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NEWS
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systemd System and Service Manager
CHANGES WITH 232 in spe
* The new RemoveIPC= option can be used to remove IPC objects owned by
the user or group of a service when that service exits.
* ProtectSystem= option gained a new value "strict", which causes the
whole file system tree with the exception of /dev, /proc, and /sys,
to be remounted read-only for a service.
The new ProtectedKernelTunables= options can be used to disable
modification of configuration files in /sys and /proc by a service.
Various directories and files are remounted read-only, so access is
restricted even if the file permissions would allow it.
The new ProtectControlGroups= option can be used to disable write
access by a service to /sys/fs/cgroup.
* Various systemd services have been hardened with
ProtectKernelTunables=yes, ProtectControlGroups=yes,
RestrictAddressFamilies=.
In particular, systemd-udevd.service is now run in a Seccomp-based
sandbox that prohibits access to AF_INET and AF_INET6 sockets and
thus access to the network. This might break code that runs from udev
rules that tries to talk to the network. Doing that is generally a
bad idea and unsafe due to a variety of reasons. It's also racy as
device management would race against network configuration. It is
recommended to rework such rules to use the SYSTEMD_WANTS property on
the relevant devices to pull in a proper systemd service (which can
be sandboxed differently and ordered correctly after the network
having come up). If that's not possible consider reverting this
sandboxing feature locally by removing the RestrictAddressFamilies=
setting from the systemd-udevd.service unit file, or adding AF_INET
and AF_INET6 to it.
* Support for dynamically creating users for the lifetime of a service
has been added. If DynamicUser=yes is specified, user and group IDs
will be allocated from the range 61184..65519 for the lifetime of the
service. They can be resolved using the new nss-systemd.so NSS
module. The module must be enabled in /etc/nsswitch.conf. Services
started in this way have PrivateTmp= and RemoveIPC= enabled, so that
any resources allocated by the service will be cleaned up when the
service exits. They also have ProtectHome=read-only and
ProtectSystem=strict enabled, so they are not able to make any
permanent modifications to the system.
The nss-systemd module also always resolves root and nobody, making
it possible to have no /etc/passwd or /etc/group files in minimal
container systems.
* Services may be started with their own user namespace using the new
PrivateUsers= option. Only root, nobody, and the uid/gid under which
the service is running are mapped. All other users are mapped to
nobody.
* Support for the cgroup namespace has been added to systemd-nspawn. If
supported by kernel, the container system started by systemd-nspawn
will have its own view of the cgroup hierarchy. This new behaviour
can be disabled using $SYSTEMD_NSPAWN_USE_CGNS environment variable.
* The new MemorySwapMax= option can be used to limit the maximum swap
usage under the unified cgroup hierarchy.
* Support for the CPU controller in the unified cgroup hierarchy has
been added, via the CPUWeight=, CPUStartupWeight=, CPUAccounting=
options. This controller requires out-of-tree patches for the kernel
and the support is provisional.
* .automount units may now be transient.
* systemd-mount is a new tool which wraps mount(8) to pull in
additional dependencies through transient .mount and .automount
units. For example, this automatically runs fsck on the block device
before mounting, and allows the automount logic to be used.
* LazyUnmount=yes option for mount units has been added to expose the
umount --lazy option. Similarly, ForceUnmount=yes exposes the --force
option.
* /efi will be used as the mount point of the EFI boot partition, if
the directory is present, and the mount point was not configured
through other means (e.g. fstab). If /efi directory does not exist,
/boot will be used as before. This makes it easier to automatically
mount the EFI partition on systems where /boot is used for something
else.
* disk/by-id and disk/by-path symlinks are now created for NVMe drives.
* Two new user session targets have been added to support running
graphical sessions under the systemd --user instance:
graphical-session.target and graphical-session-pre.target. See
systemd.special(7) for a description of how those targets should be
used.
* The vconsole initialization code has been significantly reworked to
use KD_FONT_OP_GET/SET ioctls instead of KD_FONT_OP_COPY and better
support unicode keymaps. Font and keymap configuration will now be
copied to all allocated virtual consoles.
* FreeBSD's bhyve virtualization is now detected.
* Information recorded in the journal for core dumps now includes the
contents of /proc/mountinfo and the command line of the process at
the top of the process hierarchy (which is usually the init process
of the container).
* systemd-journal-gatewayd learned the --directory option to serve
files from the specified location.
* journalctl --root=… can be used to peruse the journal in the
/var/log/ directories inside of a container tree. This is similar to
the existing --machine= option, but does not require the container to
be active.
* The hardware database has been extended to support
ID_INPUT_TRACKBALL, used in addition to ID_INPUT_MOUSE to identify
trackball devices.
MOUSE_WHEEL_CLICK_ANGLE_HORIZONTAL hwdb property has been added to
specify the click rate for mice which include a horizontal wheel with
a click rate that is different than the one for the vertical wheel.
* systemd-run gained a new --wait option that makes service execution
synchronous.
systemctl gained a new --wait option that causes the start command to
wait until the units being started have terminated again.
* A new journal output mode "short-full" has been added which uses
timestamps with abbreviated English day names and adds a timezone
suffix. Those timestamps include more information and can be parsed
by journalctl.
* /etc/resolv.conf will be bind-mounted into containers started by
systemd-nspawn, if possible, so any changes to resolv.conf contents
are automatically propagated to the container.
* The number of instances for socket-activated services originating
from a single IP can be limited with MaxConnectionsPerSource=,
extending the existing setting of MaxConnections.
* systemd-networkd gained support for vcan ("Virtual CAN") interface
configuration.
* .netdev and .network configuration can now be extended through
drop-ins.
* UDP Segmentation Offload, TCP Segmentation Offload, Generic
Segmentation Offload, Generic Receive Offload, Large Receive Offload
can be enabled and disabled using the new UDPSegmentationOffload=,
TCPSegmentationOffload=, GenericSegmentationOffload=,
GenericReceiveOffload=, LargeReceiveOffload= options in the
[Link] section of .link files.
Spanning Tree Protocol enablement, Priority, Aging Time, and the
Default Port VLAN ID can be configured for bridge devices using the
new STP=, Priority=, AgeingTimeSec=, and DefaultPVID= settings in the
[Bridge] section of .netdev files.
The route table to which routes received over DHCP or RA should be
added can be configured with the new RouteTable= option in the [DHCP]
and [IPv6AcceptRA] sections of .network files.
Address Resolution Protocol can be disabled on links managed by
systemd-networkd using the ARP=no setting in the [Link] section of
.network files.
* $SERVICE_RESULT, $EXIT_CODE, $EXIT_STATUS are set for ExecStop= and
ExecStopPost= commands.
* systemd-sysctl will now configure kernel parameters in the order
they occur in the configuration files. This matches what sysctl
has been traditionally doing.
* kernel-install "plugins" that are executed to perform various
tasks after a new kernel is added and before an old one is removed
can now return a special value to terminate the procedure and
prevent any later plugins from running.
* Journald's SplitMode=login setting has been deprecated. It has been
removed from documentation, and its use is discouraged. In a future
release it will be completely removed, and made equivalent to current
default of SplitMode=uid.
* Storage=both option setting in /etc/systemd/coredump.conf has been
removed. With fast LZ4 compression storing the core dump twice is not
useful.
* The --share-system systemd-nspawn option has been replaced with an
(undocumented) variable $SYSTEMD_NSPAWN_SHARE_SYSTEM, but the use of
this functionality is discouraged. In addition the variables
$SYSTEMD_NSPAWN_SHARE_NS_IPC, $SYSTEMD_NSPAWN_SHARE_NS_PID,
$SYSTEMD_NSPAWN_SHARE_NS_UTS may be used to control the unsharing of
individual namespaces.
CHANGES WITH 231:
* In service units the various ExecXYZ= settings have been extended
with an additional special character as first argument of the
assigned value: if the character '+' is used the specified command
line it will be run with full privileges, regardless of User=,
Group=, CapabilityBoundingSet= and similar options. The effect is
similar to the existing PermissionsStartOnly= option, but allows
configuration of this concept for each executed command line
independently.
* Services may now alter the service watchdog timeout at runtime by
sending a WATCHDOG_USEC= message via sd_notify().
* MemoryLimit= and related unit settings now optionally take percentage
specifications. The percentage is taken relative to the amount of
physical memory in the system (or in case of containers, the assigned
amount of memory). This allows scaling service resources neatly with
the amount of RAM available on the system. Similarly, systemd-logind's
RuntimeDirectorySize= option now also optionally takes percentage
values.
* In similar fashion TasksMax= takes percentage values now, too. The
value is taken relative to the configured maximum number of processes
on the system. The per-service task maximum has been changed to 15%
using this functionality. (Effectively this is an increase of 512 →
4915 for service units, given the kernel's default pid_max setting.)
* Calendar time specifications in .timer units now understand a ".."
syntax for time ranges. Example: "4..7:10" may now be used for
defining a timer that is triggered at 4:10am, 5:10am, 6:10am and
7:10am every day.
* The InaccessableDirectories=, ReadOnlyDirectories= and
ReadWriteDirectories= unit file settings have been renamed to
InaccessablePaths=, ReadOnlyPaths= and ReadWritePaths= and may now be
applied to all kinds of file nodes, and not just directories, with
the exception of symlinks. Specifically these settings may now be
used on block and character device nodes, UNIX sockets and FIFOS as
well as regular files. The old names of these settings remain
available for compatibility.
* systemd will now log about all service processes it kills forcibly
(using SIGKILL) because they remained after the clean shutdown phase
of the service completed. This should help identifying services that
shut down uncleanly. Moreover if KillUserProcesses= is enabled in
systemd-logind's configuration a similar log message is generated for
processes killed at the end of each session due to this setting.
* systemd will now set the $JOURNAL_STREAM environment variable for all
services whose stdout/stderr are connected to the Journal (which
effectively means by default: all services). The variable contains
the device and inode number of the file descriptor used for
stdout/stderr. This may be used by invoked programs to detect whether
their stdout/stderr is connected to the Journal, in which case they
can switch over to direct Journal communication, thus being able to
pass extended, structured metadata along with their log messages. As
one example, this is now used by glib's logging primitives.
* When using systemd's default tmp.mount unit for /tmp, the mount point
will now be established with the "nosuid" and "nodev" options. This
avoids privilege escalation attacks that put traps and exploits into
/tmp. However, this might cause problems if you e. g. put container
images or overlays into /tmp; if you need this, override tmp.mount's
"Options=" with a drop-in, or mount /tmp from /etc/fstab with your
desired options.
* systemd now supports the "memory" cgroup controller also on
cgroupsv2.
* The systemd-cgtop tool now optionally takes a control group path as
command line argument. If specified, the control group list shown is
limited to subgroups of that group.
* The SystemCallFilter= unit file setting gained support for
pre-defined, named system call filter sets. For example
SystemCallFilter=@clock is now an effective way to make all clock
changing-related system calls unavailable to a service. A number of
similar pre-defined groups are defined. Writing system call filters
for system services is simplified substantially with this new
concept. Accordingly, all of systemd's own, long-running services now
enable system call filtering based on this, by default.
* A new service setting MemoryDenyWriteExecute= has been added, taking
a boolean value. If turned on, a service may no longer create memory
mappings that are writable and executable at the same time. This
enhances security for services where this is enabled as it becomes
harder to dynamically write and then execute memory in exploited
service processes. This option has been enabled for all of systemd's
own long-running services.
* A new RestrictRealtime= service setting has been added, taking a
boolean argument. If set the service's processes may no longer
acquire realtime scheduling. This improves security as realtime
scheduling may otherwise be used to easily freeze the system.
* systemd-nspawn gained a new switch --notify-ready= taking a boolean
value. This may be used for requesting that the system manager inside
of the container reports start-up completion to nspawn which then
propagates this notification further to the service manager
supervising nspawn itself. A related option NotifyReady= in .nspawn
files has been added too. This functionality allows ordering of the
start-up of multiple containers using the usual systemd ordering
primitives.
* machinectl gained a new command "stop" that is an alias for
"terminate".
* systemd-resolved gained support for contacting DNS servers on
link-local IPv6 addresses.
* If systemd-resolved receives the SIGUSR2 signal it will now flush all
its caches. A method call for requesting the same operation has been
added to the bus API too, and is made available via "systemd-resolve
--flush-caches".
* systemd-resolve gained a new --status switch. If passed a brief
summary of the used DNS configuration with per-interface information
is shown.
* resolved.conf gained a new Cache= boolean option, defaulting to
on. If turned off local DNS caching is disabled. This comes with a
performance penalty in particular when DNSSEC is enabled. Note that
resolved disables its internal caching implicitly anyway, when the
configured DNS server is on a host-local IP address such as ::1 or
127.0.0.1, thus automatically avoiding double local caching.
* systemd-resolved now listens on the local IP address 127.0.0.53:53
for DNS requests. This improves compatibility with local programs
that do not use the libc NSS or systemd-resolved's bus APIs for name
resolution. This minimal DNS service is only available to local
programs and does not implement the full DNS protocol, but enough to
cover local DNS clients. A new, static resolv.conf file, listing just
this DNS server is now shipped in /usr/lib/systemd/resolv.conf. It is
now recommended to make /etc/resolv.conf a symlink to this file in
order to route all DNS lookups to systemd-resolved, regardless if
done via NSS, the bus API or raw DNS packets. Note that this local
DNS service is not as fully featured as the libc NSS or
systemd-resolved's bus APIs. For example, as unicast DNS cannot be
used to deliver link-local address information (as this implies
sending a local interface index along), LLMNR/mDNS support via this
interface is severely restricted. It is thus strongly recommended for
all applications to use the libc NSS API or native systemd-resolved
bus API instead.
* systemd-networkd's bridge support learned a new setting
VLANFiltering= for controlling VLAN filtering. Moreover a new section
in .network files has been added for configuring VLAN bridging in
more detail: VLAN=, EgressUntagged=, PVID= in [BridgeVLAN].
* systemd-networkd's IPv6 Router Advertisement code now makes use of
the DNSSL and RDNSS options. This means IPv6 DNS configuration may
now be acquired without relying on DHCPv6. Two new options
UseDomains= and UseDNS= have been added to configure this behaviour.
* systemd-networkd's IPv6AcceptRouterAdvertisements= option has been
renamed IPv6AcceptRA=, without altering its behaviour. The old
setting name remains available for compatibility reasons.
* The systemd-networkd VTI/VTI6 tunneling support gained new options
Key=, InputKey= and OutputKey=.
* systemd-networkd gained support for VRF ("Virtual Routing Function")
interface configuration.
* "systemctl edit" may now be used to create new unit files by
specifying the --force switch.
* sd-event gained a new function sd_event_get_iteration() for
requesting the current iteration counter of the event loop. It starts
at zero and is increased by one with each event loop iteration.
* A new rpm macro %systemd_ordering is provided by the macros.systemd
file. It can be used in lieu of %systemd_requires in packages which
don't use any systemd functionality and are intended to be installed
in minimal containers without systemd present. This macro provides
ordering dependecies to ensure that if the package is installed in
the same rpm transaction as systemd, systemd will be installed before
the scriptlets for the package are executed, allowing unit presets
to be handled.
New macros %_systemdgeneratordir and %_systemdusergeneratordir have
been added to simplify packaging of generators.
* The os-release file gained VERSION_CODENAME field for the
distribution nickname (e.g. VERSION_CODENAME=woody).
* New udev property UDEV_DISABLE_PERSISTENT_STORAGE_RULES_FLAG=1
can be set to disable parsing of metadata and the creation
of persistent symlinks for that device.
* The v230 change to tag framebuffer devices (/dev/fb*) with "uaccess"
to make them available to logged-in users has been reverted.
* Much of the common code of the various systemd components is now
built into an internal shared library libsystemd-shared-231.so
(incorporating the systemd version number in the name, to be updated
with future releases) that the components link to. This should
decrease systemd footprint both in memory during runtime and on
disk. Note that the shared library is not for public use, and is
neither API not ABI stable, but is likely to change with every new
released update. Packagers need to make sure that binaries
linking to libsystemd-shared.so are updated in step with the
library.
* Configuration for "mkosi" is now part of the systemd
repository. mkosi is a tool to easily build legacy-free OS images,
and is available on github: https://github.com/systemd/mkosi. If
"mkosi" is invoked in the build tree a new raw OS image is generated
incorporating the systemd sources currently being worked on and a
clean, fresh distribution installation. The generated OS image may be
booted up with "systemd-nspawn -b -i", qemu-kvm or on any physcial
UEFI PC. This functionality is particularly useful to easily test
local changes made to systemd in a pristine, defined environment. See
HACKING for details.
* configure learned the --with-support-url= option to specify the
distribution's bugtracker.
Contributions from: Alban Crequy, Alessandro Puccetti, Alessio Igor
Bogani, Alexander Kuleshov, Alexander Kurtz, Alex Gaynor, Andika
Triwidada, Andreas Pokorny, Andreas Rammhold, Andrew Jeddeloh, Ansgar
Burchardt, Atrotors, Benjamin Drung, Brian Boylston, Christian Hesse,
Christian Rebischke, Daniele Medri, Daniel Mack, Dave Reisner, David
Herrmann, David Michael, Djalal Harouni, Douglas Christman, Elias
Probst, Evgeny Vereshchagin, Federico Mena Quintero, Felipe Sateler,
Franck Bui, Harald Hoyer, Ian Lee, Ivan Shapovalov, Jakub Wilk, Jan
Janssen, Jean-Sébastien Bour, John Paul Adrian Glaubitz, Jouke
Witteveen, Kai Ruhnau, kpengboy, Kyle Walker, Lénaïc Huard, Lennart
Poettering, Luca Bruno, Lukas Lösche, Lukáš Nykrýn, mahkoh, Marcel
Holtmann, Martin Pitt, Marty Plummer, Matthieu Codron, Max Prokhorov,
Michael Biebl, Michael Karcher, Michael Olbrich, Michał Bartoszkiewicz,
Michal Sekletar, Michal Soltys, Minkyung, Muhammet Kara, mulkieran,
Otto Wallenius, Pablo Lezaeta Reyes, Peter Hutterer, Ronny Chevalier,
Rusty Bird, Stef Walter, Susant Sahani, Tejun Heo, Thomas Blume, Thomas
Haller, Thomas H. P. Andersen, Tobias Jungel, Tom Gundersen, Tom Yan,
Topi Miettinen, Torstein Husebø, Valentin Vidić, Viktar Vaŭčkievič,
WaLyong Cho, Weng Xuetian, Werner Fink, Zbigniew Jędrzejewski-Szmek
— Berlin, 2016-07-25
CHANGES WITH 230:
* DNSSEC is now turned on by default in systemd-resolved (in
"allow-downgrade" mode), but may be turned off during compile time by
passing "--with-default-dnssec=no" to "configure" (and of course,
during runtime with DNSSEC= in resolved.conf). We recommend
downstreams to leave this on at least during development cycles and
report any issues with the DNSSEC logic upstream. We are very
interested in collecting feedback about the DNSSEC validator and its
limitations in the wild. Note however, that DNSSEC support is
probably nothing downstreams should turn on in stable distros just
yet, as it might create incompatibilities with a few DNS servers and
networks. We tried hard to make sure we downgrade to non-DNSSEC mode
automatically whenever we detect such incompatible setups, but there
might be systems we do not cover yet. Hence: please help us testing
the DNSSEC code, leave this on where you can, report back, but then
again don't consider turning this on in your stable, LTS or
production release just yet. (Note that you have to enable
nss-resolve in /etc/nsswitch.conf, to actually use systemd-resolved
and its DNSSEC mode for host name resolution from local
applications.)
* systemd-resolve conveniently resolves DANE records with the --tlsa
option and OPENPGPKEY records with the --openpgp option. It also
supports dumping raw DNS record data via the new --raw= switch.
* systemd-logind will now by default terminate user processes that are
part of the user session scope unit (session-XX.scope) when the user
logs out. This behavior is controlled by the KillUserProcesses=
setting in logind.conf, and the previous default of "no" is now
changed to "yes". This means that user sessions will be properly
cleaned up after, but additional steps are necessary to allow
intentionally long-running processes to survive logout.
While the user is logged in at least once, [email protected] is running,
and any service that should survive the end of any individual login
session can be started at a user service or scope using systemd-run.
systemd-run(1) man page has been extended with an example which shows
how to run screen in a scope unit underneath [email protected]. The same
command works for tmux.
After the user logs out of all sessions, [email protected] will be
terminated too, by default, unless the user has "lingering" enabled.
To effectively allow users to run long-term tasks even if they are
logged out, lingering must be enabled for them. See loginctl(1) for
details. The default polkit policy was modified to allow users to
set lingering for themselves without authentication.
Previous defaults can be restored at compile time by the
--without-kill-user-processes option to "configure".
* systemd-logind gained new configuration settings SessionsMax= and
InhibitorsMax=, both with a default of 8192. It will not register new
user sessions or inhibitors above this limit.
* systemd-logind will now reload configuration on SIGHUP.
* The unified cgroup hierarchy added in Linux 4.5 is now supported.
Use systemd.unified_cgroup_hierarchy=1 on the kernel command line to
enable. Also, support for the "io" cgroup controller in the unified
hierarchy has been added, so that the "memory", "pids" and "io" are
now the controllers that are supported on the unified hierarchy.
WARNING: it is not possible to use previous systemd versions with
systemd.unified_cgroup_hierarchy=1 and the new kernel. Therefore it
is necessary to also update systemd in the initramfs if using the
unified hierarchy. An updated SELinux policy is also required.
* LLDP support has been extended, and both passive (receive-only) and
active (sender) modes are supported. Passive mode ("routers-only") is
enabled by default in systemd-networkd. Active LLDP mode is enabled
by default for containers on the internal network. The "networkctl
lldp" command may be used to list information gathered. "networkctl
status" will also show basic LLDP information on connected peers now.
* The IAID and DUID unique identifier sent in DHCP requests may now be
configured for the system and each .network file managed by
systemd-networkd using the DUIDType=, DUIDRawData=, IAID= options.
* systemd-networkd gained support for configuring proxy ARP support for
each interface, via the ProxyArp= setting in .network files. It also
gained support for configuring the multicast querier feature of
bridge devices, via the new MulticastQuerier= setting in .netdev
files. Similarly, snooping on the IGMP traffic can be controlled
via the new setting MulticastSnooping=.
A new setting PreferredLifetime= has been added for addresses
configured in .network file to configure the lifetime intended for an
address.
The systemd-networkd DHCP server gained the option EmitRouter=, which
defaults to yes, to configure whether the DHCP Option 3 (Router)
should be emitted.
* The testing tool /usr/lib/systemd/systemd-activate is renamed to
systemd-socket-activate and installed into /usr/bin. It is now fully
supported.
* systemd-journald now uses separate threads to flush changes to disk
when closing journal files, thus reducing impact of slow disk I/O on
logging performance.
* The sd-journal API gained two new calls
sd_journal_open_directory_fd() and sd_journal_open_files_fd() which
can be used to open journal files using file descriptors instead of
file or directory paths. sd_journal_open_container() has been
deprecated, sd_journal_open_directory_fd() should be used instead
with the flag SD_JOURNAL_OS_ROOT.
* journalctl learned a new output mode "-o short-unix" that outputs log
lines prefixed by their UNIX time (i.e. seconds since Jan 1st, 1970
UTC). It also gained support for a new --no-hostname setting to
suppress the hostname column in the family of "short" output modes.
* systemd-ask-password now optionally skips printing of the password to
stdout with --no-output which can be useful in scripts.
* Framebuffer devices (/dev/fb*) and 3D printers and scanners
(devices tagged with ID_MAKER_TOOL) are now tagged with
"uaccess" and are available to logged in users.
* The DeviceAllow= unit setting now supports specifiers (with "%").
* "systemctl show" gained a new --value switch, which allows print a
only the contents of a specific unit property, without also printing
the property's name. Similar support was added to "show*" verbs
of loginctl and machinectl that output "key=value" lists.
* A new unit type "generated" was added for files dynamically generated
by generator tools. Similarly, a new unit type "transient" is used
for unit files created using the runtime API. "systemctl enable" will
refuse to operate on such files.
* A new command "systemctl revert" has been added that may be used to
revert to the vendor version of a unit file, in case local changes
have been made by adding drop-ins or overriding the unit file.
* "machinectl clean" gained a new verb to automatically remove all or
just hidden container images.
* systemd-tmpfiles gained support for a new line type "e" for emptying
directories, if they exist, without creating them if they don't.
* systemd-nspawn gained support for automatically patching the UID/GIDs
of the owners and the ACLs of all files and directories in a
container tree to match the UID/GID user namespacing range selected
for the container invocation. This mode is enabled via the new
--private-user-chown switch. It also gained support for automatically
choosing a free, previously unused UID/GID range when starting a
container, via the new --private-users=pick setting (which implies
--private-user-chown). Together, these options for the first time
make user namespacing for nspawn containers fully automatic and thus
deployable. The [email protected] template unit file has been
changed to use this functionality by default.
* systemd-nspawn gained a new --network-zone= switch, that allows
creating ad-hoc virtual Ethernet links between multiple containers,
that only exist as long as at least one container referencing them is
running. This allows easy connecting of multiple containers with a
common link that implements an Ethernet broadcast domain. Each of
these network "zones" may be named relatively freely by the user, and
may be referenced by any number of containers, but each container may
only reference one of these "zones". On the lower level, this is
implemented by an automatically managed bridge network interface for
each zone, that is created when the first container referencing its
zone is created and removed when the last one referencing its zone
terminates.
* The default start timeout may now be configured on the kernel command
line via systemd.default_timeout_start_sec=. It was already
configurable via the DefaultTimeoutStartSec= option in
/etc/systemd/system.conf.
* Socket units gained a new TriggerLimitIntervalSec= and
TriggerLimitBurst= setting to configure a limit on the activation
rate of the socket unit.
* The LimitNICE= setting now optionally takes normal UNIX nice values
in addition to the raw integer limit value. If the specified
parameter is prefixed with "+" or "-" and is in the range -20..19 the
value is understood as UNIX nice value. If not prefixed like this it
is understood as raw RLIMIT_NICE limit.
* Note that the effect of the PrivateDevices= unit file setting changed
slightly with this release: the per-device /dev file system will be
mounted read-only from this version on, and will have "noexec"
set. This (minor) change of behavior might cause some (exceptional)
legacy software to break, when PrivateDevices=yes is set for its
service. Please leave PrivateDevices= off if you run into problems
with this.
* systemd-bootchart has been split out to a separate repository:
https://github.com/systemd/systemd-bootchart
* systemd-bus-proxyd has been removed, as kdbus is unlikely to still be
merged into the kernel in its current form.
* The compatibility libraries libsystemd-daemon.so,
libsystemd-journal.so, libsystemd-id128.so, and libsystemd-login.so
which have been deprecated since systemd-209 have been removed along
with the corresponding pkg-config files. All symbols provided by
those libraries are provided by libsystemd.so.
* The Capabilities= unit file setting has been removed (it is ignored
for backwards compatibility). AmbientCapabilities= and
CapabilityBoundingSet= should be used instead.
* A new special target has been added, initrd-root-device.target,
which creates a synchronization point for dependencies of the root
device in early userspace. Initramfs builders must ensure that this
target is now included in early userspace.
Contributions from: Alban Crequy, Alexander Kuleshov, Alexander Shopov,
Alex Crawford, Andre Klärner, Andrew Eikum, Beniamino Galvani, Benjamin
Robin, Biao Lu, Bjørnar Ness, Calvin Owens, Christian Hesse, Clemens
Gruber, Colin Guthrie, Daniel Drake, Daniele Medri, Daniel J Walsh,
Daniel Mack, Dan Nicholson, daurnimator, David Herrmann, David
R. Hedges, Elias Probst, Emmanuel Gil Peyrot, EMOziko, Evgeny
Vereshchagin, Federico, Felipe Sateler, Filipe Brandenburger, Franck
Bui, frankheckenbach, gdamjan, Georgia Brikis, Harald Hoyer, Hendrik
Brueckner, Hristo Venev, Iago López Galeiras, Ian Kelling, Ismo
Puustinen, Jakub Wilk, Jaroslav Škarvada, Jeff Huang, Joel Holdsworth,
John Paul Adrian Glaubitz, Jonathan Boulle, kayrus, Klearchos
Chaloulos, Kyle Russell, Lars Uebernickel, Lennart Poettering, Lubomir
Rintel, Lukáš Nykrýn, Mantas Mikulėnas, Marcel Holtmann, Martin Pitt,
Michael Biebl, michaelolbrich, Michał Bartoszkiewicz, Michal Koutný,
Michal Sekletar, Mike Frysinger, Mike Gilbert, Mingcong Bai, Ming Lin,
mulkieran, muzena, Nalin Dahyabhai, Naohiro Aota, Nathan McSween,
Nicolas Braud-Santoni, Patrik Flykt, Peter Hutterer, Peter Mattern,
Petr Lautrbach, Petros Angelatos, Piotr Drąg, Rabin Vincent, Robert
Węcławski, Ronny Chevalier, Samuel Tardieu, Stefan Saraev, Stefan
Schallenberg aka nafets227, Steven Siloti, Susant Sahani, Sylvain
Plantefève, Taylor Smock, Tejun Heo, Thomas Blume, Thomas Haller,
Thomas H. P. Andersen, Tobias Klauser, Tom Gundersen, topimiettinen,
Torstein Husebø, Umut Tezduyar Lindskog, Uwe Kleine-König, Victor Toso,
Vinay Kulkarni, Vito Caputo, Vittorio G (VittGam), Vladimir Panteleev,
Wieland Hoffmann, Wouter Verhelst, Yu Watanabe, Zbigniew
Jędrzejewski-Szmek
— Fairfax, 2016-05-21
CHANGES WITH 229:
* The systemd-resolved DNS resolver service has gained a substantial
set of new features, most prominently it may now act as a DNSSEC
validating stub resolver. DNSSEC mode is currently turned off by
default, but is expected to be turned on by default in one of the
next releases. For now, we invite everybody to test the DNSSEC logic
by setting DNSSEC=allow-downgrade in /etc/systemd/resolved.conf. The
service also gained a full set of D-Bus interfaces, including calls
to configure DNS and DNSSEC settings per link (for use by external
network management software). systemd-resolved and systemd-networkd
now distinguish between "search" and "routing" domains. The former
are used to qualify single-label names, the latter are used purely
for routing lookups within certain domains to specific links.
resolved now also synthesizes RRs for all entries from /etc/hosts.
* The systemd-resolve tool (which is a client utility for
systemd-resolved) has been improved considerably and is now fully
supported and documented. Hence it has moved from /usr/lib/systemd to
/usr/bin.
* /dev/disk/by-path/ symlink support has been (re-)added for virtio
devices.
* The coredump collection logic has been reworked: when a coredump is
collected it is now written to disk, compressed and processed
(including stacktrace extraction) from a new instantiated service
[email protected], instead of directly from the
/proc/sys/kernel/core_pattern hook we provide. This is beneficial as
processing large coredumps can take up a substantial amount of
resources and time, and this previously happened entirely outside of
systemd's service supervision. With the new logic the core_pattern
hook only does minimal metadata collection before passing off control
to the new instantiated service, which is configured with a time
limit, a nice level and other settings to minimize negative impact on
the rest of the system. Also note that the new logic will honour the
RLIMIT_CORE setting of the crashed process, which now allows users
and processes to turn off coredumping for their processes by setting
this limit.
* The RLIMIT_CORE resource limit now defaults to "unlimited" for PID 1
and all forked processes by default. Previously, PID 1 would leave
the setting at "0" for all processes, as set by the kernel. Note that
the resource limit traditionally has no effect on the generated
coredumps on the system if the /proc/sys/kernel/core_pattern hook
logic is used. Since the limit is now honoured (see above) its
default has been changed so that the coredumping logic is enabled by
default for all processes, while allowing specific opt-out.
* When the stacktrace is extracted from processes of system users, this
is now done as "systemd-coredump" user, in order to sandbox this
potentially security sensitive parsing operation. (Note that when
processing coredumps of normal users this is done under the user ID
of process that crashed, as before.) Packagers should take notice
that it is now necessary to create the "systemd-coredump" system user
and group at package installation time.
* The systemd-activate socket activation testing tool gained support
for SOCK_DGRAM and SOCK_SEQPACKET sockets using the new --datagram
and --seqpacket switches. It also has been extended to support both
new-style and inetd-style file descriptor passing. Use the new
--inetd switch to request inetd-style file descriptor passing.
* Most systemd tools now honor a new $SYSTEMD_COLORS environment
variable, which takes a boolean value. If set to false, ANSI color
output is disabled in the tools even when run on a terminal that
supports it.
* The VXLAN support in networkd now supports two new settings
DestinationPort= and PortRange=.
* A new systemd.machine_id= kernel command line switch has been added,
that may be used to set the machine ID in /etc/machine-id if it is
not initialized yet. This command line option has no effect if the
file is already initialized.
* systemd-nspawn gained a new --as-pid2 switch that invokes any
specified command line as PID 2 rather than PID 1 in the
container. In this mode PID 1 is a minimal stub init process that
implements the special POSIX and Linux semantics of PID 1 regarding
signal and child process management. Note that this stub init process
is implemented in nspawn itself and requires no support from the
container image. This new logic is useful to support running
arbitrary commands in the container, as normal processes are
generally not prepared to run as PID 1.
* systemd-nspawn gained a new --chdir= switch for setting the current
working directory for the process started in the container.
* "journalctl /dev/sda" will now output all kernel log messages for
specified device from the current boot, in addition to all devices
that are parents of it. This should make log output about devices
pretty useful, as long as kernel drivers attach enough metadata to
the log messages. (The usual SATA drivers do.)
* The sd-journal API gained two new calls
sd_journal_has_runtime_files() and sd_journal_has_persistent_files()
that report whether log data from /run or /var has been found.
* journalctl gained a new switch "--fields" that prints all journal
record field names currently in use in the journal. This is backed
by two new sd-journal API calls sd_journal_enumerate_fields() and
sd_journal_restart_fields().
* Most configurable timeouts in systemd now expect an argument of
"infinity" to turn them off, instead of "0" as before. The semantics
from now on is that a timeout of "0" means "now", and "infinity"
means "never". To maintain backwards compatibility, "0" continues to
turn off previously existing timeout settings.
* "systemctl reload-or-try-restart" has been renamed to "systemctl
try-reload-or-restart" to clarify what it actually does: the "try"
logic applies to both reloading and restarting, not just restarting.
The old name continues to be accepted for compatibility.
* On boot-up, when PID 1 detects that the system clock is behind the
release date of the systemd version in use, the clock is now set
to the latter. Previously, this was already done in timesyncd, in order
to avoid running with clocks set to the various clock epochs such as
1902, 1938 or 1970. With this change the logic is now done in PID 1
in addition to timesyncd during early boot-up, so that it is enforced
before the first process is spawned by systemd. Note that the logic
in timesyncd remains, as it is more comprehensive and ensures
clock monotonicity by maintaining a persistent timestamp file in
/var. Since /var is generally not available in earliest boot or the
initrd, this part of the logic remains in timesyncd, and is not done
by PID 1.
* Support for tweaking details in net_cls.class_id through the
NetClass= configuration directive has been removed, as the kernel
people have decided to deprecate that controller in cgroup v2.
Userspace tools such as nftables are moving over to setting rules
that are specific to the full cgroup path of a task, which obsoletes
these controllers anyway. The NetClass= directive is kept around for
legacy compatibility reasons. For a more in-depth description of the
kernel change, please refer to the respective upstream commit:
https://git.kernel.org/cgit/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/commit/?id=bd1060a1d671
* A new service setting RuntimeMaxSec= has been added that may be used
to specify a maximum runtime for a service. If the timeout is hit, the
service is terminated and put into a failure state.
* A new service setting AmbientCapabilities= has been added. It allows
configuration of additional Linux process capabilities that are
passed to the activated processes. This is only available on very
recent kernels.
* The process resource limit settings in service units may now be used
to configure hard and soft limits individually.
* The various libsystemd APIs such as sd-bus or sd-event now publicly
expose support for gcc's __attribute__((cleanup())) C extension.
Specifically, for many object destructor functions alternative
versions have been added that have names suffixed with "p" and take a
pointer to a pointer to the object to destroy, instead of just a
pointer to the object itself. This is useful because these destructor
functions may be used directly as parameters to the cleanup
construct. Internally, systemd has been a heavy user of this GCC
extension for a long time, and with this change similar support is
now available to consumers of the library outside of systemd. Note
that by using this extension in your sources compatibility with old
and strictly ANSI compatible C compilers is lost. However, all gcc or
LLVM versions of recent years support this extension.
* Timer units gained support for a new setting RandomizedDelaySec= that
allows configuring some additional randomized delay to the configured
time. This is useful to spread out timer events to avoid load peaks in
clusters or larger setups.
* Calendar time specifications now support sub-second accuracy.
* Socket units now support listening on SCTP and UDP-lite protocol
sockets.
* The sd-event API now comes with a full set of man pages.
* Older versions of systemd contained experimental support for
compressing journal files and coredumps with the LZ4 compressor that
was not compatible with the lz4 binary (due to API limitations of the
lz4 library). This support has been removed; only support for files
compatible with the lz4 binary remains. This LZ4 logic is now
officially supported and no longer considered experimental.
* The dkr image import logic has been removed again from importd. dkr's
micro-services focus doesn't fit into the machine image focus of
importd, and quickly got out of date with the upstream dkr API.
* Creation of the /run/lock/lockdev/ directory was dropped from
tmpfiles.d/legacy.conf. Better locking mechanisms like flock() have
been available for many years. If you still need this, you need to
create your own tmpfiles.d config file with:
d /run/lock/lockdev 0775 root lock -
Contributions from: Abdo Roig-Maranges, Alban Crequy, Aleksander
Adamowski, Alexander Kuleshov, Andreas Pokorny, Andrei Borzenkov,
Andrew Wilcox, Arthur Clement, Beniamino Galvani, Casey Schaufler,
Chris Atkinson, Chris Mayo, Christian Hesse, Damjan Georgievski, Dan
Dedrick, Daniele Medri, Daniel J Walsh, Daniel Korostil, Daniel Mack,
David Herrmann, Dimitri John Ledkov, Dominik Hannen, Douglas Christman,
Evgeny Vereshchagin, Filipe Brandenburger, Franck Bui, Gabor Kelemen,
Harald Hoyer, Hayden Walles, Helmut Grohne, Henrik Kaare Poulsen,
Hristo Venev, Hui Wang, Indrajit Raychaudhuri, Ismo Puustinen, Jakub
Wilk, Jan Alexander Steffens (heftig), Jan Engelhardt, Jan Synacek,
Joost Bremmer, Jorgen Schaefer, Karel Zak, Klearchos Chaloulos,
lc85446, Lennart Poettering, Lukas Nykryn, Mantas Mikulėnas, Marcel
Holtmann, Martin Pitt, Michael Biebl, Michael Olbrich, Michael Scherer,
Michał Górny, Michal Sekletar, Nicolas Cornu, Nicolas Iooss, Nils
Carlson, nmartensen, nnz1024, Patrick Ohly, Peter Hutterer, Phillip Sz,
Ronny Chevalier, Samu Kallio, Shawn Landden, Stef Walter, Susant
Sahani, Sylvain Plantefève, Tadej Janež, Thomas Hindoe Paaboel
Andersen, Tom Gundersen, Torstein Husebø, Umut Tezduyar Lindskog, Vito
Caputo, WaLyong Cho, Yu Watanabe, Zbigniew Jędrzejewski-Szmek
— Berlin, 2016-02-11
CHANGES WITH 228:
* A number of properties previously only settable in unit
files are now also available as properties to set when
creating transient units programmatically via the bus, as it
is exposed with systemd-run's --property=
setting. Specifically, these are: SyslogIdentifier=,
SyslogLevelPrefix=, TimerSlackNSec=, OOMScoreAdjust=,
EnvironmentFile=, ReadWriteDirectories=,
ReadOnlyDirectories=, InaccessibleDirectories=,
ProtectSystem=, ProtectHome=, RuntimeDirectory=.
* When creating transient services via the bus API it is now
possible to pass in a set of file descriptors to use as
STDIN/STDOUT/STDERR for the invoked process.
* Slice units may now be created transiently via the bus APIs,
similar to the way service and scope units may already be
created transiently.
* Wherever systemd expects a calendar timestamp specification
(like in journalctl's --since= and --until= switches) UTC
timestamps are now supported. Timestamps suffixed with "UTC"
are now considered to be in Universal Time Coordinated
instead of the local timezone. Also, timestamps may now
optionally be specified with sub-second accuracy. Both of
these additions also apply to recurring calendar event
specification, such as OnCalendar= in timer units.
* journalctl gained a new "--sync" switch that asks the
journal daemon to write all so far unwritten log messages to
disk and sync the files, before returning.
* systemd-tmpfiles learned two new line types "q" and "Q" that
operate like "v", but also set up a basic btrfs quota
hierarchy when used on a btrfs file system with quota
enabled.
* tmpfiles' "v", "q" and "Q" will now create a plain directory
instead of a subvolume (even on a btrfs file system) if the
root directory is a plain directory, and not a
subvolume. This should simplify things with certain chroot()
environments which are not aware of the concept of btrfs
subvolumes.
* systemd-detect-virt gained a new --chroot switch to detect
whether execution takes place in a chroot() environment.
* CPUAffinity= now takes CPU index ranges in addition to
individual indexes.
* The various memory-related resource limit settings (such as
LimitAS=) now understand the usual K, M, G, ... suffixes to
the base of 1024 (IEC). Similar, the time-related resource
limit settings understand the usual min, h, day, ...
suffixes now.
* There's a new system.conf setting DefaultTasksMax= to
control the default TasksMax= setting for services and
scopes running on the system. (TasksMax= is the primary
setting that exposes the "pids" cgroup controller on systemd
and was introduced in the previous systemd release.) The
setting now defaults to 512, which means services that are
not explicitly configured otherwise will only be able to
create 512 processes or threads at maximum, from this
version on. Note that this means that thread- or
process-heavy services might need to be reconfigured to set
TasksMax= to a higher value. It is sufficient to set
TasksMax= in these specific unit files to a higher value, or
even "infinity". Similar, there's now a logind.conf setting
UserTasksMax= that defaults to 4096 and limits the total
number of processes or tasks each user may own
concurrently. nspawn containers also have the TasksMax=
value set by default now, to 8192. Note that all of this
only has an effect if the "pids" cgroup controller is
enabled in the kernel. The general benefit of these changes
should be a more robust and safer system, that provides a
certain amount of per-service fork() bomb protection.
* systemd-nspawn gained the new --network-veth-extra= switch
to define additional and arbitrarily-named virtual Ethernet
links between the host and the container.
* A new service execution setting PassEnvironment= has been
added that allows importing select environment variables
from PID1's environment block into the environment block of
the service.
* Timer units gained support for a new RemainAfterElapse=
setting which takes a boolean argument. It defaults to on,
exposing behaviour unchanged to previous releases. If set to
off, timer units are unloaded after they elapsed if they
cannot elapse again. This is particularly useful for
transient timer units, which shall not stay around longer
than until they first elapse.
* systemd will now bump the net.unix.max_dgram_qlen to 512 by
default now (the kernel default is 16). This is beneficial
for avoiding blocking on AF_UNIX/SOCK_DGRAM sockets since it
allows substantially larger numbers of queued
datagrams. This should increase the capability of systemd to
parallelize boot-up, as logging and sd_notify() are unlikely
to stall execution anymore. If you need to change the value
from the new defaults, use the usual sysctl.d/ snippets.