb <em>itasu</em> is the humble equivalent of <em>suru</em>.",
"kanji":"Expresses the speaker's volition in the humble style. The verb <em>いたす</em> is the humble equivalent of <em>する</em>."
},
"examples":
[{
"romaji":"Robī de o-<em>machi</em> shimasu/itashimasu.",
"kanji":"ロビーでお<em>待[ま]ち</em>します・いたします。",
"translation":"I'll wait for you in the lobby.",
"footnotes":{
"romaji":"Note: Some verbs use special humble words, e.g. <em>iku/kuru</em> (go/come) → <em>mairimasu.</em> (I'll go/come.); <em>taberu/nomu</em> (eat/drink) → <em>itadakimasu.</em> (I'll eat/drink.). For <em>suru</em>-verbs, the following humble form is used: e.g. <em>renraku suru</em> (contact) → <em>Go-renraku itashimasu.</em> (I'll contact you.).",
"kanji":"Note: Some verbs use special humble words, e.g. <em>行[い]く・ 来[く]る</em> (go/come) → <em>参[まい]ります。</em> (I'll go/come.); <em>食[た]べる・ 飲[の]む</em> (eat/drink) → <em>いただきます。</em> (I'll eat/drink.). For <em>する</em>-verbs, the following humble form is used: e.g. <em>連[れん]絡[らく]する</em> (contact) → <em>ご 連[れん]絡[らく]いたします</em> (I'll contact you.)."
}
},
{
"romaji":"Shinamono wa ashita o-<em>todoke</em> shimasu/itashimasu.",
"kanji":"品[しな]物[もの]は 明日[あした]お<em>届[とど]け</em>します・いたします。",
"translation":"We'll deliver the article tomorrow.",
"footnotes":{
"romaji":"",
"kanji":""
}
}]
},
{
"anki-order":"1.07",
"book-order":"1.7",
"part-of-speech":"Vconj",
"practice":"3",
"irregular":"<ul><li>来[き]</li><li>し</li></ul>",
"conjugation":{
"romaji":"<em>Vconj</em>, <em>Vconj</em> <strong>+</strong> masu",
"kanji":"<em>Vconj</em>, <em>Vconj</em> <strong>+</strong> ます",
"translation":"<ul><li>\"do ~ and do ~\"</li></ul>",
"related": ""
},
"description":{
"romaji":"Expresses actions in succession by linking two or more verbs.",
"kanji":"Expresses actions in succession by linking two or more verbs."
},
"examples":
[{
"romaji":"Maiasa kōhī o <em>nomi</em>, hachiji ni ie o <em>de</em>masu.",
"kanji":"毎[まい]朝[あさ]コーヒーを<em>飲[の]み</em>、 八[はち]時[じ]に 家[いえ]を<em>出[で]</em>ます。",
"translation":"Every morning I drink coffee and leave my house at eight o'clock.",
"footnotes":{
"romaji":"",
"kanji":""
}
},
{
"romaji":"Rokuji ni <em>oki</em>, ha o <em>migaki</em>, shawā o <em>abi</em>mashita.",
"kanji":"六[ろく]時[じ]に<em>起[お]き</em>、 歯[は]を<em>磨[みが]き</em>、シャワーを<em>浴[あ]び</em>ました。",
"translation":"I got up at six o'clock, brushed my teeth and took a shower.",
"footnotes":{
"romaji":"",
"kanji":""
}
},
{
"romaji":"Kuruma ga <em>koshō shi</em>, kaigi ni <em>okure</em>mashita.",
"kanji":"車[くるま]が<em>故[こ]障[しょう]し</em>、 会[かい]議[ぎ]に<em>遅[おく]れ</em>ました。",
"translation":"My car broke down and I was late for the meeting.",
"footnotes":{
"romaji":"",
"kanji":""
}
}]
},
{
"anki-order":"1.08",
"book-order":"1.8",
"part-of-speech":"Vconj",
"practice":"3",
"irregular":"<ul><li>来[き]</li><li>し</li></ul>",
"conjugation":{
"romaji":"<em>Vconj</em>",
"kanji":"<em>Vconj</em>",
"translation":"<ul><li>used as a noun</li></ul>",
"related": ""
},
"description":{
"romaji":"Used as a noun by itself. <em>Desu</em> may be added to adjectives to make the speech polite.",
"kanji":"Used as a noun by itself. <em>です</em> may be added to adjectives to make the speech polite."
},
"examples":
[{
"romaji":"Doi-sensei no <em>hanashi</em> wa itsumo omoshiroi (desu).",
"kanji":"土[ど]井[い]先[せん]生[せい]の<em>話[はなし]</em>はいつも 面[おも]白[しろ]い（です）。",
"translation":"Prof. Doi's talk is always interesting.",
"footnotes":{
"romaji":"",
"kanji":""
}
},
{
"romaji":"Kono shōhin wa <em>mōke</em> ga oi (desu).",
"kanji":"この 商[しょう]品[ひん]は<em>もうけ</em>が 多[おお]い（です）。",
"translation":"These goods bring in a large profit.",
"footnotes":{
"romaji":"",
"kanji":""
}
}]
},
{
"anki-order":"1.09",
"book-order":"1.9",
"part-of-speech":"Vconj",
"practice":"3",
"irregular":"<ul><li>来[き]</li><li>し</li></ul>",
"conjugation":{
"romaji":"<em>Vconj</em> <strong>+</strong> ni <strong>+</strong> motion verb",
"kanji":"<em>Vconj</em> <strong>+</strong> に <strong>+</strong> motion verb",
"translation":"<ul><li>\"go/come/return/enter/leave to do something\"</li></ul>",
"related": ""
},
"description":{
"romaji":"Expresses purpose when a person moves from one place to another. Used only with motion verbs such as <em>iku</em> (go), <em>kuru</em> (come), <em>kaeru</em> (return), <em>hairu</em> (enter), and <em>deru</em> (leave).",
"kanji":"Expresses purpose when a person moves from one place to another. Used only with motion verbs such as <em>行[い]く</em> (go), <em>来[く]る</em> (come), <em>帰[かえ]る</em> (return), <em>入[はい]る</em> (enter), and <em>出[で]る</em> (leave)."
},
"examples":
[{
"romaji":"Kusuri o <em>kai</em> ni mise ni hairimashita.",
"kanji":"薬[くすり]を<em>買[か]い</em>に 店[みせ]に 入[はい]りました。",
"translation":"I entered a store to buy medicine.",
"footnotes":{
"romaji":"",
"kanji":""
}
},
{
"romaji":"Hayashi-san wa kodomo o <em>mukae</em> ni eki e ikimasu.",
"kanji":"林[はやし]さんは 子[こ]供[ども]を<em>迎[むか]え</em>に 駅[えき]へ 行[い]きます。",
"translation":"Mrs. Hayashi is going to the station to pick up her child.",
"footnotes":{
"romaji":"",
"kanji":""
}
},
{
"romaji":"Jimu wa Nihongo o <em>benkyō shi</em> ni Nihon e kimashita.",
"kanji":"ジムは 日[に]本[ほん]語[ご]を<em>勉[べん]強[きょう]し</em>日[に]本[ほん]へ 来[き]ました。",
"translation":"Jim came to Japan to study Japanese.",
"footnotes":{
"romaji":"",
"kanji":""
}
}]
},
{
"anki-order":"1.10",
"book-order":"1.10",
"part-of-speech":"Vconj",
"practice":"4",
"irregular":"<ul><li>来[き]</li><li>し</li></ul>",
"conjugation":{
"romaji":"<em>Vconj</em> <strong>+</strong> nagara",
"kanji":"<em>Vconj</em> <strong>+</strong> ながら",
"translation":"<ul><li>\"while doing ~\"</li></ul>",
"related": ""
},
"description":{
"romaji":"Expresses simultaneous actions performed by one subject.",
"kanji":"Expresses simultaneous actions performed by one subject."
},
"examples":
[{
"romaji":"Miki-san wa tabako o <em>sui</em>nagara shigoto o shimasu.",
"kanji":"三[み]木[き]さんはたばこを<em>吸[す]い</em>ながら 仕[し]事[ごと]をします。",
"translation":"Mr. Miki works while smoking.",
"footnotes":{
"romaji":"",
"kanji":""
}
},
{
"romaji":"Akiko-san wa piano <em>hiki</em>nagara utaimashita.",
"kanji":"秋[あき] 子[こ]さんはピアノを<em>弾[ひ]き</em>ながら 歌[うた]いました。",
"translation":"Akiko sang while playing the piano.",
"footnotes":{
"romaji":"",
"kanji":""
}
},
{
"romaji":"<em>Unten shi</em>nagara ongaku o kikimasu.",
"kanji":"<em>運[うん]転[てん]し</em>ながら 音[おん]楽[がく]を 聞[き]きます。",
"translation":"I listen to music while driving.",
"footnotes":{
"romaji":"",
"kanji":""
}
}]
},
{
"anki-order":"1.11",
"book-order":"1.11",
"part-of-speech":"Vconj",
"practice":"4",
"irregular":"<ul><li>来[き]</li><li>し</li></ul>",
"conjugation":{
"romaji":"<em>Vconj</em> <strong>+</strong> tai/tagaru",
"kanji":"<em>Vconj</em> <strong>+</strong> たい・たがる",
"translation":"<ul><li>\"want to do ~\"</li></ul>",
"related": ""
},
"description":{
"romaji":"Expresses a first and third person desire (<em>tai</em> and <em>tagaru</em>, respectively) to do something. <em>Desu</em> may be added to the auxiliary <em>tai</em> to make the speech polite.",
"kanji":"Expresses a first and third person desire (<em>たい</em> and <em>たがる</em>, respectively) to do something. <em>です</em> may be added to the auxiliary <em>たい</em> to make the speech polite."
},
"examples":
[{
"romaji":"Shizuka na tokoro ni <em>sumi</em>tai (desu).",
"kanji":"静[しず]かな 所[ところ]に<em>住[す]み</em>たい（です）。",
"translation":"I want to live in a quiet place.",
"footnotes":{
"romaji":"",
"kanji":""
}
},
{
"romaji":"Kodomo wa terebi o <em>mi</em>tagarimasu.",
"kanji":"子[こ]供[ども]はテレビを<em>見[み]</em>たがります。",
"translation":"Children want to watch TV.",
"footnotes":{
"romaji":"",
"kanji":""
}
},
{
"romaji":"Otōto wa Amerika no daigaku ni <em>nyūgaku shi</em>tagarimashita.",
"kanji":"弟[おとうと]はアメリカの 大[だい]学[がく]に<em>入[にゅう]学[がく]し</em>たがりました。",
"translation":"My younger brother wanted to enter an American college.",
"footnotes":{
"romaji":"",
"kanji":""
}
}]
},
{
"anki-order":"1.12",
"book-order":"1.12",
"part-of-speech":"Vconj",
"practice":"5",
"irregular":"<ul><li>来[き]</li><li>し</li></ul>",
"conjugation":{
"romaji":"<em>Vconj</em> <strong>+</strong> sō da",
"kanji":"<em>Vconj</em> <strong>+</strong> そうだ",
"translation":"<ul><li>\"look like ~\"</li><li>\"feel like ~\"</li></ul>",
"related": ""
},
"description":{
"romaji":"Expresses the speaker's conjecture based on what he sees or feels. The copula <em>da</em> may be replaced by <em>desu</em> to make the speech polite.",
"kanji":"Expresses the speaker's conjecture based on what he sees or feels. The copula <em>だ</em> may be replaced by <em>です</em> to make the speech polite."
},
"examples":
[{
"romaji":"Ame ga <em>furi</em> sō da.",
"kanji":"雨[あめ]が<em>降[ふ]り</em>そうだ。",
"translation":"It looks like it will rain.",
"footnotes":{
"romaji":"",
"kanji":""
}
},
{
"romaji":"Kaze de ki ga <em>taore</em> sō da.",
"kanji":"風[かぜ]で 木[き]が<em>倒[たお]れ</em>そうだ。",
"translation":"It looks like the tree will fall down because of the wind.",
"footnotes":{
"romaji":"",
"kanji":""
}
},
{
"romaji":"Ono-san wa chikai uchi ni <em>intai shi</em>sō desu.",
"kanji":"小[お]野[の]さんは 近[ちか]いうちに<em>引[いん] 退[たい]し</em>そうです。",
"translation":"It looks like Mr. Ono will retire in the near future.",
"footnotes":{
"romaji":"",
"kanji":""
}
}]
},
{
"anki-order":"1.13",
"book-order":"1.13",
"part-of-speech":"Vconj",
"practice":"5",
"irregular":"<ul><li>来[き]</li><li>し</li></ul>",
"conjugation":{
"romaji":"<em>Vconj</em> <strong>+</strong> mono/kata",
"kanji":"<em>Vconj</em> <strong>+</strong> 物[もの]・ 方[かた]",
"translation":"<ul><li>\"thing\"</li><li>\"a way of ~\"</li><li>\"how to ~\"</li></ul>",
"related": ""
},
"description":{
"romaji":"Creates compound nouns.",
"kanji":"Creates compound nouns."
},
"examples":
[{
"romaji":"<em>nomi</em>mono (drink), <em>tabe</em>mono (food), <em>kai</em>mono (shopping), <em>yomi</em>mono (reading material), <em>wasure</em>mono (a thing left behind)",
"kanji":"<em>飲[の]み</em>物[もの] (drink), <em>食[た]べ</em>物[もの] (food), <em>買[か]い</em>物[もの] (shopping), <em>読[よ]み</em>物[もの] (reading material), <em>忘[わす]れ</em>物[もの] (a thing left behind)",
"translation":"",
"footnotes":{
"romaji":"",
"kanji":""
}
},
{
"romaji":"<em>tsukuri</em>kata (how to make), <em>tsukai</em>kata (usage), <em>oyogi</em>kata (a way of swimming), <em>oshie</em>kata (teaching method), <em>shi</em>kata (how to do)",
"kanji":"<em>作[つく]り</em>方[かた] (how to make), <em>使[つか]い</em>方[かた] (usage), <em>泳[およ]ぎ</em>方[かた] (a way of swimming), <em>教[おし]え</em>方[かた] (teaching method), <em>仕[し]</em>方[かた] (how to do)",
"translation":"",
"footnotes":{
"romaji":"",
"kanji":""
}
}]
},
{
"anki-order":"1.14",
"book-order":"1.14",
"part-of-speech":"Vconj",
"practice":"5",
"irregular":"<ul><li>来[き]</li><li>し</li></ul>",
"conjugation":{
"romaji":"<em>Vconj</em> <strong>+</strong> hajimeru/owaru",
"kanji":"<em>Vconj</em> <strong>+</strong> 始[はじ]める・ 終[お]わる",
"translation":"<ul><li>\"begin to ~\"/\"finish doing ~\"</li></ul>",
"related": ""
},
"description":{
"romaji":"<em>Vconj hajimeru/owaru</em> are compound verbs. The verbs <em>hajimeru</em> (begin) and <em>owaru</em> (finish) are used as auxiliaries. Other verbs often used as auxiliaries are <em>tsuzukeru</em> (continue), <em>wasureru</em> (forget), <em>naosu</em> (correct), and <em>sugiru</em> (do/be in excess), as shown in Example 3.",
"kanji":"<em>Vconj 始[はじ]める・ 終[お]わる</em> are compound verbs. The verbs <em>始[はじ]める</em> (begin) and <em>終[お]わる</em> (finish) are used as auxiliaries. Other verbs often used as auxiliaries are <em>続[つづ]ける</em> (continue), <em>忘[わす]れる</em> (forget), <em>直[なお]す</em> (correct), and <em>すぎる</em> (do/be in excess), as shown in Example 3."
},
"examples":
[{
"romaji":"Yuki ga <em>furi</em>hajimemashita.",
"kanji":"雪[ゆき]が<em>降[ふ]り</em>始[はじ]めました。",
"translation":"It began to snow.",
"footnotes":{
"romaji":"",
"kanji":""
}
},
{
"romaji":"Yatto <em>tabe</em>owarimashita.",
"kanji":"やっと<em>食[た]べ</em>終[お]わりました。",
"translation":"I finally finished eating my meal.",
"footnotes":{
"romaji":"",
"kanji":""
}
},
{
"romaji":"<em>yomi</em>tsuzukeru",
"kanji":"<em>読[よ]み</em>続[つづ]ける",
"translation":"continue to read",
"footnotes":{
"romaji":"",
"kanji":""
}
},
{
"romaji":"<em>harai</em>wasureru",
"kanji":"<em>払[はら]い</em>忘[わす]れる",
"translation":"forget to pay",
"footnotes":{
"romaji":"",
"kanji":""
}
},
{
"romaji":"<em>kaki</em>naosu",
"kanji":"<em>書[か]き</em>直[なお]す",
"translation":"rewrite",
"footnotes":{
"romaji":"",
"kanji":""
}
},
{
"romaji":"<em>kyōsō shi</em>sugiru",
"kanji":"<em>競[きょう]争[そう]し</em>すぎる",
"translation":"compete in excess",
"footnotes":{
"romaji":"",
"kanji":""
}
}]
},
{
"anki-order":"2.01",
"book-order":"2.1",
"part-of-speech":"Vdic",
"practice":"6",
"irregular":"<ul><li>来[く]る</li><li>する</li></ul>",
"conjugation":{
"romaji":"<em>Vdic</em>",
"kanji":"<em>Vdic</em>",
"translation":"<ul><li>\"do/will do\"</li><li>\"there is/will be\"</li></ul>",
"related": "1.1"
},
"description":{
"romaji":"Expresses actions or states which regularly take place/exist or will take place/exist. This form is used for the plain style.",
"kanji":"Expresses actions or states which regularly take place/exist or will take place/exist. This form is used for the plain style."
},
"examples":
[{
"romaji":"Asoko ni hon'ya ga <em>aru</em>.",
"kanji":"あそこに 本[ほん]屋[や]が<em>ある</em>。",
"translation":"There is a bookstore over there.",
"footnotes":{
"romaji":"",
"kanji":""
}
},
{
"romaji":"Watashi wa maiasa rokuji ni <em>okiru</em>.",
"kanji":"私[わたし]は 毎[まい]朝[あさ]六[ろく]時[じ]に<em>起[お]きる</em>。",
"translation":"I get up at six o'clock every morning.",
"footnotes":{
"romaji":"",
"kanji":""
}
},
{
"romaji":"Tomu wa tokidoki toshokan de <em>benkyō suru</em>.",
"kanji":"トムは 時[とき]々[どき]図[と]書[しょ]館[かん]で<em>勉[べん]強[きょう]する</em>。",
"translation":"Sometimes Tom studies at the library.",
"footnotes":{
"romaji":"",
"kanji":""
}
}]
},
{
"anki-order":"2.02",
"book-order":"2.2",
"part-of-speech":"Vdic",
"practice":"6",
"irregular":"<ul><li>来[く]る</li><li>する</li></ul>",
"conjugation":{
"romaji":"<em>Vdic</em> <strong>+</strong> tsumori da",
"kanji":"<em>Vdic</em> <strong>+</strong> つもりだ",
"translation":"<ul><li>\"intend to ~\"</li></ul>",
"related": ""
},
"description":{
"romaji":"Expresses a person's intention.<em>Tsumori</em> is a pseudo noun (never used independently) usually followed by a copula, <em>da/datta</em> (plain) or <em>desu/deshita</em> (polite).",
"kanji":"Expresses a person's intention.<em>つもり</em> is a pseudo noun (never used independently) usually followed by a copula, <em>だ・だった</em> (plain) or <em>です・でした</em> (polite)."
},
"examples":
[{
"romaji":"Ie o <em>uru</em> tsumori da.",
"kanji":"家[いえ]を<em>売[う]る</em>つもりだ。",
"translation":"I intend to sell my house.",
"footnotes":{
"romaji":"",
"kanji":""
}
},
{
"romaji":"Kare wa gakkō o <em>yameru</em> tsumori desu.",
"kanji":"彼[かれ]は 学[がっ]校[こう]を<em>辞[や]める</em>つもりです。",
"translation":"He intends to quit school.",
"footnotes":{
"romaji":"",
"kanji":""
}
},
{
"romaji":"Kaigi ni <em>shusseki suru</em> tsumori datta.",
"kanji":"会[かい]議[ぎ]に<em>出[しゅっ]席[せき]する</em>つもりだった。",
"translation":"I intended to attend the meeting.",
"footnotes":{
"romaji":"",
"kanji":""
}
}]
},
{
"anki-order":"2.03",
"book-order":"2.3",
"part-of-speech":"Vdic",
"practice":"6",
"irregular":"<ul><li>来[く]る</li><li>する</li></ul>",
"conjugation":{
"romaji":"<em>Vdic</em> <strong>+</strong> hazu da",
"kanji":"<em>Vdic</em> <strong>+</strong> はずだ",
"translation":"<ul><li>\"I expect that ~\"</li><li>\"It is expected that ~\"</li></ul>",
"related": ""
},
"description":{
"romaji":"Expresses the speaker's expectation that something will take place/took place. <em>Hazu</em> is a pseudo noun usually followed by a copula.",
"kanji":"Expresses the speaker's expectation that something will take place/took place. <em>はず</em> is a pseudo noun usually followed by a copula."
},
"examples":
[{
"romaji":"Kono kisoku wa <em>kawaru</em> hazu da.",
"kanji":"この 規[き]則[そく]は<em>変[か]わる</em>はずだ。",
"translation":"It is expected that this regulation will change.",
"footnotes":{
"romaji":"",
"kanji":""
}
},
{
"romaji":"Kono machi no jinkō wa <em>fueru</em> hazu desu.",
"kanji":"この 町[まち]の 人[じん]口[こう]は<em>増[ふ]える</em>はずです。",
"translation":"The population of this town is expected to increase.",
"footnotes":{
"romaji":"",
"kanji":""
}
},
{
"romaji":"Ano ken wa Ono-san ga <em>chōsa suru</em> hazu deshita.",
"kanji":"あの 件[けん]は 小[お]野[の]さんが<em>調[ちょう]査[さ]する</em>はずでした。",
"translation":"As for that matter, we expected that Mr. Ono would investigate it.",
"footnotes":{
"romaji":"",
"kanji":""
}
}]
},
{
"anki-order":"2.04",
"book-order":"2.4",
"part-of-speech":"Vdic",
"practice":"6",
"irregular":"<ul><li>来[く]る</li><li>する</li></ul>",
"conjugation":{
"romaji":"<em>Vdic</em> <strong>+</strong> darō",
"kanji":"<em>Vdic</em> <strong>+</strong> だろう",
"translation":"<ul><li>\"probably\"</li></ul>",
"related": ""
},
"description":{
"romaji":"Expresses the speaker's conjecture. <em>Darō</em>, which is the presumptive form of the copula <em>da</em>, is used as an auxiliary. <em>Deshō</em> may be used for the polite style.",
"kanji":"Expresses the speaker's conjecture. <em>だろう</em>, which is the presumptive form of the copula <em>だ</em>, is used as an auxiliary. <em>でしょう</em> may be used for the polite style."
},
"examples":
[{
"romaji":"Gogo kaze ga <em>fuku</em> darō.",
"kanji":"午[ご]後[ご]風[かぜ]が<em>吹[ふ]くだろう。",
"translation":"The wind will probably blow in the afternoon.",
"footnotes":{
"romaji":"",
"kanji":""
}
},
{
"romaji":"Densha wa juppun hodo <em>okureru</em> darō.",
"kanji":"電[でん]車[しゃ]は 十[じゅっ]分[ぷん]ほど<em>遅[おく]れる</em>だろう。",
"translation":"The train will probably be about ten minutes late.",
"footnotes":{
"romaji":"",
"kanji":""
}
},
{
"romaji":"Kare wa jigyō ni <em>seikō suru</em> deshō.",
"kanji":"彼[かれ]は 事[じ]業[ぎょう]に<em>成[せい]功[こう]する</em>でしょう。",
"translation":"He will probably succeed in his enterprise.",
"footnotes":{
"romaji":"",
"kanji":""
}
}]
},
{
"anki-order":"2.05",
"book-order":"2.5",
"part-of-speech":"Vdic",
"practice":"7",
"irregular":"<ul><li>来[く]る</li><li>する</li></ul>",
"conjugation":{
"romaji":"<em>Vdic</em> <strong>+</strong> kamoshirenai",
"kanji":"<em>Vdic</em> <strong>+</strong> かもしれない",
"translation":"<ul><li>\"might\"</li></ul>",
"related": ""
},
"description":{
"romaji":"Expresses the speaker's speculation or guess. <em>Kamoshiremasen</em> is the polite style.",
"kanji":"Expresses the speaker's speculation or guess. <em>かもしれません</em> is the polite style."
},
"examples":
[{
"romaji":"Kono inu wa <em>shinu</em> kamoshirenai.",
"kanji":"この 犬[いぬ]は<em>死[し]ぬ</em>かもしれない。",
"translation":"This dog might die.",
"footnotes":{
"romaji":"",
"kanji":""
}
},
{
"romaji":"Onna no ko ga <em>umareru</em> kamoshiremasen.",
"kanji":"女[おんな]の 子[こ]が<em>生[う]まれる</em>かもしれません。",
"translation":"A baby girl might be born (to her).",
"footnotes":{
"romaji":"",
"kanji":""
}
},
{
"romaji":"Ane wa rainen <em>kekkon suru</em> kamoshiremasen.",
"kanji":"姉[あね]は 来[らい]年[ねん]<em>結[けっ]婚[こん]する</em>かもしれません。",
"translation":"My older sister might marry next year.",
"footnotes":{
"romaji":"",
"kanji":""
}
}]
},
{
"anki-order":"2.06",
"book-order":"2.6",
"part-of-speech":"Vdic",
"practice":"7",
"irregular":"<ul><li>来[く]る</li><li>する</li></ul>",
"conjugation":{
"romaji":"<em>Vdic</em> <strong>+</strong> ni chigainai",
"kanji":"<em>Vdic</em> <strong>+</strong> にちがいない",
"translation":"<ul><li>\"must be\"</li><li>\"There is no doubt that ~\"</li></ul>",
"related": ""
},
"description":{
"romaji":"Expresses the speaker's guess with confidence. <em>Chigaiarimasen</em> is the polite style.",
"kanji":"Expresses the speaker's guess with confidence. <em>ちがいありません</em> is the polite style."
},
"examples":
[{
"romaji":"Kodomo-tachi wa <em>yorokobu</em> ni chigainai.",
"kanji":"子[こ]供[ども]達[たち]は<em>喜[よろこ]ぶ</em>にちがいない。",
"translation":"There is no doubt that the children will be happy.",
"footnotes":{
"romaji":"",
"kanji":""
}
},
{
"romaji":"Nihongo no gakusei ga <em>fueru</em> ni chigaiarimasen.",
"kanji":"日[に]本[ほん]語[ご]の 学[がく]生[せい]が<em>増[ふ]える</em>にちがいありません。",
"translation":"The (number of) students of Japanese will undoubtedly increase.",
"footnotes":{
"romaji":"",
"kanji":""
}
},
{
"romaji":"Gijutsu wa <em>shinpo suru</em> ni chigaiarimasen.",
"kanji":"技[ぎ]術[じゅつ]は<em>進[しん]歩[ぽ]する</em>にちがいありません。",
"translation":"There is no doubt that technology will make progress.",
"footnotes":{
"romaji":"",
"kanji":""
}
}]
},
{
"anki-order":"2.07",
"book-order":"2.7",
"part-of-speech":"Vdic",
"practice":"7",
"irregular":"<ul><li>来[く]る</li><li>する</li></ul>",
"conjugation":{
"romaji":"<em>Vdic</em> <strong>+</strong> no/koto",
"kanji":"<em>Vdic</em> <strong>+</strong> の・こと",
"translation":"<ul><li>\"~ ing\"</li><li>\"to ~\"</li><li>\"that ~\"</li></ul>",
"related": ""
},
"description":{
"romaji":"Both <em>no</em> and <em>koto</em> are nominalizers which make a verb into a gerund, or a clause into a noun phrase. <em>No</em> indicates concrete actions or events, while <em>koto</em> indicates abstract actions or events. <em>No</em> and <em>koto</em> are sometimes interchangeable (Example 3).",
"kanji":"Both <em>の</em> and <em>こと</em> are nominalizers which make a verb into a gerund, or a clause into a noun phrase. <em>の</em> indicates concrete actions or events, while <em>こと</em> indicates abstract actions or events. <em>の</em> and <em>こと</em> are sometimes interchangeable (Example 3)."
},
"examples":
[{
"romaji":"Watashi wa otoko ga jitensha o <em>nusumu</em> no o mimashita.",
"kanji":"私[わたし]は 男[おとこ]が 自[じ]転[てん]車[しゃ]を<em>盗[ぬす]む</em>のを 見[み]ました。",
"translation":"I saw a man stealing a bicycle.",
"footnotes":{
"romaji":"",
"kanji":""
}
},
{
"romaji":"<em>Miru</em> koto wa <em>shinjiru</em> koto desu.",
"kanji":"<em>見[み]る</em>ことは<em>信[しん]じる</em>ことです。",
"translation":"Seeing is believing.",
"footnotes":{
"romaji":"",
"kanji":""
}
},
{
"romaji":"Hara-san ga Furansu ni <em>tenkin suru</em> no/koto o kikimashita.",
"kanji":"原[はら]さんがフランスに<em>転[てん]勤[きん]する</em>の・ことを 聞[き]きました。",
"translation":"I heard that Mr. Hara is going to be transferred to France.",
"footnotes":{
"romaji":"",
"kanji":""
}
}]
},
{
"anki-order":"2.08",
"book-order":"2.8",
"part-of-speech":"Vdic",
"practice":"8",
"irregular":"<ul><li>来[く]る</li><li>する</li></ul>",
"conjugation":{
"romaji":"<em>Vdic</em> <strong>+</strong> koto ga dekiru",
"kanji":"<em>Vdic</em> <strong>+</strong> ことが 出[で]来[き]る",
"translation":"<ul><li>\"can\"</li><li>\"be able to\"</li></ul>",
"related": ""
},
"description":{
"romaji":"Expresses potential and ability. This potential form is used in the <em>wa</em>-<em>ga</em> construction: A <em>wa ~ koto ga dekiru</em>. (A can do ~.)",
"kanji":"Expresses potential and ability. This potential form is used in the <em>は</em>-<em>が</em> construction: A <em>は～ことが<em>出[で]来[き]る</em>。 (A can do ~.)"
},
"examples":
[{
"romaji":"Kono shigoto wa Kida-san ni <em>makasu</em> koto ga dekiru.",
"kanji":"この 仕[し]事[ごと]は 木[き]田[だ]さんに<em>任[まか]す</em>ことが 出[で]来[き]る。",
"translation":"We can leave this job up to Ms. Kida.",
"footnotes":{
"romaji":"",
"kanji":""
}
},
{
"romaji":"Kodomo wa sugu kotoba o <em>oboeru</em> koto ga dekimasu.",
"kanji":"子[こ]供[ども]はすぐ 言[こと]葉[ば]を<em>覚[おぼ]える</em>ことが 出[で]来[き]ます。",
"translation":"Children can learn words quickly.",
"footnotes":{
"romaji":"",
"kanji":""
}
},
{
"romaji":"Kono hon o <em>chūmon suru</em> koto ga dekimasu ka.",
"kanji":"この 本[ほん]を<em>注[ちゅう]文[もん]する</em>ことが 出[で]来[き]ますか。",
"translation":"Can I order this book?",
"footnotes":{
"romaji":"",
"kanji":""
}
}]
},
{
"anki-order":"2.09",
"book-order":"2.9",
"part-of-speech":"Vdic",
"practice":"8",
"irregular":"<ul><li>来[く]る</li><li>する</li></ul>",
"conjugation":{
"romaji":"<em>Vdic</em> <strong>+</strong> koto ga aru",