From 4c508269cd897c6a700dd923117db712f4f3e4f2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Joyee Cheung <joyeec9h3@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 1 Feb 2024 12:45:42 +0100
Subject: [PATCH] vm: support using the default loader to handle dynamic
 import()

This patch adds support for using
`vm.constants.USE_MAIN_CONTEXT_DEFAULT_LOADER` as
`importModuleDynamically` in all APIs that take the option
except `vm.SourceTextModule`. This allows users to have a shortcut
to support dynamic import() in the compiled code without missing
the compilation cache if they don't need customization of the
loading process. We emit an experimental warning when the
`import()` is actually handled by the default loader through
this option instead of requiring `--experimental-vm-modules`.

In addition this refactors the documentation for
`importModuleDynamically` and adds a dedicated section for it
with examples.

`vm.SourceTextModule` is not supported in this patch because
it needs additional refactoring to handle `initializeImportMeta`,
which can be done in a follow-up.

PR-URL: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/51244
Fixes: https://github.com/nodejs/node/issues/51154
Reviewed-By: Antoine du Hamel <duhamelantoine1995@gmail.com>
Reviewed-By: Chengzhong Wu <legendecas@gmail.com>
---
 doc/api/vm.md                                 | 416 +++++++++++++-----
 .../bootstrap/switches/is_main_thread.js      |   1 -
 lib/internal/modules/cjs/loader.js            |  18 +-
 lib/internal/modules/esm/translators.js       |  14 +-
 lib/internal/modules/esm/utils.js             |  71 +--
 lib/internal/modules/helpers.js               |  35 +-
 lib/internal/process/pre_execution.js         |  26 +-
 lib/internal/source_map/source_map_cache.js   |   8 +-
 lib/internal/vm.js                            |  27 +-
 lib/vm.js                                     |  20 +-
 src/env_properties.h                          |   7 +-
 src/module_wrap.cc                            |   1 +
 .../test-vm-main-context-default-loader.js    | 142 ++++++
 test/parallel/test-bootstrap-modules.js       |   1 -
 tools/doc/type-parser.mjs                     |   2 +
 15 files changed, 596 insertions(+), 193 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 test/es-module/test-vm-main-context-default-loader.js

diff --git a/doc/api/vm.md b/doc/api/vm.md
index 85e5d5ac30d309..c6f9d3a0e29645 100644
--- a/doc/api/vm.md
+++ b/doc/api/vm.md
@@ -58,6 +58,11 @@ executed in specific contexts.
 <!-- YAML
 added: v0.3.1
 changes:
+  - version:
+    - REPLACEME
+    pr-url: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/51244
+    description: Added support for
+                `vm.constants.USE_MAIN_CONTEXT_DEFAULT_LOADER`.
   - version:
     - v17.0.0
     - v16.12.0
@@ -94,21 +99,13 @@ changes:
     depending on whether code cache data is produced successfully.
     This option is **deprecated** in favor of `script.createCachedData()`.
     **Default:** `false`.
-  * `importModuleDynamically` {Function} Called during evaluation of this module
-    when `import()` is called. If this option is not specified, calls to
-    `import()` will reject with [`ERR_VM_DYNAMIC_IMPORT_CALLBACK_MISSING`][].
-    This option is part of the experimental modules API. We do not recommend
-    using it in a production environment. If `--experimental-vm-modules` isn't
-    set, this callback will be ignored and calls to `import()` will reject with
-    [`ERR_VM_DYNAMIC_IMPORT_CALLBACK_MISSING_FLAG`][].
-    * `specifier` {string} specifier passed to `import()`
-    * `script` {vm.Script}
-    * `importAttributes` {Object} The `"with"` value passed to the
-      [`optionsExpression`][] optional parameter, or an empty object if no value
-      was provided.
-    * Returns: {Module Namespace Object|vm.Module} Returning a `vm.Module` is
-      recommended in order to take advantage of error tracking, and to avoid
-      issues with namespaces that contain `then` function exports.
+  * `importModuleDynamically`
+    {Function|vm.constants.USE\_MAIN\_CONTEXT\_DEFAULT\_LOADER}
+    Used to specify how the modules should be loaded during the evaluation
+    of this script when `import()` is called. This option is part of the
+    experimental modules API. We do not recommend using it in a production
+    environment. For detailed information, see
+    [Support of dynamic `import()` in compilation APIs][].
 
 If `options` is a string, then it specifies the filename.
 
@@ -766,20 +763,12 @@ changes:
     to initialize the `import.meta`.
     * `meta` {import.meta}
     * `module` {vm.SourceTextModule}
-  * `importModuleDynamically` {Function} Called during evaluation of this module
-    when `import()` is called. If this option is not specified, calls to
-    `import()` will reject with [`ERR_VM_DYNAMIC_IMPORT_CALLBACK_MISSING`][].
-    If `--experimental-vm-modules` isn't set, this callback will be ignored
-    and calls to `import()` will reject with
-    [`ERR_VM_DYNAMIC_IMPORT_CALLBACK_MISSING_FLAG`][].
-    * `specifier` {string} specifier passed to `import()`
-    * `module` {vm.Module}
-    * `importAttributes` {Object} The `"with"` value passed to the
-      [`optionsExpression`][] optional parameter, or an empty object if no value
-      was provided.
-    * Returns: {Module Namespace Object|vm.Module} Returning a `vm.Module` is
-      recommended in order to take advantage of error tracking, and to avoid
-      issues with namespaces that contain `then` function exports.
+  * `importModuleDynamically` {Function} Used to specify the
+    how the modules should be loaded during the evaluation of this module
+    when `import()` is called. This option is part of the experimental
+    modules API. We do not recommend using it in a production environment.
+    For detailed information, see
+    [Support of dynamic `import()` in compilation APIs][].
 
 Creates a new `SourceTextModule` instance.
 
@@ -978,6 +967,11 @@ const vm = require('node:vm');
 <!-- YAML
 added: v10.10.0
 changes:
+  - version:
+    - REPLACEME
+    pr-url: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/51244
+    description: Added support for
+                `vm.constants.USE_MAIN_CONTEXT_DEFAULT_LOADER`.
   - version:
     - v19.6.0
     - v18.15.0
@@ -1026,33 +1020,57 @@ changes:
   * `contextExtensions` {Object\[]} An array containing a collection of context
     extensions (objects wrapping the current scope) to be applied while
     compiling. **Default:** `[]`.
-  * `importModuleDynamically` {Function} Called during evaluation of this module
-    when `import()` is called. If this option is not specified, calls to
-    `import()` will reject with [`ERR_VM_DYNAMIC_IMPORT_CALLBACK_MISSING`][].
-    This option is part of the experimental modules API, and should not be
-    considered stable.  If `--experimental-vm-modules` isn't
-    set, this callback will be ignored and calls to `import()` will reject with
-    [`ERR_VM_DYNAMIC_IMPORT_CALLBACK_MISSING_FLAG`][].
-    * `specifier` {string} specifier passed to `import()`
-    * `function` {Function}
-    * `importAttributes` {Object} The `"with"` value passed to the
-      [`optionsExpression`][] optional parameter, or an empty object if no value
-      was provided.
-    * Returns: {Module Namespace Object|vm.Module} Returning a `vm.Module` is
-      recommended in order to take advantage of error tracking, and to avoid
-      issues with namespaces that contain `then` function exports.
+* `importModuleDynamically`
+  {Function|vm.constants.USE\_MAIN\_CONTEXT\_DEFAULT\_LOADER}
+  Used to specify the how the modules should be loaded during the evaluation of
+  this function when `import()` is called. This option is part of the
+  experimental modules API. We do not recommend using it in a production
+  environment. For detailed information, see
+  [Support of dynamic `import()` in compilation APIs][].
 * Returns: {Function}
 
 Compiles the given code into the provided context (if no context is
 supplied, the current context is used), and returns it wrapped inside a
 function with the given `params`.
 
+## `vm.constants`
+
+<!-- YAML
+added: REPLACEME
+-->
+
+* {Object}
+
+Returns an object containing commonly used constants for VM operations.
+
+### `vm.constants.USE_MAIN_CONTEXT_DEFAULT_LOADER`
+
+<!-- YAML
+added: REPLACEME
+-->
+
+> Stability: 1.1 - Active development
+
+A constant that can be used as the `importModuleDynamically` option to
+`vm.Script` and `vm.compileFunction()` so that Node.js uses the default
+ESM loader from the main context to load the requested module.
+
+For detailed information, see
+[Support of dynamic `import()` in compilation APIs][].
+
 ## `vm.createContext([contextObject[, options]])`
 
 <!-- YAML
 added: v0.3.1
 changes:
-  - version: v21.2.0
+  - version:
+    - REPLACEME
+    pr-url: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/51244
+    description: Added support for
+                 `vm.constants.USE_MAIN_CONTEXT_DEFAULT_LOADER`.
+  - version:
+    - v21.2.0
+    - v20.11.0
     pr-url: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/50360
     description: The `importModuleDynamically` option is supported now.
   - version: v14.6.0
@@ -1087,21 +1105,13 @@ changes:
     scheduled through `Promise`s and `async function`s) will be run immediately
     after a script has run through [`script.runInContext()`][].
     They are included in the `timeout` and `breakOnSigint` scopes in that case.
-  * `importModuleDynamically` {Function} Called when `import()` is called in
-    this context without a referrer script or module. If this option is not
-    specified, calls to `import()` will reject with
-    [`ERR_VM_DYNAMIC_IMPORT_CALLBACK_MISSING`][]. If
-    `--experimental-vm-modules` isn't set, this callback will be ignored and
-    calls to `import()` will reject with
-    [`ERR_VM_DYNAMIC_IMPORT_CALLBACK_MISSING_FLAG`][].
-    * `specifier` {string} specifier passed to `import()`
-    * `contextObject` {Object} contextified object
-    * `importAttributes` {Object} The `"with"` value passed to the
-      [`optionsExpression`][] optional parameter, or an empty object if no value
-      was provided.
-    * Returns: {Module Namespace Object|vm.Module} Returning a `vm.Module` is
-      recommended in order to take advantage of error tracking, and to avoid
-      issues with namespaces that contain `then` function exports.
+  * `importModuleDynamically`
+    {Function|vm.constants.USE\_MAIN\_CONTEXT\_DEFAULT\_LOADER}
+    Used to specify the how the modules should be loaded when `import()` is
+    called in this context without a referrer script or module. This option is
+    part of the experimental modules API. We do not recommend using it in a
+    production environment. For detailed information, see
+    [Support of dynamic `import()` in compilation APIs][].
 * Returns: {Object} contextified object.
 
 If given a `contextObject`, the `vm.createContext()` method will [prepare
@@ -1235,6 +1245,11 @@ vm.measureMemory({ mode: 'detailed', execution: 'eager' })
 <!-- YAML
 added: v0.3.1
 changes:
+  - version:
+    - REPLACEME
+    pr-url: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/51244
+    description: Added support for
+                `vm.constants.USE_MAIN_CONTEXT_DEFAULT_LOADER`.
   - version:
     - v17.0.0
     - v16.12.0
@@ -1270,22 +1285,13 @@ changes:
   * `cachedData` {Buffer|TypedArray|DataView} Provides an optional `Buffer` or
     `TypedArray`, or `DataView` with V8's code cache data for the supplied
     source.
-  * `importModuleDynamically` {Function} Called during evaluation of this module
-    when `import()` is called. If this option is not specified, calls to
-    `import()` will reject with [`ERR_VM_DYNAMIC_IMPORT_CALLBACK_MISSING`][].
-    This option is part of the experimental modules API. We do not recommend
-    using it in a production environment.  If `--experimental-vm-modules` isn't
-    set, this callback will be ignored and calls to `import()` will reject with
-    [`ERR_VM_DYNAMIC_IMPORT_CALLBACK_MISSING_FLAG`][].
-    * `specifier` {string} specifier passed to `import()`
-    * `script` {vm.Script}
-    * `importAttributes` {Object} The `"with"` value passed to the
-      [`optionsExpression`][] optional parameter, or an empty object if no value
-      was provided.
-    * Returns: {Module Namespace Object|vm.Module} Returning a `vm.Module` is
-      recommended in order to take advantage of error tracking, and to avoid
-      issues with namespaces that contain `then` function exports.
-* Returns: {any} the result of the very last statement executed in the script.
+  * `importModuleDynamically`
+    {Function|vm.constants.USE\_MAIN\_CONTEXT\_DEFAULT\_LOADER}
+    Used to specify the how the modules should be loaded during the evaluation
+    of this script when `import()` is called. This option is part of the
+    experimental modules API. We do not recommend using it in a production
+    environment. For detailed information, see
+    [Support of dynamic `import()` in compilation APIs][].
 
 The `vm.runInContext()` method compiles `code`, runs it within the context of
 the `contextifiedObject`, then returns the result. Running code does not have
@@ -1315,6 +1321,11 @@ console.log(contextObject);
 <!-- YAML
 added: v0.3.1
 changes:
+  - version:
+    - REPLACEME
+    pr-url: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/51244
+    description: Added support for
+                `vm.constants.USE_MAIN_CONTEXT_DEFAULT_LOADER`.
   - version:
     - v17.0.0
     - v16.12.0
@@ -1371,21 +1382,13 @@ changes:
   * `cachedData` {Buffer|TypedArray|DataView} Provides an optional `Buffer` or
     `TypedArray`, or `DataView` with V8's code cache data for the supplied
     source.
-  * `importModuleDynamically` {Function} Called during evaluation of this module
-    when `import()` is called. If this option is not specified, calls to
-    `import()` will reject with [`ERR_VM_DYNAMIC_IMPORT_CALLBACK_MISSING`][].
-    This option is part of the experimental modules API. We do not recommend
-    using it in a production environment. If `--experimental-vm-modules` isn't
-    set, this callback will be ignored and calls to `import()` will reject with
-    [`ERR_VM_DYNAMIC_IMPORT_CALLBACK_MISSING_FLAG`][].
-    * `specifier` {string} specifier passed to `import()`
-    * `script` {vm.Script}
-    * `importAttributes` {Object} The `"with"` value passed to the
-      [`optionsExpression`][] optional parameter, or an empty object if no value
-      was provided.
-    * Returns: {Module Namespace Object|vm.Module} Returning a `vm.Module` is
-      recommended in order to take advantage of error tracking, and to avoid
-      issues with namespaces that contain `then` function exports.
+  * `importModuleDynamically`
+    {Function|vm.constants.USE\_MAIN\_CONTEXT\_DEFAULT\_LOADER}
+    Used to specify the how the modules should be loaded during the evaluation
+    of this script when `import()` is called. This option is part of the
+    experimental modules API. We do not recommend using it in a production
+    environment. For detailed information, see
+    [Support of dynamic `import()` in compilation APIs][].
   * `microtaskMode` {string} If set to `afterEvaluate`, microtasks (tasks
     scheduled through `Promise`s and `async function`s) will be run immediately
     after the script has run. They are included in the `timeout` and
@@ -1420,6 +1423,11 @@ console.log(contextObject);
 <!-- YAML
 added: v0.3.1
 changes:
+  - version:
+    - REPLACEME
+    pr-url: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/51244
+    description: Added support for
+                `vm.constants.USE_MAIN_CONTEXT_DEFAULT_LOADER`.
   - version:
     - v17.0.0
     - v16.12.0
@@ -1453,21 +1461,13 @@ changes:
   * `cachedData` {Buffer|TypedArray|DataView} Provides an optional `Buffer` or
     `TypedArray`, or `DataView` with V8's code cache data for the supplied
     source.
-  * `importModuleDynamically` {Function} Called during evaluation of this module
-    when `import()` is called. If this option is not specified, calls to
-    `import()` will reject with [`ERR_VM_DYNAMIC_IMPORT_CALLBACK_MISSING`][].
-    This option is part of the experimental modules API. We do not recommend
-    using it in a production environment. If `--experimental-vm-modules` isn't
-    set, this callback will be ignored and calls to `import()` will reject with
-    [`ERR_VM_DYNAMIC_IMPORT_CALLBACK_MISSING_FLAG`][].
-    * `specifier` {string} specifier passed to `import()`
-    * `script` {vm.Script}
-    * `importAttributes` {Object} The `"with"` value passed to the
-      [`optionsExpression`][] optional parameter, or an empty object if no value
-      was provided.
-    * Returns: {Module Namespace Object|vm.Module} Returning a `vm.Module` is
-      recommended in order to take advantage of error tracking, and to avoid
-      issues with namespaces that contain `then` function exports.
+  * `importModuleDynamically`
+    {Function|vm.constants.USE\_MAIN\_CONTEXT\_DEFAULT\_LOADER}
+    Used to specify the how the modules should be loaded during the evaluation
+    of this script when `import()` is called. This option is part of the
+    experimental modules API. We do not recommend using it in a production
+    environment. For detailed information, see
+    [Support of dynamic `import()` in compilation APIs][].
 * Returns: {any} the result of the very last statement executed in the script.
 
 `vm.runInThisContext()` compiles `code`, runs it within the context of the
@@ -1613,6 +1613,209 @@ inside a `vm.Context`, functions passed to them will be added to global queues,
 which are shared by all contexts. Therefore, callbacks passed to those functions
 are not controllable through the timeout either.
 
+## Support of dynamic `import()` in compilation APIs
+
+The following APIs support an `importModuleDynamically` option to enable dynamic
+`import()` in code compiled by the vm module.
+
+* `new vm.Script`
+* `vm.compileFunction()`
+* `new vm.SourceTextModule`
+* `vm.runInThisContext()`
+* `vm.runInContext()`
+* `vm.runInNewContext()`
+* `vm.createContext()`
+
+This option is still part of the experimental modules API. We do not recommend
+using it in a production environment.
+
+### When the `importModuleDynamically` option is not specified or undefined
+
+If this option is not specified, or if it's `undefined`, code containing
+`import()` can still be compiled by the vm APIs, but when the compiled code is
+executed and it actually calls `import()`, the result will reject with
+[`ERR_VM_DYNAMIC_IMPORT_CALLBACK_MISSING`][].
+
+### When `importModuleDynamically` is `vm.constants.USE_MAIN_CONTEXT_DEFAULT_LOADER`
+
+This option is currently not supported for `vm.SourceTextModule`.
+
+With this option, when an `import()` is initiated in the compiled code, Node.js
+would use the default ESM loader from the main context to load the requested
+module and return it to the code being executed.
+
+This gives access to Node.js built-in modules such as `fs` or `http`
+to the code being compiled. If the code is executed in a different context,
+be aware that the objects created by modules loaded from the main context
+are still from the main context and not `instanceof` built-in classes in the
+new context.
+
+```cjs
+const { Script, constants } = require('node:vm');
+const script = new Script(
+  'import("node:fs").then(({readFile}) => readFile instanceof Function)',
+  { importModuleDynamically: constants.USE_MAIN_CONTEXT_DEFAULT_LOADER });
+
+// false: URL loaded from the main context is not an instance of the Function
+// class in the new context.
+script.runInNewContext().then(console.log);
+```
+
+```mjs
+import { Script, constants } from 'node:vm';
+
+const script = new Script(
+  'import("node:fs").then(({readFile}) => readFile instanceof Function)',
+  { importModuleDynamically: constants.USE_MAIN_CONTEXT_DEFAULT_LOADER });
+
+// false: URL loaded from the main context is not an instance of the Function
+// class in the new context.
+script.runInNewContext().then(console.log);
+```
+
+This option also allows the script or function to load user modules:
+
+```mjs
+import { Script, constants } from 'node:vm';
+import { resolve } from 'node:path';
+import { writeFileSync } from 'node:fs';
+
+// Write test.js and test.txt to the directory where the current script
+// being run is located.
+writeFileSync(resolve(import.meta.dirname, 'test.mjs'),
+              'export const filename = "./test.json";');
+writeFileSync(resolve(import.meta.dirname, 'test.json'),
+              '{"hello": "world"}');
+
+// Compile a script that loads test.mjs and then test.json
+// as if the script is placed in the same directory.
+const script = new Script(
+  `(async function() {
+    const { filename } = await import('./test.mjs');
+    return import(filename, { with: { type: 'json' } })
+  })();`,
+  {
+    filename: resolve(import.meta.dirname, 'test-with-default.js'),
+    importModuleDynamically: constants.USE_MAIN_CONTEXT_DEFAULT_LOADER,
+  });
+
+// { default: { hello: 'world' } }
+script.runInThisContext().then(console.log);
+```
+
+```cjs
+const { Script, constants } = require('node:vm');
+const { resolve } = require('node:path');
+const { writeFileSync } = require('node:fs');
+
+// Write test.js and test.txt to the directory where the current script
+// being run is located.
+writeFileSync(resolve(__dirname, 'test.mjs'),
+              'export const filename = "./test.json";');
+writeFileSync(resolve(__dirname, 'test.json'),
+              '{"hello": "world"}');
+
+// Compile a script that loads test.mjs and then test.json
+// as if the script is placed in the same directory.
+const script = new Script(
+  `(async function() {
+    const { filename } = await import('./test.mjs');
+    return import(filename, { with: { type: 'json' } })
+  })();`,
+  {
+    filename: resolve(__dirname, 'test-with-default.js'),
+    importModuleDynamically: constants.USE_MAIN_CONTEXT_DEFAULT_LOADER,
+  });
+
+// { default: { hello: 'world' } }
+script.runInThisContext().then(console.log);
+```
+
+There are a few caveats with loading user modules using the default loader
+from the main context:
+
+1. The module being resolved would be relative to the `filename` option passed
+   to `vm.Script` or `vm.compileFunction()`. The resolution can work with a
+   `filename` that's either an absolute path or a URL string.  If `filename` is
+   a string that's neither an absolute path or a URL, or if it's undefined,
+   the resolution will be relative to the current working directory
+   of the process. In the case of `vm.createContext()`, the resolution is always
+   relative to the current working directory since this option is only used when
+   there isn't a referrer script or module.
+2. For any given `filename` that resolves to a specific path, once the process
+   manages to load a particular module from that path, the result may be cached,
+   and subsequent load of the same module from the same path would return the
+   same thing. If the `filename` is a URL string, the cache would not be hit
+   if it has different search parameters. For `filename`s that are not URL
+   strings, there is currently no way to bypass the caching behavior.
+
+### When `importModuleDynamically` is a function
+
+When `importModuleDynamically` is a function, it will be invoked when `import()`
+is called in the compiled code for users to customize how the requested module
+should be compiled and evaluated. Currently, the Node.js instance must be
+launched with the `--experimental-vm-modules` flag for this option to work. If
+the flag isn't set, this callback will be ignored. If the code evaluated
+actually calls to `import()`, the result will reject with
+[`ERR_VM_DYNAMIC_IMPORT_CALLBACK_MISSING_FLAG`][].
+
+The callback `importModuleDynamically(specifier, referrer, importAttributes)`
+has the following signature:
+
+* `specifier` {string} specifier passed to `import()`
+* `referrer` {vm.Script|Function|vm.SourceTextModule|Object}
+  The referrer is the compiled `vm.Script` for `new vm.Script`,
+  `vm.runInThisContext`, `vm.runInContext` and `vm.runInNewContext`. It's the
+  compiled `Function` for `vm.compileFunction`, the compiled
+  `vm.SourceTextModule` for `new vm.SourceTextModule`, and the context `Object`
+  for `vm.createContext()`.
+* `importAttributes` {Object} The `"with"` value passed to the
+  [`optionsExpression`][] optional parameter, or an empty object if no value was
+  provided.
+* Returns: {Module Namespace Object|vm.Module} Returning a `vm.Module` is
+  recommended in order to take advantage of error tracking, and to avoid issues
+  with namespaces that contain `then` function exports.
+
+```mjs
+// This script must be run with --experimental-vm-modules.
+import { Script, SyntheticModule } from 'node:vm';
+
+const script = new Script('import("foo.json", { with: { type: "json" } })', {
+  async importModuleDynamically(specifier, referrer, importAttributes) {
+    console.log(specifier);  // 'foo.json'
+    console.log(referrer);   // The compiled script
+    console.log(importAttributes);  // { type: 'json' }
+    const m = new SyntheticModule(['bar'], () => { });
+    await m.link(() => { });
+    m.setExport('bar', { hello: 'world' });
+    return m;
+  },
+});
+const result = await script.runInThisContext();
+console.log(result);  //  { bar: { hello: 'world' } }
+```
+
+```cjs
+// This script must be run with --experimental-vm-modules.
+const { Script, SyntheticModule } = require('node:vm');
+
+(async function main() {
+  const script = new Script('import("foo.json", { with: { type: "json" } })', {
+    async importModuleDynamically(specifier, referrer, importAttributes) {
+      console.log(specifier);  // 'foo.json'
+      console.log(referrer);   // The compiled script
+      console.log(importAttributes);  // { type: 'json' }
+      const m = new SyntheticModule(['bar'], () => { });
+      await m.link(() => { });
+      m.setExport('bar', { hello: 'world' });
+      return m;
+    },
+  });
+  const result = await script.runInThisContext();
+  console.log(result);  //  { bar: { hello: 'world' } }
+})();
+```
+
 [Cyclic Module Record]: https://tc39.es/ecma262/#sec-cyclic-module-records
 [ECMAScript Module Loader]: esm.md#modules-ecmascript-modules
 [Evaluate() concrete method]: https://tc39.es/ecma262/#sec-moduleevaluation
@@ -1621,6 +1824,7 @@ are not controllable through the timeout either.
 [Link() concrete method]: https://tc39.es/ecma262/#sec-moduledeclarationlinking
 [Module Record]: https://262.ecma-international.org/14.0/#sec-abstract-module-records
 [Source Text Module Record]: https://tc39.es/ecma262/#sec-source-text-module-records
+[Support of dynamic `import()` in compilation APIs]: #support-of-dynamic-import-in-compilation-apis
 [Synthetic Module Record]: https://heycam.github.io/webidl/#synthetic-module-records
 [V8 Embedder's Guide]: https://v8.dev/docs/embed#contexts
 [`ERR_VM_DYNAMIC_IMPORT_CALLBACK_MISSING_FLAG`]: errors.md#err_vm_dynamic_import_callback_missing_flag
diff --git a/lib/internal/bootstrap/switches/is_main_thread.js b/lib/internal/bootstrap/switches/is_main_thread.js
index 3a0a2eddf92a9e..f15572dff1c79e 100644
--- a/lib/internal/bootstrap/switches/is_main_thread.js
+++ b/lib/internal/bootstrap/switches/is_main_thread.js
@@ -294,7 +294,6 @@ require('url'); // eslint-disable-line no-restricted-modules
 internalBinding('module_wrap');
 require('internal/modules/cjs/loader');
 require('internal/modules/esm/utils');
-require('internal/vm/module');
 
 // Needed to refresh the time origin.
 require('internal/perf/utils');
diff --git a/lib/internal/modules/cjs/loader.js b/lib/internal/modules/cjs/loader.js
index e5b47d8874aeb7..802e2f6752a693 100644
--- a/lib/internal/modules/cjs/loader.js
+++ b/lib/internal/modules/cjs/loader.js
@@ -52,7 +52,6 @@ const {
   SafeMap,
   SafeWeakMap,
   String,
-  Symbol,
   StringPrototypeCharAt,
   StringPrototypeCharCodeAt,
   StringPrototypeEndsWith,
@@ -114,7 +113,6 @@ const {
   initializeCjsConditions,
   loadBuiltinModule,
   makeRequireFunction,
-  normalizeReferrerURL,
   stripBOM,
   toRealPath,
 } = require('internal/modules/helpers');
@@ -125,12 +123,10 @@ const policy = getLazy(
 );
 const shouldReportRequiredModules = getLazy(() => process.env.WATCH_REPORT_DEPENDENCIES);
 
-const getCascadedLoader = getLazy(
-  () => require('internal/process/esm_loader').esmLoader,
-);
-
 const permission = require('internal/process/permission');
-
+const {
+  vm_dynamic_import_default_internal,
+} = internalBinding('symbols');
 // Whether any user-provided CJS modules had been loaded (executed).
 // Used for internal assertions.
 let hasLoadedAnyUserCJSModule = false;
@@ -1257,12 +1253,8 @@ let hasPausedEntry = false;
  * @param {object} codeCache The SEA code cache
  */
 function wrapSafe(filename, content, cjsModuleInstance, codeCache) {
-  const hostDefinedOptionId = Symbol(`cjs:${filename}`);
-  async function importModuleDynamically(specifier, _, importAttributes) {
-    const cascadedLoader = getCascadedLoader();
-    return cascadedLoader.import(specifier, normalizeReferrerURL(filename),
-                                 importAttributes);
-  }
+  const hostDefinedOptionId = vm_dynamic_import_default_internal;
+  const importModuleDynamically = vm_dynamic_import_default_internal;
   if (patched) {
     const wrapped = Module.wrap(content);
     const script = makeContextifyScript(
diff --git a/lib/internal/modules/esm/translators.js b/lib/internal/modules/esm/translators.js
index 4ecf862be9ea7b..1268e6adec9435 100644
--- a/lib/internal/modules/esm/translators.js
+++ b/lib/internal/modules/esm/translators.js
@@ -15,7 +15,6 @@ const {
   StringPrototypeReplaceAll,
   StringPrototypeSlice,
   StringPrototypeStartsWith,
-  Symbol,
   SyntaxErrorPrototype,
   globalThis: { WebAssembly },
 } = primordials;
@@ -59,7 +58,9 @@ const { ModuleWrap } = moduleWrap;
 const asyncESM = require('internal/process/esm_loader');
 const { emitWarningSync } = require('internal/process/warning');
 const { internalCompileFunction } = require('internal/vm');
-
+const {
+  vm_dynamic_import_default_internal,
+} = internalBinding('symbols');
 // Lazy-loading to avoid circular dependencies.
 let getSourceSync;
 /**
@@ -206,9 +207,8 @@ function enrichCJSError(err, content, filename) {
  */
 function loadCJSModule(module, source, url, filename) {
   let compiledWrapper;
-  async function importModuleDynamically(specifier, _, importAttributes) {
-    return asyncESM.esmLoader.import(specifier, url, importAttributes);
-  }
+  const hostDefinedOptionId = vm_dynamic_import_default_internal;
+  const importModuleDynamically = vm_dynamic_import_default_internal;
   try {
     compiledWrapper = internalCompileFunction(
       source,                         // code,
@@ -226,8 +226,8 @@ function loadCJSModule(module, source, url, filename) {
         '__filename',
         '__dirname',
       ],
-      Symbol(`cjs:${filename}`),      // hostDefinedOptionsId
-      importModuleDynamically,        // importModuleDynamically
+      hostDefinedOptionId,           // hostDefinedOptionsId
+      importModuleDynamically,       // importModuleDynamically
     ).function;
   } catch (err) {
     enrichCJSError(err, source, filename);
diff --git a/lib/internal/modules/esm/utils.js b/lib/internal/modules/esm/utils.js
index df15169f68faa1..202159498edd47 100644
--- a/lib/internal/modules/esm/utils.js
+++ b/lib/internal/modules/esm/utils.js
@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@ const {
   ArrayIsArray,
   SafeSet,
   SafeWeakMap,
-  Symbol,
   ObjectFreeze,
 } = primordials;
 
@@ -14,8 +13,10 @@ const {
   },
 } = internalBinding('util');
 const {
-  default_host_defined_options,
+  vm_dynamic_import_default_internal,
+  vm_dynamic_import_main_context_default,
   vm_dynamic_import_missing_flag,
+  vm_dynamic_import_no_callback,
 } = internalBinding('symbols');
 
 const {
@@ -28,12 +29,19 @@ const {
   loadPreloadModules,
   initializeFrozenIntrinsics,
 } = require('internal/process/pre_execution');
-const { getCWDURL } = require('internal/util');
+const {
+  emitExperimentalWarning,
+  getCWDURL,
+  getLazy,
+} = require('internal/util');
 const {
   setImportModuleDynamicallyCallback,
   setInitializeImportMetaObjectCallback,
 } = internalBinding('module_wrap');
 const assert = require('internal/assert');
+const {
+  normalizeReferrerURL,
+} = require('internal/modules/helpers');
 
 let defaultConditions;
 /**
@@ -145,8 +153,10 @@ const moduleRegistries = new SafeWeakMap();
  */
 function registerModule(referrer, registry) {
   const idSymbol = referrer[host_defined_option_symbol];
-  if (idSymbol === default_host_defined_options ||
-      idSymbol === vm_dynamic_import_missing_flag) {
+  if (idSymbol === vm_dynamic_import_no_callback ||
+      idSymbol === vm_dynamic_import_missing_flag ||
+      idSymbol === vm_dynamic_import_main_context_default ||
+      idSymbol === vm_dynamic_import_default_internal) {
     // The referrer is compiled without custom callbacks, so there is
     // no registry to hold on to. We'll throw
     // ERR_VM_DYNAMIC_IMPORT_CALLBACK_MISSING when a callback is
@@ -158,26 +168,6 @@ function registerModule(referrer, registry) {
   moduleRegistries.set(idSymbol, registry);
 }
 
-/**
- * Registers the ModuleRegistry for dynamic import() calls with a realm
- * as the referrer. Similar to {@link registerModule}, but this function
- * generates a new id symbol instead of using the one from the referrer
- * object.
- * @param {globalThis} globalThis The globalThis object of the realm.
- * @param {ModuleRegistry} registry
- */
-function registerRealm(globalThis, registry) {
-  let idSymbol = globalThis[host_defined_option_symbol];
-  // If the per-realm host-defined options is already registered, do nothing.
-  if (idSymbol) {
-    return;
-  }
-  // Otherwise, register the per-realm host-defined options.
-  idSymbol = Symbol('Realm globalThis');
-  globalThis[host_defined_option_symbol] = idSymbol;
-  moduleRegistries.set(idSymbol, registry);
-}
-
 /**
  * Defines the `import.meta` object for a given module.
  * @param {symbol} symbol - Reference to the module.
@@ -191,16 +181,44 @@ function initializeImportMetaObject(symbol, meta) {
     }
   }
 }
+const getCascadedLoader = getLazy(
+  () => require('internal/process/esm_loader').esmLoader,
+);
+
+/**
+ * Proxy the dynamic import to the default loader.
+ * @param {string} specifier - The module specifier string.
+ * @param {Record<string, string>} attributes - The import attributes object.
+ * @param {string|null|undefined} referrerName - name of the referrer.
+ * @returns {Promise<import('internal/modules/esm/loader.js').ModuleExports>} - The imported module object.
+ */
+function defaultImportModuleDynamically(specifier, attributes, referrerName) {
+  const parentURL = normalizeReferrerURL(referrerName);
+  return getCascadedLoader().import(specifier, parentURL, attributes);
+}
 
 /**
  * Asynchronously imports a module dynamically using a callback function. The native callback.
  * @param {symbol} referrerSymbol - Referrer symbol of the registered script, function, module, or contextified object.
  * @param {string} specifier - The module specifier string.
  * @param {Record<string, string>} attributes - The import attributes object.
+ * @param {string|null|undefined} referrerName - name of the referrer.
  * @returns {Promise<import('internal/modules/esm/loader.js').ModuleExports>} - The imported module object.
  * @throws {ERR_VM_DYNAMIC_IMPORT_CALLBACK_MISSING} - If the callback function is missing.
  */
-async function importModuleDynamicallyCallback(referrerSymbol, specifier, attributes) {
+async function importModuleDynamicallyCallback(referrerSymbol, specifier, attributes, referrerName) {
+  // For user-provided vm.constants.USE_MAIN_CONTEXT_DEFAULT_LOADER, emit the warning
+  // and fall back to the default loader.
+  if (referrerSymbol === vm_dynamic_import_main_context_default) {
+    emitExperimentalWarning('vm.USE_MAIN_CONTEXT_DEFAULT_LOADER');
+    return defaultImportModuleDynamically(specifier, attributes, referrerName);
+  }
+  // For script compiled internally that should use the default loader to handle dynamic
+  // import, proxy the request to the default loader without the warning.
+  if (referrerSymbol === vm_dynamic_import_default_internal) {
+    return defaultImportModuleDynamically(specifier, attributes, referrerName);
+  }
+
   if (moduleRegistries.has(referrerSymbol)) {
     const { importModuleDynamically, callbackReferrer } = moduleRegistries.get(referrerSymbol);
     if (importModuleDynamically !== undefined) {
@@ -273,7 +291,6 @@ async function initializeHooks() {
 
 module.exports = {
   registerModule,
-  registerRealm,
   initializeESM,
   initializeHooks,
   getDefaultConditions,
diff --git a/lib/internal/modules/helpers.js b/lib/internal/modules/helpers.js
index 6b30a1d8c76d4b..0eabb94848598e 100644
--- a/lib/internal/modules/helpers.js
+++ b/lib/internal/modules/helpers.js
@@ -23,16 +23,19 @@ const { validateString } = require('internal/validators');
 const fs = require('fs'); // Import all of `fs` so that it can be monkey-patched.
 const internalFS = require('internal/fs/utils');
 const path = require('path');
-const { pathToFileURL, fileURLToPath, URL } = require('internal/url');
+const { pathToFileURL, fileURLToPath } = require('internal/url');
+const assert = require('internal/assert');
 
 const { getOptionValue } = require('internal/options');
 const { setOwnProperty } = require('internal/util');
+const { inspect } = require('internal/util/inspect');
 
 const {
   privateSymbols: {
     require_private_symbol,
   },
 } = internalBinding('util');
+const { canParse: URLCanParse } = internalBinding('url');
 
 let debug = require('internal/util/debuglog').debuglog('module', (fn) => {
   debug = fn;
@@ -288,14 +291,32 @@ function addBuiltinLibsToObject(object, dummyModuleName) {
 }
 
 /**
- * If a referrer is an URL instance or absolute path, convert it into an URL string.
- * @param {string | URL} referrer
+ * Normalize the referrer name as a URL.
+ * If it's a string containing an absolute path or a URL it's normalized as
+ * a URL string.
+ * Otherwise it's returned as undefined.
+ * @param {string | null | undefined} referrerName
+ * @returns {string | undefined}
  */
-function normalizeReferrerURL(referrer) {
-  if (typeof referrer === 'string' && path.isAbsolute(referrer)) {
-    return pathToFileURL(referrer).href;
+function normalizeReferrerURL(referrerName) {
+  if (referrerName === null || referrerName === undefined) {
+    return undefined;
   }
-  return new URL(referrer).href;
+
+  if (typeof referrerName === 'string') {
+    if (path.isAbsolute(referrerName)) {
+      return pathToFileURL(referrerName).href;
+    }
+
+    if (StringPrototypeStartsWith(referrerName, 'file://') ||
+        URLCanParse(referrerName)) {
+      return referrerName;
+    }
+
+    return undefined;
+  }
+
+  assert.fail('Unreachable code reached by ' + inspect(referrerName));
 }
 
 module.exports = {
diff --git a/lib/internal/process/pre_execution.js b/lib/internal/process/pre_execution.js
index 9cd36c495cf9f3..b94b066ed19c57 100644
--- a/lib/internal/process/pre_execution.js
+++ b/lib/internal/process/pre_execution.js
@@ -67,7 +67,6 @@ function prepareWorkerThreadExecution() {
 }
 
 function prepareShadowRealmExecution() {
-  const { registerRealm } = require('internal/modules/esm/utils');
   // Patch the process object with legacy properties and normalizations.
   // Do not expand argv1 as it is not available in ShadowRealm.
   patchProcessObject(false);
@@ -75,15 +74,24 @@ function prepareShadowRealmExecution() {
 
   // Disable custom loaders in ShadowRealm.
   setupUserModules(true);
-  registerRealm(globalThis, {
-    __proto__: null,
-    importModuleDynamically: (specifier, _referrer, attributes) => {
-      // The handler for `ShadowRealm.prototype.importValue`.
-      const { esmLoader } = require('internal/process/esm_loader');
-      // `parentURL` is not set in the case of a ShadowRealm top-level import.
-      return esmLoader.import(specifier, undefined, attributes);
+  const {
+    privateSymbols: {
+      host_defined_option_symbol,
     },
-  });
+  } = internalBinding('util');
+  const {
+    vm_dynamic_import_default_internal,
+  } = internalBinding('symbols');
+
+  // For ShadowRealm.prototype.importValue(), the referrer name is
+  // always null, so the native ImportModuleDynamically() callback would
+  // always fallback to look up the host-defined option from the
+  // global object using host_defined_option_symbol. Using
+  // vm_dynamic_import_default_internal as the host-defined option
+  // instructs the JS-land importModuleDynamicallyCallback() to
+  // proxy the request to defaultImportModuleDynamically().
+  globalThis[host_defined_option_symbol] =
+    vm_dynamic_import_default_internal;
 }
 
 function prepareExecution(options) {
diff --git a/lib/internal/source_map/source_map_cache.js b/lib/internal/source_map/source_map_cache.js
index 17da1ca476448f..fb411487336c29 100644
--- a/lib/internal/source_map/source_map_cache.js
+++ b/lib/internal/source_map/source_map_cache.js
@@ -107,12 +107,10 @@ function extractSourceMapURLMagicComment(content) {
 function maybeCacheSourceMap(filename, content, cjsModuleInstance, isGeneratedSource, sourceURL, sourceMapURL) {
   const sourceMapsEnabled = getSourceMapsEnabled();
   if (!(process.env.NODE_V8_COVERAGE || sourceMapsEnabled)) return;
-  try {
-    const { normalizeReferrerURL } = require('internal/modules/helpers');
-    filename = normalizeReferrerURL(filename);
-  } catch (err) {
+  const { normalizeReferrerURL } = require('internal/modules/helpers');
+  filename = normalizeReferrerURL(filename);
+  if (filename === undefined) {
     // This is most likely an invalid filename in sourceURL of [eval]-wrapper.
-    debug(err);
     return;
   }
 
diff --git a/lib/internal/vm.js b/lib/internal/vm.js
index 6c7872fbf27b94..39c818a2ce93c1 100644
--- a/lib/internal/vm.js
+++ b/lib/internal/vm.js
@@ -14,7 +14,9 @@ const {
   runInContext,
 } = ContextifyScript.prototype;
 const {
-  default_host_defined_options,
+  vm_dynamic_import_default_internal,
+  vm_dynamic_import_main_context_default,
+  vm_dynamic_import_no_callback,
   vm_dynamic_import_missing_flag,
 } = internalBinding('symbols');
 const {
@@ -27,7 +29,6 @@ const {
   getOptionValue,
 } = require('internal/options');
 
-
 function isContext(object) {
   validateObject(object, 'object', kValidateObjectAllowArray);
 
@@ -35,6 +36,11 @@ function isContext(object) {
 }
 
 function getHostDefinedOptionId(importModuleDynamically, hint) {
+  if (importModuleDynamically === vm_dynamic_import_main_context_default ||
+      importModuleDynamically === vm_dynamic_import_default_internal) {
+    return importModuleDynamically;
+  }
+
   if (importModuleDynamically !== undefined) {
     // Check that it's either undefined or a function before we pass
     // it into the native constructor.
@@ -45,7 +51,7 @@ function getHostDefinedOptionId(importModuleDynamically, hint) {
     // We need a default host defined options that are the same for all
     // scripts not needing custom module callbacks so that the isolate
     // compilation cache can be hit.
-    return default_host_defined_options;
+    return vm_dynamic_import_no_callback;
   }
   // We should've thrown here immediately when we introduced
   // --experimental-vm-modules and importModuleDynamically, but since
@@ -61,6 +67,13 @@ function getHostDefinedOptionId(importModuleDynamically, hint) {
 }
 
 function registerImportModuleDynamically(referrer, importModuleDynamically) {
+  // If it's undefined or certain known symbol, there's no customization so
+  // no need to register anything.
+  if (importModuleDynamically === undefined ||
+      importModuleDynamically === vm_dynamic_import_main_context_default ||
+      importModuleDynamically === vm_dynamic_import_default_internal) {
+    return;
+  }
   const { importModuleDynamicallyWrap } = require('internal/vm/module');
   const { registerModule } = require('internal/modules/esm/utils');
   registerModule(referrer, {
@@ -99,9 +112,7 @@ function internalCompileFunction(
     result.function.cachedDataRejected = result.cachedDataRejected;
   }
 
-  if (importModuleDynamically !== undefined) {
-    registerImportModuleDynamically(result.function, importModuleDynamically);
-  }
+  registerImportModuleDynamically(result.function, importModuleDynamically);
 
   return result;
 }
@@ -132,9 +143,7 @@ function makeContextifyScript(code,
     throw e; /* node-do-not-add-exception-line */
   }
 
-  if (importModuleDynamically !== undefined) {
-    registerImportModuleDynamically(script, importModuleDynamically);
-  }
+  registerImportModuleDynamically(script, importModuleDynamically);
   return script;
 }
 
diff --git a/lib/vm.js b/lib/vm.js
index 44861be46dafd2..d006bdfe2abfd2 100644
--- a/lib/vm.js
+++ b/lib/vm.js
@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@
 
 const {
   ArrayPrototypeForEach,
+  ObjectFreeze,
   Symbol,
   PromiseReject,
   ReflectApply,
@@ -61,6 +62,9 @@ const {
   isContext,
   registerImportModuleDynamically,
 } = require('internal/vm');
+const {
+  vm_dynamic_import_main_context_default,
+} = internalBinding('symbols');
 const kParsingContext = Symbol('script parsing context');
 
 class Script extends ContextifyScript {
@@ -108,9 +112,7 @@ class Script extends ContextifyScript {
       throw e; /* node-do-not-add-exception-line */
     }
 
-    if (importModuleDynamically !== undefined) {
-      registerImportModuleDynamically(this, importModuleDynamically);
-    }
+    registerImportModuleDynamically(this, importModuleDynamically);
   }
 
   runInThisContext(options) {
@@ -245,9 +247,7 @@ function createContext(contextObject = {}, options = kEmptyObject) {
 
   makeContext(contextObject, name, origin, strings, wasm, microtaskQueue, hostDefinedOptionId);
   // Register the context scope callback after the context was initialized.
-  if (importModuleDynamically !== undefined) {
-    registerImportModuleDynamically(contextObject, importModuleDynamically);
-  }
+  registerImportModuleDynamically(contextObject, importModuleDynamically);
   return contextObject;
 }
 
@@ -378,6 +378,13 @@ function measureMemory(options = kEmptyObject) {
   return result;
 }
 
+const vmConstants = {
+  __proto__: null,
+  USE_MAIN_CONTEXT_DEFAULT_LOADER: vm_dynamic_import_main_context_default,
+};
+
+ObjectFreeze(vmConstants);
+
 module.exports = {
   Script,
   createContext,
@@ -388,6 +395,7 @@ module.exports = {
   isContext,
   compileFunction,
   measureMemory,
+  constants: vmConstants,
 };
 
 // The vm module is patched to include vm.Module, vm.SourceTextModule
diff --git a/src/env_properties.h b/src/env_properties.h
index 916dc4033fa833..1ecd06e1a3546d 100644
--- a/src/env_properties.h
+++ b/src/env_properties.h
@@ -34,7 +34,6 @@
 // Symbols are per-isolate primitives but Environment proxies them
 // for the sake of convenience.
 #define PER_ISOLATE_SYMBOL_PROPERTIES(V)                                       \
-  V(default_host_defined_options, "default_host_defined_options")              \
   V(fs_use_promises_symbol, "fs_use_promises_symbol")                          \
   V(async_id_symbol, "async_id_symbol")                                        \
   V(handle_onclose_symbol, "handle_onclose")                                   \
@@ -48,7 +47,11 @@
   V(onpskexchange_symbol, "onpskexchange")                                     \
   V(resource_symbol, "resource_symbol")                                        \
   V(trigger_async_id_symbol, "trigger_async_id_symbol")                        \
-  V(vm_dynamic_import_missing_flag, "vm_dynamic_import_missing_flag")
+  V(vm_dynamic_import_default_internal, "vm_dynamic_import_default_internal")  \
+  V(vm_dynamic_import_main_context_default,                                    \
+    "vm_dynamic_import_main_context_default")                                  \
+  V(vm_dynamic_import_missing_flag, "vm_dynamic_import_missing_flag")          \
+  V(vm_dynamic_import_no_callback, "vm_dynamic_import_no_callback")
 
 // Strings are per-isolate primitives but Environment proxies them
 // for the sake of convenience.  Strings should be ASCII-only.
diff --git a/src/module_wrap.cc b/src/module_wrap.cc
index e6018e8af7fede..24b2ecc6e1551f 100644
--- a/src/module_wrap.cc
+++ b/src/module_wrap.cc
@@ -598,6 +598,7 @@ static MaybeLocal<Promise> ImportModuleDynamically(
       id,
       Local<Value>(specifier),
       attributes,
+      resource_name,
   };
 
   Local<Value> result;
diff --git a/test/es-module/test-vm-main-context-default-loader.js b/test/es-module/test-vm-main-context-default-loader.js
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..f9edc761465d96
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/es-module/test-vm-main-context-default-loader.js
@@ -0,0 +1,142 @@
+'use strict';
+
+const common = require('../common');
+
+// Can't process.chdir() in worker.
+common.skipIfWorker();
+
+const tmpdir = require('../common/tmpdir');
+const fixtures = require('../common/fixtures');
+const url = require('url');
+const fs = require('fs');
+const {
+  compileFunction,
+  Script,
+  createContext,
+  constants: { USE_MAIN_CONTEXT_DEFAULT_LOADER },
+} = require('vm');
+const assert = require('assert');
+
+common.expectWarning('ExperimentalWarning',
+                     'vm.USE_MAIN_CONTEXT_DEFAULT_LOADER is an experimental feature and might change at any time');
+
+assert(
+  !process.execArgv.includes('--experimental-vm-modules'),
+  'This test must be run without --experimental-vm-modules');
+
+assert.strictEqual(typeof USE_MAIN_CONTEXT_DEFAULT_LOADER, 'symbol');
+
+async function testNotFoundErrors(options) {
+  // Import user modules.
+  const script = new Script('import("./message.mjs")', options);
+  // Use try-catch for better async stack traces in the logs.
+  await assert.rejects(script.runInThisContext(), { code: 'ERR_MODULE_NOT_FOUND' });
+
+  const imported = compileFunction('return import("./message.mjs")', [], options)();
+  // Use try-catch for better async stack traces in the logs.
+  await assert.rejects(imported, { code: 'ERR_MODULE_NOT_FOUND' });
+}
+
+async function testLoader(options) {
+  {
+    // Import built-in modules
+    const script = new Script('import("fs")', options);
+    let result = await script.runInThisContext();
+    assert.strictEqual(result.constants.F_OK, fs.constants.F_OK);
+
+    const imported = compileFunction('return import("fs")', [], options)();
+    result = await imported;
+    assert.strictEqual(result.constants.F_OK, fs.constants.F_OK);
+  }
+
+  const moduleUrl = fixtures.fileURL('es-modules', 'message.mjs');
+  fs.copyFileSync(moduleUrl, tmpdir.resolve('message.mjs'));
+
+  {
+    const namespace = await import(moduleUrl);
+    const script = new Script('import("./message.mjs")', options);
+    const result = await script.runInThisContext();
+    assert.deepStrictEqual(result, namespace);
+  }
+
+  {
+    const namespace = await import(moduleUrl);
+    const imported = compileFunction('return import("./message.mjs")', [], options)();
+    const result = await imported;
+    assert.deepStrictEqual(result, namespace);
+  }
+}
+
+async function main() {
+  {
+    // Importing with absolute path as filename.
+    tmpdir.refresh();
+    const filename = tmpdir.resolve('index.js');
+    const options = {
+      filename,
+      importModuleDynamically: USE_MAIN_CONTEXT_DEFAULT_LOADER
+    };
+    await testNotFoundErrors(options);
+    await testLoader(options);
+  }
+
+  {
+    // Importing with file:// URL as filename.
+    tmpdir.refresh();
+    // We use a search parameter to bypass caching.
+    const filename = url.pathToFileURL(tmpdir.resolve('index.js')).href + '?t=1';
+    const options = {
+      filename,
+      importModuleDynamically: USE_MAIN_CONTEXT_DEFAULT_LOADER
+    };
+    await testNotFoundErrors(options);
+    await testLoader(options);
+  }
+
+  {
+    // For undefined or non-path/URL filenames, import() should resolve to the cwd.
+    tmpdir.refresh();
+    process.chdir(tmpdir.path);
+    const undefinedOptions = {
+      importModuleDynamically: USE_MAIN_CONTEXT_DEFAULT_LOADER
+    };
+    const nonPathOptions = {
+      filename: 'non-path',
+      importModuleDynamically: USE_MAIN_CONTEXT_DEFAULT_LOADER
+    };
+    // Run the error tests first to avoid caching.
+    await testNotFoundErrors(undefinedOptions);
+    await testNotFoundErrors(nonPathOptions);
+
+    // createContext() with null referrer also resolves to cwd.
+    {
+      const options = {
+        importModuleDynamically: USE_MAIN_CONTEXT_DEFAULT_LOADER,
+      };
+      const ctx = createContext({}, options);
+      const s = new Script('Promise.resolve("import(\'./message.mjs\')").then(eval)', {
+        importModuleDynamically: common.mustNotCall(),
+      });
+      await assert.rejects(s.runInContext(ctx), { code: 'ERR_MODULE_NOT_FOUND' });
+    }
+
+    await testLoader(undefinedOptions);
+    await testLoader(nonPathOptions);
+
+    {
+      const options = {
+        importModuleDynamically: USE_MAIN_CONTEXT_DEFAULT_LOADER,
+      };
+      const ctx = createContext({}, options);
+      const moduleUrl = fixtures.fileURL('es-modules', 'message.mjs');
+      const namespace = await import(moduleUrl.href);
+      const script = new Script('Promise.resolve("import(\'./message.mjs\')").then(eval)', {
+        importModuleDynamically: common.mustNotCall(),
+      });
+      const result = await script.runInContext(ctx);
+      assert.deepStrictEqual(result, namespace);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+main().catch(common.mustNotCall());
diff --git a/test/parallel/test-bootstrap-modules.js b/test/parallel/test-bootstrap-modules.js
index f4bfde6484f35a..446a1538ccc5b2 100644
--- a/test/parallel/test-bootstrap-modules.js
+++ b/test/parallel/test-bootstrap-modules.js
@@ -107,7 +107,6 @@ expected.atRunTime = new Set([
   'NativeModule internal/net',
   'NativeModule internal/dns/utils',
   'NativeModule internal/process/pre_execution',
-  'NativeModule internal/vm/module',
   'NativeModule internal/modules/esm/utils',
 ]);
 
diff --git a/tools/doc/type-parser.mjs b/tools/doc/type-parser.mjs
index d4d75f3d7482d8..c183b2963a4c3c 100644
--- a/tools/doc/type-parser.mjs
+++ b/tools/doc/type-parser.mjs
@@ -227,6 +227,8 @@ const customTypesMap = {
   'vm.Module': 'vm.html#class-vmmodule',
   'vm.Script': 'vm.html#class-vmscript',
   'vm.SourceTextModule': 'vm.html#class-vmsourcetextmodule',
+  'vm.constants.USE_MAIN_CONTEXT_DEFAULT_LOADER':
+      'vm.html#vmconstantsuse_main_context_default_loader',
 
   'MessagePort': 'worker_threads.html#class-messageport',
   'Worker': 'worker_threads.html#class-worker',