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speciesNarrative
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1. Gymnodinium absumens Schiller 1957 – This species was described by Schiller from several individuals collected in Lake Neusiedl, a freshwater lake in Central Europe [15]. He included five drawings of this species and a 152 word description in German that gave quantitative cell size measurements. It has not been observed since.
2. Gymnodinium achromaticum Lebour 1917 – This species was described by Lebour based on a single cell found in the estuarine waters of Plymouth Sound, England [16]. She drew two images of the cell, ventral and side view. No quantitative measurements are available in her 40 word description in English. This species was referred to in several publications, but was not seen again until 1936 off the coast of Massachusetts by Lackey [17]. It was seen again in 1938 in brackish waters in Belgium [18] . Conrad and Kufferath [18] provided no new images nor morphological features, but provided some details of the environment in which the cell was found. The earliest quantitative measurements appeared in Kofoid & Swezy [19] who presumably calculated them from the original Lebour drawings. The Kofoid & Swezy English description was much longer than the Lebour description, which raises a question as to the validity of the Kofoid and Swezy account, considering there is no evidence for new observations. In 1925, Lebour republished her description of G. achromaticum with the Kofoid and Swezy [19] measurements despite not having observed the species again [20]. Schiller published a German account of the species without new observations [21]. It wasn’t until the 1960s that G. achromaticum was again seen in Plymouth Sound [22]. Margalef reported seeing G. achromaticum in the NW Mediterranean [23]. In 1982, Dodge published a short account of G. achromaticum with a new image, presumably redrawn from Lebour [24]. The species was reported from the Aegean Sea in 2007 [25]. Two observations have been reported to GBIF. There are three unique drawings available depicting this species and no photographs.
3. Gymnodinium achroum Schiller 1957 - This species was described by Schiller from few individuals collected in the freshwater Lake Neusiedl [15]. He included two drawings of this species, cell size measurements and a 165 word description in German. It has not been observed since.
4. Gymnodinium acutiusculum Okolodkov 1997 – This species was described by Okolodkov based on a single individual collected in the Greenland Sea [26]. There is one drawing in his 268 word, English description and no photographs. Cell measurements and some habitat information were given. This species has been observed once and no additional information can be found.
5. Gymnodinium adriaticum (Schmarda) Kofoid & Swezy 1921 – This species was initially described as Peridinium adriaticum by Schmarda [27] who included 12 drawings and a 126 word description in German. Many individuals were found in salt pools near Trieste, Italy. He observed the species on two occasions, once in Trieste and again in Venice. It has not been observed since its discovery, despite being reported in the literature. Diesing transferred this species to Heteraulacus [28] and later to Heteroaulax [29]. Kofoid & Swezy finally placed it within Gymnodinium [19]. Very little information is available on G. adriaticum. Peridinium adriaticum Schmarda 1846 should not be confused with the homonym Peridinium adriaticum Broch 1910 which has been renamed P. brochi [19].
6. Gymnodinium aequatoriale Hasle 1960 – This species was described by Hasle from hundreds of individuals collected from the equatorial Pacific Ocean [30]. She included five drawings, cell measurements and a 228 word, English and Latin description. It has one observation in GBIF.
7. Gymnodinium aeruginosum Stein 1883 – This species was described by Stein using samples from an Austrian pond [31]. He gives no explicit text description, but does include four figures and descriptive figure captions in German. Stein does not include quantitative measurements from direct observations, but those can be found in later publications [31–36]. This species has been reported numerous times since its first description and seems to have a cosmopolitan distribution in freshwater ponds, bogs and rivers from oligo- to eutrophic waters in the temperate zone. Klebs reported this species from Java [37]. This species has numerous reports in excess of observations due to its appearance in many protistan guidebooks. In addition to the original four drawings, 14 additional drawings and two published photographs are available. Popovsky & Pfiester declared G. viride Penard 1891, G. acidotum Nygaard 1949, G. p. dohrni Wawrik and G. campaniforme Popovsky 1971 to be synonymous with G. aeruginosum Stein 1883 [12]. G. campaniforme Popovsky was described from material collected from a drinking-water reservoir in the Czech Republic [38]. G. viride Penard was described from Switzerland [39]. G. acidotum Nygaard was described from a Danish pond [40]. G. p. dohrni Wawrik was described from Austrian fish ponds [41]. Of these three, G. campaniforme is the only one that has not been observed since its original description outside the synonymy. The Popofsky and Pfiester synonymies have been largely disregarded. In 2014, Gymnodinium acidotum was used as the basionym for Nusuttodinium acidotum (Nygaard) Takano & Horiguchi (Takano et al. 2014). Gymnodinium aeruginosum itself was used as the basionym for Nusuttodinium aeruginosum (Stein) Takano & Horiguchi (Takano et al. 2014). This species is kleptoplastidic, which explains why it is seen with and without bright green chloroplasts, which come from Chroomonas (Onuma and Horiguchi 2015, Onuma and Horiguchi 2016, Drumm et al. 2017).
#. Gymnodinium acidotum Nygaard 1949 - This species was first observed by Nygaard in 1944 from a pond in Denmark (Nygaard 1949). He provided four drawings. Popovsky and Pfiester later declared G. acidotum to be a synonym of G. aeruginosum (Popovksy and Pfiester 1990), but this is widely disregarded. In 2014, Gymnodinium acidotum was used as the basionym for Nusuttodinium acidotum (Nygaard) Takano & Horiguchi (Takano et al. 2014). This taxon has been reported from the Northwest Territories in Canada and Ohio, Missouri, and Louisiana in the USA (Sheath and Steinman 1982, Farmer and Roberts 1990, Fields and Rhodes 1991, Carty 1993, Klarer et al. 2000, Carty 2014). This species is kleptoplastidic, which explains why it is seen with and without bright green chloroplasts, which come from Chroomonas (Fields and Rhodes 1991).
8. Gymnodinium aesculum Baumeister 1943 – This species was described by Baumeister from German waters in a 552 word description in German and has not been observed again [42]. The description included four drawings, some cell measurements and was based on several individuals.
9. Gymnodinium aestivale Skvortzov 1968 – This species was described by Skvotzov from Northern Mancuria, China [43]. His 69 word, Latin and English description was accompanied by length and width measurements of the cell and one drawing. This species has not been observed since description.
10. Gymnodinium affine Dogiel 1906 – This species was described by Dogiel from cysts in the Gulf of Naples [44]. His 433 word description in German contained four drawings. This species has not been observed since its original description.
11. Gymnodinium agaricoides Campbell 1973 =[]'– This species was described by Campbell from the polyhaline portion of Gales Creek, North Carolina, USA by observing several individuals in eight samples [45]. He included three drawings and some quantitative measurements in his 216 word description in English. It has since been observed in Greek waters [46] and the Chesapeake Bay [47].
12. Gymnodinium agiliforme Schiller 1928 – This species was described by Schiller from the Adriatic Sea [48]. He gave four drawings in his 177 word, Latin and German description which also contained some quantitative information about size of the cells and their habitat. He reported the species again with no new observations [21]. In 1982 this species was observed in the subarctic Pacific [49]. In 1998 the species was observed in Russian waters [36]. It was observed in Romania [50], Spain [51] and the Sea of Okhostk [52]. There are 281 observations of G. agiliforme within the GBIF database.
13. Gymnodinium alaskensis Bursa 1963 – This species was described by Bursa from small freshwater ponds near Barrow, Alaska [53]. He viewed several cells and gave three drawings in his 316 word description in English that includes quantitative and qualitative cell morphology information. This species has not been observed since its first description.
##. Gymnodinium albulum Lindemann 1928 - Don't confuse with G. albulum Lindemann sensu Schiller 1933 which is a synonym of G. submontanum Schiller 1957.
14. Gymnodinium allophron Larsen 1994 – Larsen described this species from Hobsons Bay (marine waters), Australia using eight living cells [54]. His 234 word, Latin and English description included four photos and one drawing. The description also contained quantitative measurements of cell size. It has not been observed since.
15. Gymnodinium amphiconicoides Schiller 1957 – Schiller described this species from material collected from freshwater Lake Neusiedl [15]. He observed at least two individuals, because he gives a range of measurements, but does not specify how many cells he observed. Three drawings were given in his 104 word description in German. This species has not been observed since.
16. Gymnodinium amphityphlum Larsen 1994 – Larsen described this species from marine, Australian waters [54]. He observed over 20 living cells to draft his 353 word, Latin and English description. He gives three photos, one drawing and quantitative measurements of cell size. This species has not been observed since.
17. Gymnodinium amphora Kofoid & Swezy 1921 – This species was described by Kofoid and Swezy from La Jolla, California [19]. They observed only one cell and gave two high quality drawings, quantitative measurments of morphology and a 544 word description in English. The species was reported by Schiller with no new observations or images [21]. It has been observed in the Mediterranean Sea [55] and the Gulf of Mexico [56]. This species was later synonymized with Balechina pachydermata based on morphological and molecular observations made using specimens collected off the coast of Brazil (Gómez et al. 2015). Sequences (KR139790, KR139791, KR139792) and micrographs are now available.
18. Gymnodinium amplinucleum Campbell 1973 – This species was described by Campbell from the polyhaline section of Gales Creek in North Carolina, USA [45]. At least two individuals were observed in one sample. Campbell gave two drawings and a 210 word description in English containing quantitative measurements of cell size. This species has also been observed in the Chesapeake Bay [47].
19. Gymnodinium antarcticum Thessen, Patterson and Murray nom. nov. See Gymnodinium frigidum Balech 1965.
20. Gymnodinium arcticum Wulff 1919 – This species was described by Wulff from the Barents Sea [57]. He gave four drawings and a 126 word description in German. He also gave a range of cell measurements so it is assumed that he saw at least two cells. Schiller and Lebour reported G. arcticum, but did not observe it [20,21]. However, the species has been observed in the Strait of Georgia [58], near Japan [59], in Plymouth Sound [60], near Svalbard [61], off the east coast of the USA [62], in the Aegean Sea [63], the Russian Arctic [64], the Chesapeake Bay [65], in the Black Sea [66] and near Russia [36]. There are 136 records of this species in GBIF. There are a total of nine published drawings available and no photographs.
21. Gymnodinium arcuatum Kofoid 1931 – This species was described by Kofoid [67]. In his 297 word English description, he does not give a range for the cell length and width, but does state that the species was common in Mutsu Bay, Japan. We conclude that while Kofoid saw many of this species, the actual description and measurements are based on only one cell. In 1933, Schiller reported the species without making new observations [21]. Sixty years later, Konovalova observed the species and gave two new drawings[36]. It was also observed in the Strait of Taiwan [68] and in the Black Sea [69]. There are three drawings and no photographs available.
22. Gymnodinium arenicolus Dragesco 1965 – This species was described by Dragesco in from the sands off Roscoff, France [70]. His 885 word description in French was based on many cells and included nine drawings and cell measurements. This species has also been known as G. arenicola and G. arenicolum (Appendix B). It has been observed in British waters [60].
23. Gymnodinium armoricanum Villeret 1953 – This species was described by Villeret from Lande d’Ouée, France [71]. He gave a 192 word description in French including cell measurements, habitat information and six drawings. This species has not been observed since its description.
24. Gymnodinium atomatum Larsen 1994 – Larsen described this species based on observations of six living cells from marine, Australian waters [54] as part of a broader survey [72]. His 296 word, English and Latin description contained two photographs, one drawing and cell morphology measurements. This species has not been observed since its original description.
25. Gymnodinium attenuatum Kofoid & Swezy 1921 – This species was described by Kofoid and Swezy from material collected off La Jolla, California [19]. Their 464 word, Enlgish-language description was based on observations of three individuals. They provided one line drawing and quantitative measurements of cell morphology. Schiller reported the species, but made no new observations [21]. This species has been observed in the Mediterranean Sea [55].
26. Gymnodinium aurantium Campbell 1973 – This species was described by Campbell from the mesohaline portion of Gales Creek, North Carolina, USA [45]. He provided a 167 word description in English with cell size measurments and four drawings. There is possibly some confusion between this species and Pfiesteria piscicida because the details needed to distinguish them are not observable via light microscopy [73]. This species has been observed in the Chesapeake Bay [74].
27. Gymnodinium auratum Kofoid & Swezy 1921 – This species was described by Kofoid and Swezy from observations of one cell [19]. It was collected off La Jolla, California. The authors gave a 562 word description in English with two drawings and quantitative cell measurements. Schiller reported the species with no new observations [21]. It has been observed in the Gulf of Mexico [56], Mediterranean Sea [55], the Mexican Pacific [75] and the Black Sea [76].
28. Gymnodinium aureolum (Hulburt) Hansen 2000 – This species was originally described as Gyrodinium aureolum by Hulburt from marine waters near the Woods Hole, Massachusetts, USA area [77]. Campbell observed the cells in the polyhaline portion of Gales Creek, North Carolina, USA in 1973 [45]. It was then transferred to Gymnodinium by Hansen based on observations of laboratory cultures [78]. Hansen provides a 1000+ word description with 18 drawings and photographs. These authors examined a strain of G. aureolum from Europe (K-0303) and determined that it was really Gymnodinium mikimotoi, which is now Karenia mikimotoi [78]. They determined that a culture from the USA (S1-30-6) was indeed G. aureolum (GenBank Accession #AF200670). The morphology and phylogeny of this species was thoroughly treated by Tang et al. using cells cultured from the Elizabeth River, Virginia, USA [79]. This group provided additional photographs of this species. Cultures are available from the Cawthron Institute Culture Collection of Microalgae and held at the University of Tasmania School of Plant Science Algal Culture Collection. Gymnodinium aureolum was reported in the South China Sea (FAn et al. 2015), but these cells were likely misidentified (GenBank Accession # KT389962, KT389876, and KT390017).
29. Gymnodinium aureum Kofoid & Swezy 1921 – This species was described by Kofoid and Swezy from the marine waters near La Jolla, California [19]. Their 632 word description in English was based on observations of two cells and included quantitative morphological information. Schiller reported the species with no new observations [21]. Since its description, it has been observed in New Jersey waters [80], the Yucutan, Mexico [81], the Mediterranean Sea [55] and one cell was observed in San Diego Bay [82]. Gyrodinium aureum was later synonymized with this species [19].
30. Gymnodinium australe Playfair 1919 –This species was described by Playfair from freshwater in Sydney, Australia by observing many individuals [33]. His 300 word, Latin and English description included cell measurements and three drawings. A previous name for this species is Gymnodinium fuscum var. cornifax (Schilling) Playfair. This species has been reported by Day et al. [83]. It has been observed in multiple locations across New South Wales, Australia [33].
31. Gymnodinium australense Ruinen 1938 – This species was described by Ruinen from Australia by observing many cells [84]. The description is 193 words long and in German. Ruinen gave four drawings and cell measurements. This species has not been seen since its description and no photographs are available.
32. Gymnodinium austriacum Schiller 1933 – This species was described by Schiller from freshwater Lake Attersee in Austria [21]. His description was 119 words long and in German with six drawings and was based on observations from 45 cells. He included cell size measurements and habitat information. Popovsky and Pfiester synonymized G. tridentatum Schiller, G. cruciatum Thompson, G. thompsonii (Thompson) Kiselev, G. waltzii Baumeister, G. titubens Christen and G. autumnale Christen with this species [12]. However, the images for G. austriacum Schiller and G. cruciatum Thompson do not resemble each other, meaning that the Popovsky and Pfiester synonymy could be wrong. This species has been observed in Japanese waters [34], Ohio, USA [85] and the Czech Republic [86].
33. Gymnodinium autumnale Skvortzov 1968 – This species was described by Skvortzov from Northern Manchuria, China [43]. His 109 word, Latin and English description included cell measurements and one drawing. This species should not be confused with G. autumnale Christen 1959 which has been synonymized with Gymnodinium austriacum [21]. This species has not been observed since its description.
34. Gymnodinium baccatum Balech 1965 – This species was described by Balech from Antarctica by observing many individuals [87]. His 331 word description in English was accompanied by two drawings and contained cell size measurements. In 1976 Balech again observed the species and provided another drawing [88]. There is one record of this species in GBIF. This species has been observed in the Mediterranean Sea [55].
35. Gymnodinium baicalense Antipova 1955 – This species was described from Lake Baikal, Russia and is endemic to this area [89]. The 315 word, Russian description gives quantitative cell size measurements and three drawings. This species has been observed numerous times in Lake Baikal, Russia [90], but nowhere else to date. Later work provided fuller statements of cell morphology and life cycle, stating that Gymnodinium baicalense var. minor Antipova is really a life stage of G. baicalense Antipova [91]. Published drawings and photographs are available. Five sequences are available in GenBank under the name Gymnodinium sp. (FJ024300, FJ024301, FJ024302, FJ024303, FJ024304). Phylogenetic analysis shows it is most closely related to Gymnodinium aureolum (Hulburt) Hansen [92].
36. Gymnodinium baumeisteri Schiller 1957 – This species was described by Schiller from freshwater Lake Neusiedl, Austria [15]. He did not specify how many cells were observed to write the description, but since a range of measurements were given for the length and width we can assume he observed at least two cells. His 224 word description in German was accompanied by four drawings. This species has not been observed since its description.
##. Gymnodinium bicaudatum Pavillard 1905 - This species was first described by Pavillard in 1905 [] from the Gulf of Lyon in 1904. This species does not look anything like a Gymnodinium. Kofoid and Swezy [19] discuss this problem and suggest an informal move to Heterodinium under the name Heterodinium bicaudatum, which is a nomen nudum. This movement is widely rejected. This taxon needs further investigation. Penard listed this taxon as very rare. It has not been see since its initial description. One drawing was given. No measurements are available.
37. Gymnodinium biciliatum Ohno 1911 – This species was described by Ohno from a freshwater pond in Japan [93]. His 73 word description in German was offset by the 37 drawings. This species was unique in the presence of three flagella, two of which were longitudinal. Kofoid and Swezy discussed the possibility that the appearance of two flagella was an optical illusion caused by rapid movement of the flagella in living cells [19]. Schiller reported the species with no new observations [21]. In 1970, Bicudo and Skvortzov observed G. biciliatum in Brazilian waters, but make a point to mention that their cells definitely had one longitudinal flagellum [94]. Popovsky and Pfiester also reported the species, but say nothing about the flagella [12]. They stated that the species has been observed in Japan and South America.
38. Gymnodinium biconicum Schiller 1928 – This species was described by Schiller from the Adriatic Sea [48]. He did not specify how many cells were observed to write the description, but there must have been at least two. His 92 word, Latin and English description included cell measurements and one drawing. Schiller reported the species again but with no new observations [21]. Wood observed the species in Australian waters [95]. It has been observed in the Gulf of Mexico [56], the Black Sea [66], the Mediterranean Sea [55] and on the east coast of the USA [62]. This species has 14 records listed in GBIF.
39. Gymnodinium bicorne Kofoid & Swezy 1921 – This species was described by Kofoid and Swezy from La Jolla, California, USA [19]. Their 560 word description in English was based on one individual and was accompanied by two detailed drawings and morphological measurements. The species was observed again by Wailes, but was labeled as “scarce” [58]. This species has been seen in the tropical Atlantic [96].
40. Gymnodinium bifurcatum Kofoid & Swezy 1921 – This species was described by Kofoid and Swezy from marine waters near La Jolla, California, USA [19]. Their 690 word description in English was based on one individual and was accompanied by two detailed drawings. They give an extensive, quantitative morphological characterization of the single observed cell. This species was reported by Schiller despite having no new observations [21]. It has not been observed since its first description.
41. Gymnodinium bilobatum van Meel 1969 – This species was described by Van Meel in from Belgium [97]. His 146 word description in French included two drawings and was based on one individual. Cell size measurements were given. This species has not been observed since its description.
42. Gymnodinium birotundatum van Goor 1925 – This species was described by Van Goor from oligohaline Dutch waters [98]. He does not specify the number of cells used to craft the description, but gives a range for length and width, so we can assume there were at least two cells involved. The description was over 1000 words long and included one drawing, cell size measurements and habitat description. Conrad and Kufferath observed this species in mesohaline waters in Belgium [18]. It has also been observed in British waters [60].
43. Gymnodinium bisaetosum Lindemann 1928 – This species was described by Lindemann from a German lake [99]. His 61 word description in German contained one drawing and no cell measurements. It was described entirely from cysts and has not been observed since.
##. Gymnodinium bogoriense Klebs 1912 - This species was described from a pond in what is now the Bogor Botanical Gardens [37]. Klebs described the species using 25 words in German and gave two line drawings. It was not until the 1980s that this species was again observed in Costa Rica (Umaña Villalobos 1988) and Israel (Lieberman et al. 1994). A report has been published from Poland in the 1960s, but that was based on one cyst and it is unclear if this is truly Gymnodinium bogoriense Klebs 1912 [194]. In 1990, Popovsky and Pfiester synonymized this taxon with Gymnodinium uberrimum (Allman) Kofoid & Swezy 1921 [12], but this synonymy is widely rejected (Carty 2014).
44. Gymnodinium boguensis Campbell 1973 – This species was described by Campbell from Gales Creek, North Carolina, USA by observing at least two cells [45]. The 138 word description in English has two drawings and cell morphology measurements. It has been observed in the Chesapeake Bay [65].
45. Gymnodinium bonaerense Akselman 1985 – This species was described by Akselman in from the coast of Argentina [100]. His 1000+ word, Latin and Spanish description includes quantitative information about cell morphology and habitat. He included three drawings and three photographs. It has not been observed in the field since its description; however, type material was deposited at the National Institute of Fisheries Research and Development in Argentina (INIDEP). The authors cannot confirm that this material is available to other researchers.
46. Gymnodinium caerulescens Schiller 1957 – This species was described by Schiller from freshwater Lake Neusiedl, Austria [15]. His 92 word description in German was based on several individuals and was accompanied by two drawings. He gave some quantitative cell measurements. It has not been observed since.
47. Gymnodinium campaniforme Popovsky 1971 – This species was described by Popovsky from material collected from a drinking-water reservoir in the Czech Republic [38]. In 1990, Popovsky & Pfiester synonymized this species with Gymnodinium aeruginosum Stein. This synonymy is commonly rejected and now G. aeruginosum is a synonym of Nusuttodinium aeruginosum.
48. Gymnodinium campbelli Thessen, Patterson & Murray 2012 - Campbell gave an account of a species that he called Gymnodinium translucens from the polyhaline portion of Gales Creek, North Carolina, USA [45]. His account was accompanied by a drawing that does not match the drawings in Kofoid and Swezy’s description of G. translucens. As we think Campbell used this name by mistake, we have (below) re-named this species Gymnodinium campbelli Thessen, Patterson & Murray. This species has been observed in the Chesapeake Bay [47].
49. Gymnodinium canus Kofoid & Swezy 1921 – This species was described by Kofoid and Swezy from a single cell found near La Jolla, California [19]. Their 650 word description in English was accompanied by three detailed drawings and quantitative morphological details. Schiller reported the species in German with no new observations [21]. It has been observed in the Mediterranean [55] and the Black Sea (http://phyto.bss.ibss.org.ua/wiki/Gymnodinium_canus). In 2015, this taxon was synonymized with Cucumeridinium coeruleum based on morphological evidence from cells collected in the Mediterranean Sea (Gómez et al. 2015).
50. Gymnodinium capitatum Conrad & Kufferath 1954 – This species was described by Conrad and Kufferath from Belgium [18]. Their 248 word description in French was based on observations of one cell and included two line drawings and one approximate height measurement. It has been observed in British waters [60] and in the sediments of Gwangyang Bay, South Korea [101].
51. Gymnodinium caput Schiller 1928 – This species was described by Schiller from the Adriatic Sea and reported again later with no new observations [48,21]. The original description contained information from several cells, five drawings and quantitative cell sizes. This species has been observed in the Mediterranean Sea [55].
52. Gymnodinium cassiei Norris 1961 – This species was described by Norris from New Zealand [102]. He used at least two cells to craft his 172 word, Latin and English description that included one image. Basic cell size measurements were given. It has not been observed since.
53. Gymnodinium catenatum Graham 1943 – This species was originally described by Graham from a bloom in the Gulf of California, with a 384 word description in English [103]. This species is a known producer of toxins and is thus heavily studied. It has been observed many times all over the world [104]. There are 122 occurrence records in GBIF and 102 sequences in GenBank. Cultures are available from the Australian National Algae Culture Collection, the Canadian Center for the Culture of Microorganisms, the Scandinavian Culture Collection of Algae and Protozoa, the Microbial Culture Collection – Japan, the Provasoli-Guillard National Center for Culture of Marine Phytoplankton and the Cawthron Institute Culture Collection of Microalgae. Cultures are also held at University of Tasmania School of Plant Science Algal Culture Collection, but are not for sale.
54. Gymnodinium chiastosporum (Harris) Cridland 1958 – This species was first described as Tetrodinium chiastosporum by Harris from a freshwater pond in the UK [105]. This was based on observations of a non-motile stage. Later, Cridland noticed, in the same location, that the motile phase of this species was a Gymnodinium, and named it Gymnodinium hippocastanum [106]. This 651 word, Latin and English description contained three drawings and quantitative morphological measurements. Poposvky and Pfiester drew together Dinastridium chiastosporum, Gymnodinium hippocastanum, Dinastridium sexangulare and Tetradinium chiastosporum under G. chiastosporum [12]. They also mention that this species has been observed in Great Britain and the Czech Republic. There are three records in GBIF.
55. Gymnodinium chinensis Thessen, Patterson and Murray nom. nov. See Gymnodinium frigidum Skvortzov 1968.
56. Gymnodinium chukwanii Ballantine 1961 – This species was described by Ballantine from a freshwater fish pond in Zanzibar [107]. The 485 word, English and Latin description was based on many cells and provided four drawings and cell size measurements. It has not been reported since.
57. Gymnodinium cinctum Kofoid & Swezy 1921 – This species was described by Kofoid and Swezy from marine waters near La Jolla, California, USA [19]. The 330 word description in English mentions finding the species three times, but the length and width measurements were not given as a range. This suggests that either the cells were remarkably similar in size or the description was based on only one of the found individuals. Two drawings were included. Schiller provided a German account of the species with no new observations [21]. Wood observed the species in Australian waters and included a new drawing [95]. Hada observed the species as a cyst in Antarctic waters [108]. He gave a new drawing and measurements. However, the images in Kofoid and Swezy and Hada do not look like the same species [19,108], Hada 1970). That could be because Hada observed a cyst while Kofoid and Swezy observed a vegetative cell. It is not clear how Hada knew the cyst he observed was G. cinctum Kofoid & Swezy 1921. It has been observed in Japanese waters [109], the Mediterranean Sea [55], the Black Sea [66]and the Gulf of Mexico [56].
58. Gymnodinium cnecoides Harris 1940 – This species was described by Harris from a freshwater pond in the UK by examining one cell [105]. Popofsky and Pfiester synonymized Gymnodinium saginatum and Gymnodinium luteofaba with this species [12]. They also report that the species has been found in Great Britain and Poland. There is one GBIF record. It has been reported in Lake Tovel, Italy [110], a swamp in the Czech Republic [86], Lake Gölköy, Turkey [111], a bog in Wisconsin [112], and the Chesapeake Bay [47].
59. Gymnodinium cnodax Conrad & Kufferath 1954 – This species was described by Conrad and Kufferath from Belgium [18]. Their 147 word description in French was based on one cell and has one drawing. Cell size measurements and some habitat information were given. It has not been seen since.
60. Gymnodinium coeruleum Dogiel 1906 – This species was described by Dogiel from saline waters in the Gulf of Naples [44]. His 467 word description in German was based on observations from two cells. It contained two drawings but no cell measurements. This species was observed in marine waters off La Jolla, California, USA [19]. The record of the California observations was accompanied by detailed cell measurements. Schiller reported the species with no new observations [48]. Wood observed it in Australian waters, but called it Gymnodinium coerulatum Dogiel [95]. This species should not be confused with G. coeruleum Antipova 1955 which was described from Lake Baikal, Russia and was later observed in the Angara River Basin, Russia [89,113]. Molecular data show that Gymnodinium coeruleum Antipova (GenBank # FJ024299) is closely related to Gyrodinium helveticum (Penard) Takano & Horiguchi 2004 and morphological observations also align the two entities [92]. G. coeruleum Dogiel has been observed in the Chesapeake Bay [47]. In 1976 this taxon was transferred to Balechina as Balechina coerulea (Dogiel) Taylor [315]. In 2015, this taxon was synonymized with Cucumeridinium coeruleum (Gómez et al. 2015). Sequences and micrographs are available of this taxon from the Mediterranean Sea (Gómez et al. 2015).
61. Gymnodinium colymbeticum Harris 1940 – This species was described by Harris from a freshwater pond in Reading, UK [105]. His 103 word, Latin and English description contained two drawings and cell size measurements. Popovsky and Pfiester synonymized Gymnodinium pulvisculus Klebs 1912 with this species, but made no new observations [12] They also noted that Gymnodinium pulvisculus Pouchet 1885 was not G. colymbeticum, but was a synonym of Oodinium poucheti (Lemmerman) Chatton 1912. This species has not been observed and labeled as G. colymbeticum since its description. However, observations of G. pulvisculus could be observations of this species or Oodinium poucheti.
62. Gymnodinium concavum Skvortzov 1968 – This species was described by Skvortzov from Northern Manchuria, China [43]. His 135 word, Latin and English description gave cell measurements and two drawings. This species has not been observed since description.
63. Gymnodinium conicum Kofoid & Swezy 1921 – This species was first described as Gymnodinium viridis by Lebour from a single specimen in Plymouth Sound, England [16]. Kofoid and Swezy synonymized it with Gymnodinium conicum without making any new observations [19]. They reused the Lebour drawing in their publication and gave a 384 word, English account. The Lebour description gave only one quantitative measurement, so the additional measurements in Kofoid and Swezy must be calculated from the drawings. Lebour and Schiller reported the species with no new observations [20,21]. It was not until 1938 that Conrad and Kufferath observed the species in Belgium, but no new images were created [18]. They gave new cell size measurements and a brief description of habitat. Dodge reported the species but made no new observations [24].
64. Gymnodinium contractum Kofoid & Swezy 1921 – This species was described by Kofoid and Swezy from seven cells collected in marine waters near La Jolla, California, USA[19]. Their 539 word description in English contained two detailed drawings and morphological measurements. Schiller gave an account in German with no new observations [21]. It has not been seen since.
65. Gymnodinium corii Schiller 1928 – This species was described by Schiller from the Adriatic Sea [48]. His 115 word, German-language description was accompanied by three drawings and was based on at least two cells. He gave some cell size measurements and a brief habitat description. Schiller again reported this species in 1933, but with no new observations [21]. It has been reported from the South China Sea [114] and the Mediterranean Sea [55]. There are four sequences available in GenBank.
66. Gymnodinium corollarium Sundström, Kremp & Daugbjerg 2009 – This species was described from the Baltic Sea [115]. The Latin and English description is over 1000 words long and contains several photographs from a light and electron microscope. There is an extensive, quantitative description of cell morphology and ultrastructure in addition to an investigation of the habitat and physiology. There is a type culture available from which this species was described. There is one sequence available in GenBank. It has not been reported from any additional locations, possibly because it is a relatively new species. Cultures are available from the Scandinavian Culture Collection of Algae and Protozoa.
67. Gymnodinium corpusculum (Perty) Saville-Kent 1880/81 – This species was originally described by Perty as Peridinium corpusculum from freshwater in Switzerland [116]. Perty included one drawing and one length measurement. This species was transferred to Gymnodinium by Saville-Kent [117]. His 46 word description in English did not contain images. This species has not been observed since Perty.
68. Gymnodinium costatum Kofoid & Swezy 1921 – This species was described by Kofoid and Swezy near the marine waters of La Jolla, California, USA from observations of many cells [19]. It was later reported by Schiller with no new observations [21]. This species has been observed in Australian waters [95], the Gulf of Mexico [56], the Chesapeake Bay [47], the Mexican Pacific [75] and the Mediterranean Sea [55]. There are two published drawings and one scanning electron micrograph of this species available online. In 2015, this taxon was synonymized with Cucumeridinium coeruleum (Dogiel) Gómez et al. based on morphological evidence observed in cells collected in the Mediterranean Sea (Gómez et al. 2015).
##. Gymnodinium cruciatum (Massart) Schiller 1933 -
69. Gymnodinium cryophilum (Wedemayer, Wilcox & Graham) Hansen & Moestrup 2000 – This species was described by Wedemayer, Wilcox and Graham as Amphidinium cryophilum using a 1000+ word, Latin and English description and 11 images [118]. Hansen and Moestrup transferred it to Gymnodinium [7]. As A. cryophilum Wedemayer, Wilcox & Graham 1982, the species had its morphology and behavior thoroughly characterized [118]. Several drawings and photographs are available. A type culture was deposited at the University of Wisconsin, but the authors cannot confirm that it is available to other researchers.
70. Gymnodinium cucumis Schütt 1895 – This species was described by Schütt from near the Mediterranean Sea [119]. His 97 word description in German contained seven quality drawings, but little quantitative information. Since then it was reported again in the Mediterranean Sea [55]. In 2015 this species was synonymized with Cucumeridinium cucumis and Cucumeridinium coeruleum based on morphological and molecular observations made on samples collected off the French coast in the Mediterranean Sea in 2010 (Gómez et al. 2015). The original description in Schütt is divided and only Pl. 21 Fig 64.2 is synonymized with Cucumeridium cucumis. The other figures (Pl. 21 Figs 64.1, 64.3, and 64.4) are synonymized with Cucumeridinium coeruleum. Light micrographs and a sequence are now available.
71. Gymnodinium cyaneofungiforme Conrad & Kufferath 1954 – This species was described by Conrad and Kufferath from mesohaline Belgian waters [18]. Their 157 word description in French was based on observations of one individual and contained some cell size measurements, habitat information and three drawings. This species has one record in GBIF.
72. Gymnodinium cyaneum Schiller 1957 – This species was described by Schiller from the freshwater Lake Neusiedl, Austria [15]. His 96 word description in German was accompanied by three drawings and was based on observations of one individual. Cell size measurements were given. This species has not been observed since its description.
73. Gymnodinium danicans Campbell 1973 – This species was described by Campbell from Gales Creek, North Carolina, USA [45]. His 307 word description in English contained nine drawings. It has also been observed in the lower Chesapeake Bay and its tributaries [74,120,121] and in Australia [13]. Note, this species should not be confused with Gymnodinium danicas Casto-Sánchez 1998, which is a erroneous name and may be an observation of Peridiniella danica in the Mexican Pacific [75].
74. Gymnodinium danubiense Schiller 1957 – This species was described by Schiller from freshwater near Vienna, Austria [15]. His 103 word, German-language description is based on observations from at least two individuals and is accompanied by two drawings and cell size measurements. It has not been observed since its description.
75. Gymnodinium deformabile Schiller 1957 – This species was described by Schiller from freshwater near Vienna, Austria [15]. His 109 word, German-language description was based on many cells and is accompanied by three drawings. Cell size measurements were given. It has not been seen since its description.
76. Gymnodinium dentatum Larsen 1994 – This species was described by Larsen from Australian marine waters [54]. His 336 word description in English was based on observations of 12 living cells and contained five images. It has also been reported from the Beaufort Sea [122].
77. Gymnodinium depressum Skvortzov 1968 – This species was described by Skvortzov from Northern Manchuria, China [43]. His 81 word, Latin and English description included cell measurements and one drawing. This species has not been observed since its description.
78. Gymnodinium devorans Schiller 1957 – This species was described by Schiller from freshwater Lake Neusiedl, Austria [15]. His 128 word description in German was based on many cells and was accompanied by six drawings and cell measurements. It has not been seen since its description.
79. Gymnodinium diamphidium Norris 1961 – Norris described this species from New Zealand using observations made on one individual [102]. His 394 word description in Latin and English contained four drawings and cell size measurements. It has not been observed since.
80. Gymnodinium diploconus Schütt 1895 – This species was described by Schütt from around the Mediterranean Sea [119]. There was no explicit text description, but there were four drawings with informative captions. Quantitative measurements are missing. There are six records of this species in GBIF.
81. Gymnodinium discoidale Harris 1940 – This species was described by Harris from a freshwater pond in Reading, UK [105]. His 152 word, description in Latin and English was based on one cell and was accompanied by three drawings and some cell measurements. Popovsky and Pfiester synonymized Glenodinium eurystomum Harris with this species and stated that it had been found in Great Britain, Czech Republic and Germany [12]. This species has two records in GBIF. There are four unique drawings and no photographs published.
82. Gymnodinium dissimile Kofoid & Swezy 1921 – This species was described by Kofoid and Swezy from the marine waters near La Jolla, California, USA [19]. Their 515 word description in English was based on one cell, contained a quantitative morphological description and was accompanied by two detailed drawings. Schiller gave a description in German without new observations [21]. This species has been observed in the Gulf of Mexico [56], Chesapeake Bay [47], and the Mediterranean Sea [55].
83. Gymnodinium dodgei Sarma & Shyam 1974 – This species was described by Sarma and Shyam from pools of water in India [123]. Their 271 word description in English was based on many individuals and included five images (drawings and photographs). Cell size measurements were given. It has not been seen since its original description.
84. Gymnodinium dogieli Kofoid & Swezy 1921 - This species was described by Kofoid and Swezy from marine waters near La Jolla, California, USA [19]. Their 847 word, description in English was based on many cells and was accompanied by three detailed drawings and quantitative morphological description. Schiller gave an acount in German without new observations [21]. This species was not observed again until 2007-2008 from samples collected in the Mediterranean Sea near Marseille. Morphological evidence supported synonymizing Gymnodinium dogieli with Bachelina pachydermata (Gómez et al. 2015).
85. Gymnodinium doma Kofoid & Swezy 1921 – This species was described by Kofoid and Swezy from marine waters near La Jolla, California, USA [19]. Their 627 word, English-language description was based on observations of one cell and contained two detailed drawings and quantitative morphological measurements. Schiller gave an account in German with no new observations [21]. This species has not been observed since its description.
86. Gymnodinium dorsalisulcum (Hulburt, McLaughlin & Zahl) Murray, de Salas & Hallegraeff 2007 – This species was originally described as Katodinium dorsalisulcum by Hulburt, McLaughlin and Zahl and was later transferred to Gymnodinium by Murray, de Salas and Hallegraeff who observed it in Australian waters [77,124]. Their 1000+ word, English-language description contained five photographs and extensive morphological and molecular characterization. There are three sequences available in GenBank. A culture is available from the Australian National Algae Culture Collection.
87. Gymnodinium endofasciculum Campbell 1973 – This species was described by Campbell from Gales Creek, North Carolina, USA [45]. His 183 word, description in English was based on at least four cells and contained two drawings. This species has been found in Spanish waters [125], near Spitzbergen [126], in the Baltic Sea (http://test.b-neat.org/species_sheet/?id=1000882) and in the Chesapeake Bay [47]. It has one record in GBIF.
88. Gymnodinium enorme Ballantine 1964 – This species was described by Ballantine from British waters using a 16 word description in English with no images or measurements [127]. She synonymized Gymnodinium irregulare Conrad & Kufferath with this species. This species has one occurrence record in GBIF.
89. Gymnodinium eucyaneum Hu 1983 – This species was originally described in Chinese as Gymnodinium cyaneum by Hu [128]. This name was already occupied, so in 1983 it was changed to Gymnodinium eucyaneum Hu [129]. This 136 word, Latin and English description was based on many cells from Wuchang, China and contained a photograph from a light microscope and a drawing. Cell size measurements were given. Later, this taxon was synonymized with Nusuttodinium acidotum (Nygaard) Takano & Horiguchi (Takano et al. 2014).
90. Gymnodinium eufrigidum Schiller 1957 – This species was described by Schiller from freshwater near Vienna, Austria [15]. His 134 word, description in German is accompanied by two drawings and was based on observations of many cells. Cell measurements were given. It has not been observed since its description.
91. Gymnodinium excavatum van Meel 1969 – This species was described by Van Meel from Belgium [97]. His 80 word description in French was based on one cell and was accompanied by one drawing and cell size measurements. It has been reported from Chinese waters [130], Lake Geneva[131] and the Black Sea [69]. This species has one record in GBIF.
92. Gymnodinium exechegloutum Norris 1961 – This species was described by Norris from the waters around New Zealand [102]. His 262 word description in Latin and English was based on at least two cells and was accompanied by one drawing. The description gave some cell size measurements. It has not been observed since.
93. Gymnodinium filum Lebour 1917 – This species was described by Lebour from Plymouth Sound, England [16]. Her 79 word, description in English was based on one cell and was accompanied by two drawings. Kofoid and Swezy, Schiller and Dodge all report the species with no new observations [19,21,24]. This species has been observed on the east coast of the USA [62], the Mediterranean Sea [55,132] and in Scandinavian waters (http://nordicmicroalgae.org/).
94. Gymnodinium flavum Kofoid & Swezy 1921 – This species was described by Kofoid and Swezy from the marine waters near La Jolla, California, USA [19]. Their 637 word description in English was based on observations of many cells and was accompanied by two drawings and quantitative morphological measurements. Schiller wrote a German description with no new observations [21]. Wood observed the species in Australian waters [95]. Balech and Kopczyńska observed the species in Antarctic waters [88,133]. This species has also been observed in the Gulf of Mexico [56], Delaware Bay [134], the Black Sea [66], the Mediterranean Sea [55] the Chesapeake Bay [47] and has been seen several additional times in La Jolla, California, USA [135]. This species is known to discolor the water yellow when it reaches bloom concentrations.
95. Gymnodinium fossarum Conrad & Kufferath 1954 – This species was described by Conrad and Kufferath from Belgium [18]. Their 259 word, French-language description was based on observations of one cell and was accompanied by three drawings. Cell size measurments and a brief description of the habitat were given. It has not been observed since its description.
96. Gymnodinium frigidum Woloszynska 1952 – This species was described by Woloszynska from a lake in the Tatra mountains, Poland [136]. There is no text description, but one drawing is included. This species should not be confused with G. frigidum Balech 1965 or G. frigidum Skvortzov 1968 which are both homonyms that need to be renamed (see Discussion).
97. Gymnodinium frigidum Skvortzov 1968 – This species was described from Northern Manchuria, China [42]. A 97 word description was given in Latin and English and accompanied by one drawing. It has not been observed since. This species should not be confused with the homonyms G. frigidum Woloszynska 1952 or G. frigidum Balech 1965. In the discussion we provide the new name Gymnodinium chinensis for this species.
98. Gymnodinium frigidum Balech 1965 – This species was described from Antarctica with a 230 word description in English [87]. Two drawings are included. It has been observed in the Arctic region (http://dw.sfos.uaf.edu/rest/metadata/ArcOD/2007P6), the Pacific near Russia [137] and the Black Sea [69]. This species has 36 GBIF observations. This species should not be confused with the homonymous G. frigidum Woloszynska 1952 or G. frigidum Skvortzov 1968. In the discussion we provide the new name Gymnodinium antarcticum for this species.
99. Gymnodinium fukushimai Hada 1966 – This species was described from a sample collected at McMurdo, Antarctica [138]. The 126 word description in English included cell measurements and one drawing. This species has not been observed since its description.
100. Gymnodinium fulgens Kofoid & Swezy 1921 – This species was observed at two different times by Lebour in Plymouth Sound, UK [16]. She labeled it as Gymnodinium pseudonoctiluca Pouchet 1885. Kofoid and Swezy, based on differences in cell morphology in the figures, later separated G. pseudonoctiluca sensu Lebour 1917 from G. pseudonoctiluca Pouchet 1885 and renamed the Lebour version G. fulgens [19]. They did this without making direct observations of cells. They gave a 429 word, English-language description with one drawing. It has not been observed since 1917, but since Lebour observed the species on two separate occasions, we do not regard this as a oncer.
101. Gymnodinium fuscum (Ehrenberg) Stein 1883 – This species was originally described as Peridinium fuscum [139]. It was transferred to Gymnodinium by Stein [31]. Popovsky and Pfiester synonymized Gymnocystodinium gessneri Baumeister, Cystodinium gessneri (Baumeister) Bourrelly and Gymnodinium caudatum Prescott with this species [12]. This is a very common, cosmopolitan freshwater species that has been observed many times [see 136,108,137,138 for some recent examples]. It is the type species for the genus Gymnodinium. Hansen et al. enhanced the original description of this species with light and electron microscopical observations [143]. A culture is available from the Provasoli-Guillard National Center for Culture of Marine Phytoplankton.
102. Gymnodinium fusiforme Kofoid & Swezy 1921 – This species was first described as Spirodinium fusus by Meunier from Arctic waters (Meunier 1910). Kofoid and Swezy transferred it to Gymnodinium without making any new observations [19]. Since then it has been observed in Arctic waters [144] and North African coastal waters [132].
103. Gymnodinium galeaeforme Matzenauer 1933 – This species was described by Matzenauer from the Indian Ocean [145]. His 85 word, description in German was based on observations of one cell and was accompanied by three images and cell size measurements. This species has been observed in Australian waters [95], the Gulf of Mexico [56], the Mediterranean Sea [55] and the Black Sea [66]. There are 15 occurrence records for this species in GBIF.
104. Gymnodinium galeatum Larsen 1994 – This species was described by Larsen from Australian marine waters [54]. His 298 word, description in Latin and English was based on observations from 11 living cells and was accompanied by three photographs, one drawing and quantitative cell measurements. He also observed the species in Danish waters. This species has been observed in the Sea of Japan [146] and in the Beaufort Sea [122].
105. Gymnodinium galeiforme Okolodkov 1997 – This species was described by Okolodkov from the Norwegian Sea [26]. His 324 word, English-language description was based on observations of one cell and contained one image. It has not been reported since its original description.
106. Gymnodinium galesianum Campbell 1973 – This species was described by Campbell from Gales Creek, North Carolina, USA [45]. His 230 word, description in English was based on observations of many cells and contained four drawings. This species has one occurrence record in GBIF. It has also been reported from the Chesapeake Bay [74].
107. Gymnodinium gelbum Kofoid 1931 – This species was described by Kofoid from the Mutsu Sea in Japan [67]. The 238 word, English-language description was based on two encysted cells, accompanied by one drawing and contained cell size measurements. Schiller gave an account in German with no new observations [21]. It has been observed in the Gulf of Mexico [56], the Mediterranean Sea [55], the Black Sea [66], in Australian waters [95] and off the Indian coast [147]. This species has 24 observations in GBIF. There are two drawings and no photographs published for this species.
108. Gymnodinium gibbera Schiller 1928 – This species was described by Schiller from the Adriatic Sea [48]. His 94 word description in German was based on at least two cells, accompanied by two drawings and contained cell size measurements. He reported the species again without new observations [21]. The species has been observed in the Gulf of Mexico [56] and the Black Sea [66]. Two drawings and no photographs of this species have been published.
109. Gymnodinium glandiforme Conrad & Kufferath 1954 – This species was described by Conrad and Kufferath from mesohaline Belgian waters [18]. Their 134 word, English-language description was based on one cell and was accompanied by one drawing. They included cell size measurements and a brief habitat description. There is one observation of G. glandiforme in GBIF.
110. Gymnodinium glaucum Schiller 1957 – This species was described by Schiller from the freshwater Lake Neusiedl, Austria [15]. His 93 word description in German was based on observations of many cells and was accompanied by three drawings. It included cell size measurments and comments on the habitat. This species has been observed in the North Sea [148] and the Black Sea [66].
111. Gymnodinium gleba Schütt 1895 – This species was described by Schütt from near the Mediterranean Sea [119]. He did not give a full text description, rather wrote an informative caption for one figure which does not contain cell measurements. One cell of this species was collected and figured by Kofoid and Swezy from marine waters near La Jolla, California, USA [19]. They included an extensive morphological description, giving a range of values for the cell dimensions. This is strange considering they only observed one individual. Drira et al. observed the species in North African coastal waters [132]. Schiller provided a German description with no new observations [21]. There are two detailed drawings published to aid in identification of this species, but no photographs.
112. Gymnodinium gracile Bergh 1881/82 – This species was first described by Bergh in German [149]. He gave a lengthy (612 words) text description including quantitative measurements and two drawings. Kofoid & Swezy also observed this species near La Jolla, California, USA, but called it Gymnodinium abbreviatum [19]. To add to the confusion, they include Gymnodinium gracile Bergh in their species list; however, this taxon (Gymnodinium gracile Bergh sensu Kofoid & Swezy) was synonymized with Balechina pachydermata (Gómez et al. 2015). Since the Kofoid and Swezy description was in English, subsequent reports of this species were under the name Gymnodinium abbreviatum. G. gracile Bergh has been observed world-wide [132,150,20,67,58,75] and is considered to be an oceanic species.
113. Gymnodinium gracilentum Campbell 1973 – This species was described by Campbell from Gales Creek, North Carolina, USA [45]. His 103 word, description in English was based on observations of many cells and contained four images. The ecology of this species as a mixotroph has been described and a culture has been isolated [151]. This species has been observed in the Baltic Sea (http://test.b-neat.org/species_sheet/?id=1000888) and in the Øresund, Denmark [151].
114. Gymnodinium grammaticum (Pouchet) Kofoid & Swezy 1921 – This species was originally described as Gymnodinium punctatum var. grammaticum from the Atlantic near France [152] and was later emended [19]. The 312 word, English-language description contained a detailed morphological description and one drawing. Schiller reported the species with no new observations [21]. This species has been observed in the Gulf of Naples [153], the Adriatic Sea [48], in Australian waters [95], in the Pacific Ocean near New Zealand [102], in the Gulf of Mexico [56], in the Chesapeake Bay [47] and in the Black Sea [66]. It has 17 observations in GBIF. There are four unique drawings published to aid with identification.
115. Gymnodinium granii Schiller 1957 – This species was described by Schiller from the freshwater Lake Neusiedl, Austria [15]. His 203 word description in German was based on observations of many cells and was accompanied by seven drawings. He included cell size measurments and some habitat information. It has not been reported since its description.
116. Gymnodinium guttiforme Larsen 1994 – This species was described by Larsen from Australian marine waters [54]. His 327 word description in Latin and English was based on observations of eight living cells and was accompanied by three photographs and one line drawing. A detailed morphological description including measurements was given. It has not been observed since its description.
117. Gymnodinium guttula (Hada) Balech 1976 – This species was originally described by Hada as Gymnodinium cinctum [108]. It was renamed by Balech from Antarctic waters [88]. His (Balech) 159 word description in Spanish and English was based on observations of at least two cells and was accompanied by one drawing and cell size measurements. This species has been observed repeatedly in the Southern Ocean [133].
118. Gymnodinium hamulus Kofoid & Swezy 1921 – This species was described by Kofoid and Swezy from the beach sands near La Jolla, California, USA [19]. Their 362 word description in English was based on multiple individuals and contained two detailed drawings and quantitative morphological description. Schiller gave an account in German despite having made no new observations [21]. This species has also been observed in the Ría de Vigo in Spain [154].
119. Gymnodinium herbaceum Kofoid 1921 – This species was described by Kofoid from the Bay of Naples [19]. His 429 word description in English was accompanied by two drawings and was based on observations of many individuals. One length measurement was given. Schiller reported the species and gave an account in German, but made no new observations [21]. This species has been observed in the Mexican Pacific [75].
120. Gymnodinium heterostriatum Kofoid & Swezy 1921 –Kofoid and Swezy observed this species off the coast of La Jolla, California, USA [19]. This species has been observed many times all over the world [20,67,58,95,60,155,82,156,36,64,157,126]. A new account was given by Elbrächter [158]. Accounts can be found in French, English, German and Russian. Fourteen photographs are available, but no sequences are in GenBank. This species has 81 records in GBIF.
121. Gymnodinium hiemale (Schiller) Popovsky 1990 – This species was first described by Schiller as Massartia hiemalis from Rust, Germany during the winter [159]. He gave eight drawings of the species. Popovsky observed the species in Austria, the Czech Republic and Switzerland and transferred it to Gymnodinium [12]. He gave a 147 word account in English with cell measurements and four new drawings. Popovsky synonymized Katodinium hiemale (Schiller) Loeblich 1965 and Katodinium intermedium Christen 1959 with this species. This species should not be confused with Gymnodinium hiemale Woloszynska 1917 and Gymnodinium hiemale Skvortzov 1927, both of which have been synonymized with Woloszynskia pascheri (Suchlandt) von Stosch 1973. There are 12 observation records associated with this name in GBIF, but we are unsure to which G. hiemale concept these refer.
122. Gymnodinium hiroshimaensis Hada 1968 – This species was first observed by Hada in Japanese waters [160]. It was referred to as Gymnodinium sp. and was accompanied by one figure. It was not officially named until 1968 by Hada and described in English (69 words) after being observed a second time in the port of Itsukaichi, Japan [161].
123. Gymnodinium huber-pestalozzii Schiller 1957 – This species was described by Schiller in freshwater from Vienna, Austria [15]. His 235 word description in German was based on at least two cells and featured four drawings and cell measurements. Schiller synonymized Gymnodinium austriacum Schiller in Huber-Pestalozzi with this species despite the fact that the Huber-Pestalozzi report contained no new observations. The synonymy has been ignored throughout the literature. This species has not been observed since its original description.
124. Gymnodinium hulburtii Campbell 1973 – This species was described by Campbell from Gales Creek, North Carolina, USA [45]. His 208 word description in English was based on one individual and was accompanied by one line drawing. It has also been observed in the Chesapeake Bay, USA [47].
125. Gymnodinium impatiens Skuja 1964 – This species was described by Skuja from Sweden [162]. His 514 word description in German included five drawings. There are two sequences available for this species in GenBank. A strain of this species is available at the Culture Collection of Algae at the University of Cologne.
126. Gymnodinium impudicum (Fraga & Bravo) Hansen & Moestrup 2000 – This species was originally described as Gyrodinium impudicum by Fraga and Bravo [163]. Hansen and Moestrup renamed it Gymnodinium impudicum based on the apical groove structure [7]. This species has been observed in Spanish waters [125], the Mexican Pacific [75] and isolated from South Korean waters (Table 1 in [164]). It was reported in the South China Sea by Fan et al. (2015) by this is likely an incorrect identification (GenBank Accession # KT389896). Phylogenetic studies suggest that some strains of G. impudicum are really G. litoralis [164]. Sequences with GenBank numbers AF200674 and EF616465 are probably G. litoralis [164]. Cultures of this species are available from the Scandinavian Culture Collection of Algae and Protozoa, the Cawthron Institute Culture Collection of Microalgae and the Provasoli-Guillard National Center for Culture of Marine Phytoplankton. Photographs are available.
127. Gymnodinium incertum Herdman 1924 – This species was originally described by Herdman from damp sand at Port Erin, Isle of Man, England [165]. Her 77 word description in English was based on one individual and included one line drawing and one basic cell size measurement. This species has also been seen in the Adriatic Sea [48] and the Port of Antifer, France [157]. Schiller and Dodge reported the species with no new observations [21,24]. It has one occurrence record in GBIF. Two drawings and one photograph are available.
128. Gymnodinium incisum Kofoid & Swezy 1921 – This species was described by Kofoid and Swezy from material collected off La Jolla, California, USA [19]. Their 567 word description in English was based on observations of one individual and contained one line drawing. The description contained detailed, quantitative morphological information. Schiller reported the species with no new observations [21]. It has also been observed in the Gulf of Mexico [56] and the Mediterranean Sea [55].
129. Gymnodinium incoloratum Conrad & Kufferath 1954 – This species was described by Conrad and Kufferath in Belgian waters [18]. Their 361 word description in French included 12 drawings and was based on at least seven cells. Later it was observed in British waters [60], shrimp ponds in NW Mexico[166], the Chesapeake Bay [47] and in South America [167].
130. Gymnodinium inconstans van Meel 1969 – This species was described by Van Meel from Belgian waters [97]. His 361 word description in French was based on observations of at least two cells and was accompanied by one line drawing. A range of cell size measurements were given. This species has not been observed since its original description.
131. Gymnodinium indicum Shyam & Sarma 1975 – This species was described by Shyam and Sarma from a pond in India [123]. Their 88 word description in English was based on several cells and accompanied by nine line drawings. Quantitative cell measurements were given. Popovsky and Pfiester reported this species with no new observations [12]. This species has not been observed since its original description.
132. Gymnodinium inerme (Schmarda) Saville-Kent 1880/81 – This species was described from Egypt and named Peridinium inerme [168]. The description was accompanied by one drawing that lacked many features needed to establish it as a valid species. However, Saville-Kent moved it to Gymnodinium [117]. Kofoid and Swezy discussed this problem [19]. Schiller reported the species with no new observations [21]. This species has not been observed since its original description in 1854.
133. Gymnodinium instriatum (Freudenthal & Lee) Coats 2002 – This species was originally described by Freudenthal and Lee as Gyrodinium instriatum [169]. Coats later renamed this species Gymnodinium instriatum based on apical groove configuration of a Chesapeake Bay isolate [7,170]. This species has been observed in the Mexican Pacific [75]. This species was then later renamed Levanderina fissa (Moestrup et al. 2014). A culture is available from the Cawthron Institute Culture Collection of Microalgae.
134. Gymnodinium intercalaris Bursa 1961 – This species was originally described by Bursa from material collected in the Canadian Arctic [171]. His 253 word description in English was based on observations of at least two individuals and was accompanied by two drawings. One range of cell length measurements was given. This species has not been observed since its original description. It has also been referred to as G. intercalare.
135. Gymnodinium inusitatum Gu 2013 – This species was originally described by Gu et al. (2013) in 2013 from material collected in the Yellow Sea near China. This species was discovered by incubating cysts.
136. Gymnodinium irregulare Hope 1954 – This species was described by Hope [172]. He gave a 54 word description in English of cells from Norway that included four drawings. No photographs are available. This species is not to be confused with G. irregulare Christen which is a synonym of G. uberrimum (Allman) Kofoid & Swezy. This species was reported in British waters [60]. It has 27 occurrences in GBIF.
137. Gymnodinium japonicum Hada 1974 – This species was originally described by Hada from material collected in Hiroshima Bay, Japan [173]. His 97 word description in English was based on observations of many cells and was accompanied by two drawings. Cell size measurements were included. This species has been observed in Russian waters [36], in the Kara Sea [174] and in the Black Sea http://phyto.bss.ibss.org.ua/wiki/Gymnodinium_japonicum). This species has also been referred to as G. japonica.
138. Gymnodinium katodiniforme Elbrächter & Schnepf 1979 – This species was described by Elbrächter and Schnepf from an upwelling region north of Africa [175]. Their 449 word Latin and English description was based on observations of four individuals and included two drawings. Quantitative measurements of cell size were included in the text. This species has not been observed since its original description.
139. Gymnodinium klebsi Lindemann 1928 – This species was originally described as Hypnodinium sphaericum Klebs 1912 from a swamp in Germany [37]. Klebs gave cell measurements and eight drawings in his German description. The species was then transferred to Gymnodinium by Lindemann and since Gymnodinium sphaericum was already occupied (Gymnodinium sphaericum (Calkins) Kofoid & Swezy 1921) he named it Gymnodinium klebsi Lindemann 1928 [99]. He did this without reporting a new observation or giving a species description. All information about this species that is available online is attached to the name Hypnodinium sphaericum. This species has been observed from freshwater lakes in North America [176,85], the Mediterranean Sea [177]and the Black Sea [76]. All of these observations are reported as Hypnodinium sphaericum Klebs.
140. Gymnodinium knollii Schiller 1957 – This species was described by Schiller from the freshwater Lake Neusiedl on the Austria/Hungary border [15]. His 89 word description in German was based on observations from many cells and included four line drawings. Some cell size measurements were included. This species has not been observed since its original description.
141. Gymnodinium kowalevskii Pitzik 1967 – This species was described by Pitzik from the tropical Atlantic Ocean [178]. The 689 word description in Latin and Russian included seven drawings and cell size measurements. This species has been observed in the Indian Ocean [179]. Pitzik states that the type culture for this species is housed at the Institute for Biology of the Southern Seas, Ukraine, but the authors cannot confirm this. The culture was used in a thesis [180].
142. Gymnodinium kujavense Liebetanz 1925 – This species was described by Liebetanz from Poland [181]. His 74 word, Latin description included cell measurements and two drawings. This species has not been observed since its description.
143. Gymnodinium lachmanni Saville-Kent 1880/81 – This species was first recorded from Norwegian waters as a minute Peridinium [182]. They included two line drawings that were very different from each other. Saville-Kent named the species G. lachmanni and described it using 83 English words [117]. This species has not been seen since Claparède and Lachmann, so its status as a real species is suspect [19].
144. Gymnodinium lackeyi (Lackey) Kiselev 1954 – This species was originally described from freshwater lakes in the USA as G. limneticum [17]. Kiselev renamed it G. lackeyi with no new observations [183]. His 68 word, Russian, description contained two drawings. It can be found in Popofsky and Pfiester with the Lackey drawing, but this species has not been reported since its original description [17,12]. Care should be taken to distinguish G. limneticum Wołoszynska which was a synonym of G. uberrimum, but is now a synonym of Spiniferodinium limneticum (Kretschmann et al. 2015).
145. Gymnodinium lacustre Schiller 1933 – This species was originally described from Austrian ponds [21]. The 134 word description in German was based on observations of many individuals and included four line drawings and basic cell size measurements. Since then, this species has been observed at other locations in Europe [184,15] in the Philippine Sea [185], Lake Tanganyika (http://www.destin-tanganyika.com/Flore-Faune-Tanganyika/flore-faune-tanganyika-6.htm) and Japan [34]. Popovsky and Pfiester synonymized Gymnodinium profundum Schiller 1933 with this species [12]. This species has over 49 occurrence records in GBIF.
146. Gymnodinium lalitae Sarma & Shyam 1974 – This species was described by Sarma and Shyam from ponds in India [123]. Their 182 word description in English was based on observations of many cells and included seven images and cell size measurements. This species has not been reported since its initial description.
147. Gymnodinium lanskoi Rouchijanen 1968 – This species was described by Rouchijanen from the Red Sea [186]. His 349 word, Latin and Russian description was based on observations of at least two cells, contained five drawings and several cell measurements. This species has also been observed in the Black Sea [187]. Rouchijanen claims that the type culture of this species is housed at the Institute for Biology of the Southern Seas, Ukraine, but the authors cannot confirm this.
148. Gymnodinium lantzschii Utermöhl 1925 – This species was first described as G. minimum Lantzsch and then renamed Glenodinium minimum (Lantzsch) Bachmann [188,189]. These names were synonymized as G. lantzschii by Utermöhl who gives a 125 word account in German with no new images [190]. This should not be confused with G. minimum Klebs. G. minimum Lantzsch and Glenodinium minimum (Lantzsch) Bachmann had not been observed again before being synonymized and placed under G. lantzschii Utermöhl. Popovsky and Pfiester add G. albulum Lindemann 1928, G. lantzschii var. rhinophoron Javornický 1957, G. rhinophoron (Javornický) Litvinenko 1977 and G. macronucleum Litvinenko 1963 as synonyms [12]. The synonymy of G. albulum is largely rejected (Carty 2014). They show seven drawings. This species has been reported in Europe and North America [18,60,191,82,86]. Reports of observations include cell measurements and habitat information. It has 55 occurrence records in GBIF.
149. Gymnodinium latum Skuja 1948 – This species was described by Skuja from freshwater material collected in Sweden [192]. His 303 word, Latin and German description included four drawings which are reused in other works [184,12]. Popovsky and Pfiester synonymize G. alsiophyllum Skuja 1964 with this species [12]. This species has been reported several times.
150. Gymnodinium lazulum Hulburt 1957 – This species was described by Hulburt from brackish waters near Woods Hole area, Massachusetts, USA [77]. The 233 word description in English was based on observations of at least two cells and featured one drawing. The description included quantitative cell measurements. It has also been observed in the Chesapeake Bay, USA [47].
151. Gymnodinium legiconveniens Schiller 1957 – This species was described by Schiller from the freshwater Lake Neusiedl on the Austria/Hungary border [15]. His 110 word description in German was based on observations from at least two cells and includes three drawings. Cell size measurements were given. It has not been reported since.
152. Gymnodinium leptum Norris 1961 – This species was described by Norris from New Zealand waters [102]. The 195 word description in English was based on observations of at least two cells and contained one line drawing. Cell size measurements were included in the text. This species has not been reported since its description.
153. Gymnodinium limitatum Skuja 1956 – This species was described from freshwater in Sweden [193]. His 26 word, Latin and German description contained three drawings. It has also been observed in a Polish freshwater lake [194] and in Japan [34]. There are a total of seven unique drawings available for this species.
154. Gymnodinium lineatum Kofoid & Swezy 1921 – This species was described by Kofoid and Swezy from marine waters near La Jolla, California, USA [19]. The 712 word description in English contained two detailed drawings and was based on observations of one individual, even though two were seen. The description was very detailed and gave quantitative cell measurements. Schiller reported the species and gave a German description, but made no new observations [21]. This species has one occurrence record in GBIF. There are two drawings available to aid with identification and no photographs.
155. Gymnodinium lineopunicum Kofoid & Swezy 1921 – This species was described by Kofoid and Swezy from marine waters off La Jolla, California, USA [19]. Their 777 word description in English was accompanied by two detailed drawings, included quantitative cell measurements and was based on observations of one individual. Schiller gave an account in German, but made no new observations [21]. This species has not been reported since its description.
156. Gymnodinium lira Kofoid & Swezy 1921 – This species was described by Kofoid and Swezy from material collected in marine waters near La Jolla, California, , USA [19]. Their 676 word, English description was based on observations of two cells and contained two detailed drawings and quantitative morphological measurements. Schiller gave a German description with no new observations [21]. It has been observed in the Mediterranean Sea [195]. One photograph is available online in addition to the two drawings in the original description. This species was partially synonymized with Cucumeridinium lira in 2015 based on morphological and molecular evidence (Gómez et al. 2015). The text figure Z11 and Pl. 3 Fig 30 are synonyms of Cucumeridium lira while Text Fig W1 and W2 are not.
157. Gymnodinium litoralis Reñé 2011 – This species was thoroughly described by Reñé from marine waters in the mouth of the La Muga River, Spain [164]. The 1000+ word description in Latin and English was based on observations of many cells from a laboratory strain isolated from the Mediterranean Sea. Reñé thoroughly characterized the cell morphology, molecular sequences, phylogeny, pigments and ecology of this species. More than 20 images are available of this species showing cell morphology, ultrastructure and resting cysts. There are six sequences available in GenBank. The type material is available from the National Center for Marine Algae and Microbiota. This species has been observed throughout the western Mediterranean Sea and in Australian waters [164].
158. Gymnodinium lobularis Campbell 1973 – This species was described by Campbell from the euryhaline portion of Gales Creek, North Carolina, USA [45]. His 198 word description in English was based on observations of at least eight cells and contained two line drawings. Cell size measurements were given. This species has also been reported from the Chesapeake Bay, USA [47].
159. Gymnodinium lucidum Ballantine 1964 – This species was described by Ballantine [127]. Her 12 word description in English was based on an unknown number of cells and contained no images. Ballantine synonymized Gymnodinium hyalinum Lebour 1925 with this species. This species has also been reported from the Barents Sea (http://www.nodc.noaa.gov/OC5/BARPLANK/WWW/HTML/dino_p.html). As G. hyalinum, it has been reported from the Gulf of Mexico [56], the Atlantic Ocean [179]and the Aegean Sea [25].
160. Gymnodinium lunula Schütt 1895 - This species was described by Schütt from the Atlantic Ocean [119]. His 344 word description in German included 12 drawings, but no text other than the figure captions which did not give cell measurements. This species has also been known as Pyrocystis lunula Schütt 1896, Diplodinium lunula Klebs 1912 and Dissodinium lunula Pascher 1916. It has been observed many times since its description and is considered to be cosmopolitan in marine waters [19]. There are 142 occurrence records for this species in GBIF. There are many drawings and photographs available in publications and on the internet.
161. Gymnodinium luteo-viride van Meel 1969 – This species was described by Van Meel from Belgian waters [97]. His 115 word description in French was based on observations of one cell and contained one line drawing and cell measurements. This species has not been reported since.
162. Gymnodinium maguelonnense Biecheler 1939 – Biecheler described this species from brackish water collected near the Maguelone Cathedral, France [196]. Her 569 word description in French was based on observations of many cells and contained one drawing. A strain of Karenia selliformis (GM94GAB) at the IFREMER culture collection was incorrectly known as G. maguelonnense [197], used in experiments under this name [198] and deposited to GenBank under this name (AF318225, now corrected). Unfortunately, several phylogenetic studies have included this sequence as G. maguelonnense [199,200].
163. Gymnodinium mammosum van Meel 1969 – This species was described by Van Meel from Belgian waters [97]. His 45 word description in French was based on one cell and contained one drawing and cell measurements. It has not been seen since its original description.
164. Gymnodinium marinum Saville-Kent 1880/81 – Saville-Kent described this species from an infusion of hay in seawater from St. Heliers, Jersey, UK [117]. His 193 word description in English was based on observations of many cells and featured two drawings. He uncertainly claims that G. marinum is identical to Peridinium monas Ehrenberg 1840. This species was reported numerous times in multiple languages [19,201,202,20,21,97]. It was not observed again until 1928, when Schiller observed it in the Adriatic Sea [48]. Then it was reported near Australia [95], Japan [161], in the North Atlantic [24], North African coastal waters [132], the Gulf of Mexico [56] and the Chesapeake Bay, USA [65]. This species has 157 occurrence records in GBIF.
165. Gymnodinium marylandicum Thompson 1947 – Thompson described this species from freshwater underneath ice near Belcamp, Maryland, USA [203]. The 142 word description in Latin and English was based on the observation of many cells and contained three drawings. Measurements of the cells and their cysts were given. This species has not been observed since.
166. Gymnodinium massarti (Conrad) Schiller 1933 – This species was described by Schiller and synonymized with Ceratodinium asymmetricum Conrad [204,21]. Cell measurements were given in the 180 word description in German accompanied by one drawing. It has not been observed since its original description.
167. Gymnodinium maximum Nordli 1951 – Nordli described this species from material collected near the Lofoten Islands, Norway [205]. His 39 word description in English was accompanied by two drawings and was based on observations of one cell. This species has not been observed since its original description.
168. Gymnodinium meervalli Redeke 1919 – This species was described by Redeke from artificial lakes in the Netherlands [206]. His 766 word description in Dutch included cell measurements, habitat information and two drawings. This species was observed by Redeke in two different lakes [206].
169. Gymnodinium microreticulatum Bolch & Hallegraeff 1999 – Bolch and Hallegraeff described this species from cultures established from cysts collected from sediment in Australian waters [207]. Their Latin and English description was over 1000 words long, was based on observations from many cells and featured 18 photographs. The text was very descriptive, including quantitative measurements and characterizations of the molecular sequences, pigments and toxins. This species has been observed in Portugal [208] and in Australia [209]. There are seven sequences from this species in GenBank. A type culture is held at the University of Tasmania School of Plant Science Algal Culture Collection.
170. Gymnodinium minor Lebour 1917 – This species was described by Lebour from Plymouth Sound, UK [16]. Her 60 word description in English was based on observations of at least two cells and featured two drawings. Only one cell measurement was given (length). This species has also been reported from Australia [95], Antarctica [108,88,133],the Pacific [102], Japan [161] and the Adriatic Sea [48]. This species has 20 occurrence records in GBIF. Several drawings are available that depict this species.
171. Gymnodinium minutulum Larsen 1994 – Larsen described this species from Australian marine waters [54]. His 274 word description in English was based on observations of more than 20 living cells and contained five images (one drawing and four photographs) and quantitative cell measurements. This species has not been observed since its description.
###. Gymnodinium mirabile Penard 1891 -
172. Gymnodinium mitratum Schiller 1933 – This species was described by Schiller from material collected from the freshwater Lake Attersee, Austria [21]. His 131 word description in German was based on observations of at least four cells and contained three line drawings. Popovsky and Pfiester synonymized G. eurytopum Skuja 1948 and G. simile Skuja 1956 with this species [12]. This species has been observed in Czechoslovakia and Sweden [12], the Gulf of Mexico [56], the Mexican Pacific [75], the Mediterranean Sea [55], Romania [50], Poland (http://www.eko.org.pl/lkp/dpn/chckl_glony.html) and China [210].
173. Gymnodinium modestum Balech 1976 – Balech described this species from Antarctica [88]. His Spanish and English description was 137 words long, based on observations of at least two cells and contained one drawing and cell size measurements. This species has been observed by others in Antarctica [211] and has one occurrence record in GBIF.
174. Gymnodinium multilineatum Kofoid & Swezy 1921 – This species was described by Kofoid and Swezy from the marine waters near La Jolla, California, USA [19]. Their 635 word description in English was based on at least four cells and contained two detailed drawings and cell measurements. Schiller gave an account in German with no new observations [21]. It has been observed in the Mediterranean Sea [55].
175. Gymnodinium multistriatum Kofoid & Swezy 1921 – This species was described by Kofoid and Swezy from the marine waters near La Jolla, California, USA [19]. Their 612 word description in English was based on observations of one cell and featured two drawings and cell measurements. Schiller published an account in German with no new observations [21]. This species was observed in Arctic Canada [58] the Gulf of Mexico [56] and Australian waters [95]. Five drawings and no photographs are available.
176. Gymnodinium myriopyrenoides Yamaguchi, Nakayama, Kai & Inouye 2011 – This species was described from marine sands on Isonoura Beach, Japan [212]. Their lengthy English description contains information about the species morphology, ultrastructure and phylogeny and contains 23 photographs. This species has only been observed in Japan, but has been found in multiple samples collected over two years. Attempts to cultivate G. myriopyrenoides in the laboratory have not been successful, but a type specimen on a slide is available in the Department of Botany, National Museum of Nature and Science, Japan. In 2014, this species was synonymized with Nusuttodinium myriopyrenoides (Yamaguchi, Nakayama, Kai & Inouye) Takano & Yamaguchi (Takano et al. 2014).
177. Gymnodinium najadeum Schiller 1928 – Schiller described this species from the Adriatic Sea and the Gulf of Naples [48]. His 80 word description in Latin and German was based on observations of at least two cells and contained two drawings, cell measurements and a brief habitat description. This species has also been reported from the Ukraine [12]. There is one occurrence record in GBIF. Two drawings and no photographs are available.
178. Gymnodinium nanum Schiller 1928 – This species was described by Schiller from the Adriatic Sea [48]. His 97 word description in Latin and German was based on observations of one cell and featured one drawing. Cell measurements and habitat information were given. This species has been reported from Australian waters [95], Spanish waters [51] and in the Gulf of Mexico [56]. The original drawing is the only image available to aid with identification.
179. Gymnodinium neapolitanum Schiller 1928 – Schiller described this species from the Adriatic Sea [48]. His 214 word description was based on observations of many cells and contained two drawings. Cell measurements and habitat information was included. It has also been observed in Romania [50]. The two original drawings are the only images of this species available.
180. Gymnodinium nolleri Ellegaard & Moestrup 1998 – Ellegaard and Moestrup described this species from Danish waters [213]. Their English-language description was well over 1000 words long and contained photographs and molecular information. This species has also been observed near Sweden [214]. There are 60 occurrences of this species in GBIF and five sequences in GenBank. A culture is available from the Scandinavian Culture Collection of Algae and Protozoa.
181. Gymnodinium nucaceum Okolodkov 1997 – Okolodkov described this species from the Greenland Sea [26]. His 295 word description in Latin and English was based on observations of one cell (which he measured) and is accompanied by one drawing. This species has not been seen since.
###. Gymnodinium obesum Schiller 1933
182. Gymnodinium obliquum Okolodkov 1997 – This species was described by Okolodkov from the Greenland Sea [26]. His 248 word description in Latin and English was based on one cell (measurements reported) and featured one drawing. This species has not been seen since its original description.
183. Gymnodinium oceanicum Hasle 1960 – This species was described by Hasle from the equatorial Pacific [30]. Her 189 word description in Latin and English was based on observations of at least two cells and featured three drawings. A range of length measurements was given. This species has not been seen since.
184. Gymnodinium ochraceum Kofoid 1931 – Kofoid described this species from Mutsu Bay, Japan [67]. His 242 word description in English was based on observations of one cell and featured one drawing. Schiller gave an account in German with no new observations [21]. Wood observed this species in Australian waters [95]. This species has also been observed in the Gulf of Mexico [56]. Only two drawings are available to aid in identification of this species.
185. Gymnodinium octo Larsen 1994 – Larsen described this species from Australian marine waters [54]. His 279 word description in Latin and English was based on observations of nine living cells and featured four images (one drawing and three photographs). Quantitative cell measurements were included in the text. Larsen also observed this species in Danish waters [54].
186. Gymnodinium olivaceum Skvortzov 1968 – This species was described by Skvortzov from Northern Manchuria, China [43]. His 88 word description in Latin and English included cell measurements and two drawings. This species has not been observed since its description.
187. Gymnodinium oppressum Conrad 1926 – This species was described by Conrad from brackish water in ruins near Newport, UK [204]. His 342 word description in French featured six drawings. Schiller gave a German description with no new observations [21]. This species has also been observed in Belgian waters [18], British waters [60], the Mediterranean Sea [55] and the Black Sea (http://phyto.bss.ibss.org.ua/test/list.php).
188. Gymnodinium ostenfeldi Schiller 1928 – Schiller described this species from the Adriatic Sea [48]. His 115 word description in Latin and German was based on at least two cells and contained two drawings. This species has been reported from the Seto Inland Sea, Japan [160], Danish waters [215], the Gulf of St. Lawrence [216] and Fram Strait [217]. All reports use the spelling G. ostenfeldii. This species has 18 occurrences in GBIF. Published photographs and drawings of this species are available.
189. Gymnodinium ovato-capitatum van Meel 1969 – This species was described by Van Meel from Belgian waters [97]. His 57 word description in French was based on one cell and accompanied by one drawing. The length and width of the cell was given. This species has not been seen since.
190. Gymnodinium ovoideum Okolodkov 1997 – This species was described by Okolodkov from the Norwegian Sea [26]. His 384 word, Latin and English description was based on one cell and accompanied by two drawings. Dimensions of the cell were given. It has not been observed since.
191. Gymnodinium ovulum Kofoid & Swezy 1921 – This species was described by Kofoid and Swezy from the marine waters of La Jolla, California, USA [19]. Their 549 word description in English was based on the observation of many cells and featured two detailed drawings. Schiller gave an account in German with no new observations [21]. It has also been observed in the Mediterranean Sea [195].
192. Gymnodinium pachydermatum Kofoid & Swezy 1921 – Kofoid and Swezy described this species in the marine waters off La Jolla, California, USA [19]. Their 680 word description in English was based on observations of three cells and contained two detailed drawings. They gave quantitative cell measurements and habitat information. Schiller gave an account in German with no new observations [21]. The drawings in Kofoid and Swezy and Schiller do not resemble each other [19,21]. It has also been observed in the Gulf of Mexico [56]. In 1968, Loeblich and Loeblich made G. pachydermatum a basionym of Balechina pachydermata.
193. Gymnodinium pallidum Skuja 1939 – This species was described by Skuja from brackish water in the Gulf of Riga, Spain [218]. His 329 word description in Latin and German was based on observations from many cells and featured three drawings. Cell measurements and habitat information were given. This species has also been reported from British waters [60].
194. Gymnodinium palustriforme Hansen & Flaim 2007 – This species was described by Hansen and Flaim from Lake Tovel, Italy [141]. Their 342 word description in Latin and English included cell measurements, four photographs and some habitat information. This species was observed at two separate times in Lake Tovel. A culture was established, but it is unknown if it has been deposited in a culture collection.
195. Gymnodinium paradoxiforme Schiller 1957 – This species was described by Schiller from freshwater near Vienna, Austria [15]. His 672 word description in German was based on observations of many cells and included seven drawings. Cell measurements were given. This species has not been reported since its initial description.
196. Gymnodinium paradoxum Schilling 1891 – This species was described by Schilling from freshwater swamps near Basel, Switzerland [32]. His 121 word description in German was based on observations of one cell and contained one drawing and cell size measurements. This species has also been reported from the UK [219,33,105,220], German ponds [221,222], Romania [50], China [130], New Zealand [223] and France [224]. Popovsky and Pfiester synonymize G. paradoxum var. major Lemmermann 1906 (West and West 1906) and G. paradoxum f. astigmosa Nygaard 1949 with this species [12]. This species has two occurrence records in GBIF. Several published drawings and photographs are available via the internet to aid in identification.
197. Gymnodinium parvum Larsen 1994 – Larsen described this species from Australian marine waters [54]. His 266 word description in Latin and English was based on observations of 12 living cells and featured five images (four photographs and one drawing). It has also been observed in Belize [54] and the Gulf of St. Lawrence [216]. It has been misspelled in the abstract as G. parvulum [51 see abstract].
198. Gymnodinium patagonicum Balech 1971 – Balech described this species from the Argentine shelf [225]. His 215 word description in Spanish was based on observations of at least three cells and featured two drawings and cell size measurements. This species has also been reported from the Black Sea (http://phyto.bss.ibss.org.ua/test/list.php).
199. Gymnodinium paulseni Schiller 1928 – This species was described by Schiller from the Adriatic Sea [48]. His 86 word description in Latin and German was based on observations of at least two cells and contained two drawings and cell measurements. This species has also been reported from the Mediterranean Sea [55] and Canadian waters [226]. It has been misspelled as G. paulsenii [55,14] and G. paulseinii (Catalogue of Life 2009, www.catalogueoflife.org, accessed April 23, 2012).
200. Gymnodinium pavlae Popovsky 1990 – This species was described by Popovsky from a freshwater swamp in Central Europe [86]. His 208 word, Latin and English description was based on at least two cells and contained two images. It has not been reported since its description.
201. Gymnodinium p.dohrni Wawrik 1956 – This species was described by Wawrik from fish ponds in Austria [41]. In 1990, Popovsky & Pfiester synonymized this species with Gymnodinium aeruginosum Stein. This synonymy is commonly rejected and now G. aeruginosum is a synonym of Nusuttodinium aeruginosum.
202. Gymnodinium peisonis Schiller 1957 – This species was described by Schiller from the freshwater Lake Neusiedl on the Austria/Hungary border [15]. His 98 word description in German was based on observations from at least two cells and contained five drawings. Length and width measurements were given for the cells. This species has not been seen since its description.
203. Gymnodinium perplexum van Meel 1969 – Van Meel described this species from Belgian waters [97]. His 149 word description in French was based on observations from at least two cells and contained one drawing. A range of cell length and width measurements were given. This species has not been reported since.
204. Gymnodinium pingue van Meel 1969 – This species was described by Van Meel from Belgian waters [97]. His 60 word description in French was based on observations of one cell and contained two drawings. Cell length and height were given. This species has not been observed since its original description.
205. Gymnodinium placidum Herdman 1922 – This species was described by Herdman from Port Erin, UK [227]. Her 153 word description in English was based on observations of many cells and contained one drawing and some cell measurements. This species has been observed in the Adriatic Sea [48] and from the sands at Port Erin, Isle of Man [20]. However, the cell size measurements given by Lebour [20] (32 μm length) and Herdman [227] (150 μm length) are very different and may not refer to the same species. There are five occurrence records in GBIF. Two drawings are available to aid in identification.
206. Gymnodinium planctonicum Skvortzov 1968 – This species was described by Skvortzov from Northern Manchuria, China [43]. His 95 word description in Latin and English included cell measurements and one drawing. This species has not been observed since its description.
###. Gymnodinium plasticum Wang, Luo, Mertens, McCarthy & Gu 2017 - This species was described from germinated cysts collected from the sediments of Plastic Lake in Ontario, Canada (Wang et al. 2017). Two strains were established (TI0826 and TI0827) and the observations published in the diagnosis are from observations of 40 cells per strain. Six sequences are available in GenBank. An SEM stub of strain TI0826 is deposited at Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Xiamen, China and is the holotype. Six light micrographs and six electron micrographs are available.
207. Gymnodinium polycomma Larsen 1994 – Larsen described this species from Australian marine waters [54]. His 317 word descrption in Latin and English was based on observations of six living cells and contained five images (four photographs and one drawing). The text gave a thorough characterization of the morphology of the cell including measurements. This species has not been observed since its description.
208. Gymnodinium posthiemale Schiller 1957 – This species was described by Schiller from freshwater near Vienna, Austria [15]. His 117 word description in German was based on observations of at least two cells and contained four drawings. Cell size measurements were included. It has not been reported since.
209. Gymnodinium prolatum Larsen 1994 – This species was described by Larsen from Australian marine waters [54]. His 318 word description in Latin and English was based on observations from more than 20 living cells and featured six images (five photographs and one drawing) and cell size measurements. This species has not been reported since.
210. Gymnodinium pseudomirabile Hansen & Flaim 2007 – This species was described by Hansen and Flaim from Lake Tovel, Italy [141]. Their 345 word, Latin and English description included cell measurements, habitat information and seven photographs. A culture has been established, but it is unknown if it has been deposited in a culture collection.
211. Gymnodinium pulchrum Schiller 1928 – This species was described by Schiller from the Adriatic Sea [48]. His 130 word description in Latin and German was based on observations of many cells and contained one drawing, cell measurements and habitat information. This species has been reported from the Black Sea (http://phyto.bss.ibss.org.ua/test/list.php) and the Mediterranean [55]. Only one published drawing is available to aid in identification.
212. Gymnodinium pumilum Larsen 1994 – This species was described by Larsen from several sites in Australian marine waters [54]. His 362 word description in Latin and English was based on observations from 20 living cells and contained four images (three photos and one drawing). It has not been observed since.
213. Gymnodinium punctatum Pouchet 1887 – This species was described by Pouchet off the French Atlantic coast [152]. The description was based on observations of one cell and contained one drawing. This species was not adequately described by Pouchet and may be a zoospore of a larger species [19]. It has also been reported from Barnegat Bay, New Jersey, USA [134], British waters [60], the Mexican Pacific [75] and Australian waters [95]. There are 10 occurrence records in GBIF.
214. Gymnodinium puniceum Kofoid & Swezy 1921 – This species was described by Kofoid and Swezy from the marine waters off La Jolla, California, USA [19]. Their 772 word description in English was based on observations of one cell and contained two detailed drawings, quantitative cell measurements and some habitat information. Schiller reported the species in German [21]. This species has been observed in British waters [60].
215. Gymnodinium purpureum Skuja 1956 – This species was described by Skuja from Swedish waters [193]. His 563 word description in Latin and German was based on observations of at least two cells and contained six drawings and cell size measurements. This species has also been reported in US waters [228].
216. Gymnodinium pygmaeum Lebour 1925 – Lebour described this species from the English Channel [20]. Her 67 word description in English was based on several cells, contained one drawing and gave only one cell length measurement. This species has also been reported from Belgian waters [18], Australian waters [95], Danish waters [215], the Gulf of St. Lawrence [216] and the Adriatic Sea [48]. This species has five occurrence records in GBIF and one sequence in GenBank. It is sometimes misspelled as G. pigmaeum. Several published drawings and photographs are available to aid in identification.
217. Gymnodinium pyrocystis Jörgensen 1912 – This species was described by Jörgensen from the North Sea [229]. His 652 word description was given in German. This initial report has been published several times [19–21], but the species has not been observed since its original description.
218. Gymnodinium radiatum Kofoid & Swezy 1921 – This species was described by Kofoid and Swezy from the marine waters near La Jolla, California, USA [19]. Their description was based on observations of one individual and included one drawing and several quantitative cell measurements. This species has also been reported from the Black Sea [66] and the Mediterranean Sea [230].
219. Gymnodinium ravenescens Kofoid & Swezy 1921 – Kofoid and Swezy described this species from the marine waters of La Jolla, California, USA [19]. Their 428 word description in English was based on one individual and included two detailed drawings with quantitative cell measurements. Schiller reported the species with no new observations [21]. This species was seen again in Californian waters [82] and in the Mediterranean Sea [55].
220. Gymnodinium regulare van Meel 1969 – Van Meel described this species from Belgian waters [97]. His 83 word description in French was based on at least two cells and contained one drawing. Cell size measurements were given. It has not been reported since.
221. Gymnodinium rete Schütt 1895 – This species was described by Schütt from the Atlantic Ocean [119]. His 24 word description in German did not give quantitative information, but one drawing was given. It has not been seen since its description. Kofoid and Swezy suggested that it was a mutilated cell nearing lysis [19].
222. Gymnodinium rhomboides Schütt 1895 – This species was described by Schütt from the Atlantic Ocean [119]. His 37 word description in German included two drawings. No text was given for this species, but the two drawings had descriptive captions. No measurements or habitat information was given. This species has also been observed in the Skagerrak [231], the Mexican Pacific [75], Plymouth Sound, UK [16], in the waters off Normandy, France [157], Romania [50] and the Adriatic Sea [48]. This species has six occurrence records in GBIF. Published drawings and photographs are available.
223. Gymnodinium roseolum (Schmarda) Stein 1878 – This species was first described by Schmarda as Glenodinium roseolum from the Natron Sea in Egypt [168]. Stein changed it to Gymnodinium roseolum [232]. This species has also been referred to as Peridinium roseolum [233]. Neither Schmarda nor Stein described the species thoroughly [19]. This species has not been observed since its original description.
224. Gymnodinium roseostigma Campbell 1973 – This species was described by Campbell from euryhaline waters in Gales Creek, North Carolina, USA [45]. His 178 word description in English was based on observations from many cells and included five drawings, cell measurements and some habitat information. This species has been observed in the Gulf of St. Lawrence [216] and in New Jersey, USA [80]. Published photographs and drawings are available.
225. Gymnodinium rotundatum Skvortzov 1968 - This species was described by Skvortzov from Northern Manchuria, China [43]. His 60 word description in Latin and English included cell measurements and two drawings. This species should not be confused with G. rotundatum Klebs 1912 which has been synonymized with Gymnodinium uberrimum (Allman) Kofoid & Swezy 1921. G. rotundatum Skvortzov has not been observed since its description.
226. Gymnodinium rubricauda Kofoid & Swezy 1921 – Kofoid and Swezy described this species from the marine waters off La Jolla, California, USA [19]. Their 812 word description in English was based on observations of many cells and included two detailed drawings. Quantitative cell morphology measurements were included. A German report was given by Schiller [21]. This species has not been seen since its original description.
227. Gymnodinium rubrocinctum Lebour 1925 – This species was described by Lebour from Plymouth Sound, UK [20]. Her 146 word description in English was based on at least two cells and included two drawings and a length measurement. This species has also been reported from Danish waters [215]. Published drawings and photographs are available. This species has one occurrence record in GBIF.
228. Gymnodinium scaphium van Meel 1969 – This species was described by Van Meel from Belgian waters [97]. His 55 word description in French was based on observations of one cell and contained one drawing. Length and width measurements were given. It has not been observed since.
229. Gymnodinium schaefferi Morris 1937 – This species was described by Morris from the brackish waters of Cold Spring Harbor, New York, USA while forming a large, yellow-amber bloom [234]. His 293 word description in English was based on observations of many living cells and contained two drawings. Quantitative morphological cell measurements were given. This species has not been observed since its original description.
230. Gymnodinium schuettii Schiller 1957 – Schiller described this species from freshwater in Vienna, Austria [15]. His 114 word description in German was based on observations of at least two cells and contained five drawings. Some cell measurements were given. This species has not been seen since its original description.
231. Gymnodinium scopulosum Kofoid & Swezy 1921 – This species was described by Kofoid and Swezy from marine waters off La Jolla, California, USA [19]. Their 594 word description in English was based on observations of two cells and contained two detailed drawings. Limited habitat information and extensive cell morphology measurements were given. Schiller reported the species in German [21]. It has been observed from Australian waters [95], the Gulf of Mexico [56], the Mediterranean Sea [55] and British waters [60]. Three published drawings are available.
232. Gymnodinium semidivisum Schiller 1928 – This species was described by Schiller from the Adriatic Sea [48]. His 121 word, Latin and German description was based on observations of at least two cells and contained two drawings. Cell measurements were provided. This species was observed in the Black Sea [66].
233. Gymnodinium servatum Busch 1927 – This species was described by Busch from Antarctic waters [235]. He gave a 113 word description in German that included one drawing and was based on observations of one cell. The bulk of the description focused on the remarkable gelatinous coating around the cell and reasons the cell might have such a coating. The drawing does not bear the typical characteristics of the genus Gymnodinium. This species has not been observed since the original description.
234. Gymnodinium sinuatum Skvortzov 1968 – This species was described by Skvortzov from Northern Manchuria, China [43]. His 94 word description in Latin and English included cell measurements and one drawing. It has not been observed since its original description.
235. Gymnodinium situla Kofoid & Swezy 1921 – This species was described by Kofoid and Swezy from the marine waters of La Jolla, California, USA [19]. Their 872 word description in English was based on observations of at least three cells and contained two detailed drawings. Cell measurements and some habitat information were given. Schiller gave a German description with no new observations [21]. This species has been observed in Australian waters [95], the Gulf of Mexico [56] and the Mediterranean Sea [55]. Three published drawings are available.
236. Gymnodinium smaydae Kang, Jeong & Moestrup 2015 – This species was described from a clonal culture derived from a water sample collected in Shiwha Bay, Korea.
237. Gymnodinium soyai Hada 1970 – This species was described by Hada from Antarctica [108]. His 153 word description in English and Spanish was based on observations of many cells and contained two drawings and cell size measurements. This species has also been observed by Balech in Antarctica [88] and has one occurrence record in GBIF.
238. Gymnodinium sphaericum (Calkins) Kofoid & Swezy 1921 – This species was originally described as Gymnodinium gracile var. sphaerica from fresh and salt waters off the coast of Woods Hole, Massachusetts, USA [236]. He gave one drawing and one length, width measurment despite reporting the species as “common”. Kofoid and Swezy elevated its rank to species after observing it off the coast of La Jolla, California, USA [19]. They gave additional cell measurments, a 701 word description in English and two drawings. This species has been observed in Australian waters [95], the Black Sea [66], the Mediterranean Sea [55] and Romania [50]. Four published drawings are available.
239. Gymnodinium sphaeroideum Kofoid 1931 – This species was described by Kofoid from Mutsu Bay, Japan [67]. His 275 word description in English was based on observations of three cells and contained one drawing. He gave cell measurements and habitat information. This species has 20 occurrence records in GBIF and has been reported from the Mediterranean Sea [230].
240. Gymnodinium steini (Klebs) Lindemann 1928 – This species was originally described as Cystodinium steinii Klebs 1912 and was collected from a swamp in Germany [37]. His description in German included 11 drawings and cell measurements. Later the species was transferred to Gymnodinium by Lindemann who did not report any new field observations or give a description of the cell [99]. The vast majority of information about this species that is available on the internet is associated with the name Cystodinium steinii. This species has been observed in Srebarna Lake, Bulgaria [237] and North Deming Pond, Minnesota, USA [228]. Both observations are reported as Cystodinium.
241. Gymnodinium stellatum Hulburt 1957 – This species was described by Hulburt from the Woods Hole area in Massachusetts, USA [77]. The location is given as Salt Pond, but the pond nearest to Woods Hole known by this name is approximately 50 miles away in Eastham, MA. It is unknown if this is the correct pond. Hulburt’s 221 word description in English was based on observations of at least three cells and contained three drawings and cell size measurments. This species has also been observed in New Jersey, USA [80], eastern Russian waters [36], the Black Sea [69], the Skagerrak-Kattegat (http://www.smhi.se/oceanografi/oce_info_data/plankton_checklist/dinoflagellate_distribution/dinodistribution.htm) and Gales Creek, North Carolina, USA [45]. Thirteen published drawings are available.
242. Gymnodinium submontanum Schiller 1957 – This species was described by Schiller from the freshwater Lake Neusiedl on the Austria/Hungary border [15]. His 86 word description in German was based on observations of at least two cells and contained zero images. He gave some cell measurements. Schiller synonymized G. albulum Lindemann [21] with this species [15]. It has not been observed since.
243. Gymnodinium subroseum Campbell 1973 – Campbell described this species from the polyhaline portion of Gales Creek, North Carolina, USA [45]. His 177 word description in English was based on observations of at least 43 cells and contained three drawings. This species has also been reported from the Gulf of St. Lawrence [216], New Jersey [80] and the Chesapeake Bay [47]. Published drawings and photographs are available.
244. Gymnodinium subrufescens Martin 1929 – This species was described by Martin from the brackish Delaware and Barnegat Bay, USA [134]. His 158 word description in English was based on observations of many cells and contained one drawing and cell size measurements. This species has also been observed in the Chesapeake Bay [47].
245. Gymnodinium suffuscum van Meel 1969 – This species was described by Van Meel from Belgian waters [97]. His 85 word description in French was based on observations of one cell and contained one drawing with cell size measurements. This species has not been observed since its description.
246. Gymnodinium sulcatum Kofoid & Swezy 1921 – This species was described by Kofoid and Swezy from the marine waters off La Jolla, California, USA [19]. Their 624 word description in English was based on observations of one cell and contained two detailed drawings and cell measurements. Schiller reported the species in German [21]. This species has been observed from Australian waters [95], the Black Sea [69] and the Mediterranean Sea [230]. There are three published drawings available.
247. Gymnodinium telma van Meel 1969 – Van Meel described this species from Belgian waters [97]. His 181 word description in French was based on observations of one cell and contained one drawing with cell size measurements. This species has not been reported since.
248. Gymnodinium terrum Baumeister 1943 – Baumeister described this species from Eggenfelden, Germany [42]. His 114 word description in German was based on at least two cells and contained one drawing. Cell size measurements were given. This species has not been seen since its description.
249. Gymnodinium thomasi Christen 1959 – This species was described by Christen from freshwater in Switzerland [238]. His 275 word description in German was based on observations of many cells and contained three images. No cell measurements were available in the original description, but they were given in later observations [239,34]. This species has also been observed in Japan [34]. Four published drawings are available.
250. Gymnodinium tintinnicola Lohmann 1908 – This species was described by Lohmann as it was emerging from a tintinnid ciliate, now considered to be Stenosemella nivalis [240, Coats et al. 2010]. His 11 word description in German contained three drawings. Later, Coats et al. (2012) placed this species in Duboscquella.
251. Gymnodinium translucens Kofoid & Swezy 1921 – This species was described by Kofoid and Swezy from the marine waters of La Jolla, California, USA [19]. Their 708 word description in English was based on observations of one cell and contained two detailed drawings, cell measurements and habitat information. Schiller (1933) reported this species in German with no new observations [21]. Campbell also described a species called G. translucens from the polyhaline portion of Gales Creek, North Carolina, USA [45]. His drawing does not match the drawings in Kofoid and Swezy’s description, we believe Campbell misidentified his taxon, and have created a new name for this species (see below). G. translucens Kofoid & Swezy has been observed in the Gulf of Mexico [56] and the Mediterranean Sea [195].
252. Gymnodinium trapeziforme Attaran-Fariman & Bolch 2007 – Attaran-Fariman and Bolch described this species from the south coast of Iran [241]. Their 1000+ word, Latin and English description was based on observations of many cells and contained 20 images. A type culture is available at the University of Tasmania, School of Aquaculture Laboratories. One sequence is available in GenBank with the number EF192414.
253. Gymnodinium triangularis Lebour 1917 – This species was described by Lebour from Plymouth Sound, UK [16]. Her 46 word description in English was based on observations of one cell and contained two drawings. One length measurement was given. This species has not been seen since its original description. Kofoid and Swezy proposed that this is a malformed cell of another species [19].
254. Gymnodinium triceratium Skuja 1939 – This species was described by Skuja from freshwater in Latvia [218]. His 225 word, Latin and German description was based on observations of at least two cells and contained four drawings. This species has been observed in Maryland, USA [203], Mountain Lake, Virginia, USA [242] and in a peat bog in the Czech Republic [38]. Popovsky and Pfiester synonymized Gyrodinium asymmetricum Woloszyńska 1936 and Gymnodinium impar Harris 1940 (observed in Reading, UK) with this species [12]. There are 15 drawings available and no photographs.
255. Gymnodinium uberrimum (Allman) Kofoid & Swezy 1921 – This species was first described from Ireland as Peridinium uberrima by Allman [243]. Kofoid and Swezy synonymized Melodinium uberrimum Saville-Kent 1880-81, Gymnodinium mirabile var. rufescens Penard 1891, Gymnodinium rufescens Lemmermann 1900 and Glenodinium uberrimum Schilling 1913 with Peridinium uberrima Allman and transferred it to Gymnodinium [19]. They provided some cell size measurements without making new observations. Popovsky and Pfiester synonymized Gymnodinium mirabile Penard 1891, G. limneticum Woloszyńska 1935, G. irregulare Christen 1959, G. bogoriense Klebs 1912, G. obesum [21], G. rotundatum Klebs 1912, G. poculiferum Skuja 1956, G. limitatum Skuja 1956, G. uberrimum var. rotundatum Popovský 1968 and Gyrodinium traunsteineri Lindemann 1928 with G. uberrimum (Allman) Kofoid & Swezy [12]. However, this synonymy was rejected by Hansen and Flaim who report Gymnodinium mirabile Penard and Gymnodinium obesum Schiller from freshwater lakes in Italy [141]. Kretschmann et al. (2015) also rejects these synonymies and places G. limneticum as a synonym of Spiniferodinium limneticum. Carty (2014) rejects this synonymy for G. bogoriense Klebs 1912 and G. mirabile Penard 1891. This species has been reported from freshwater all over Europe [206,60,50,191,220,86,141], Japan [34], Australia [95], North America [17,82,75], Africa (http://www.destin-tanganyika.com/Flore-Faune-Tanganyika/flore-faune-tanganyika-6.htm) and India [244]. This species has 28 occurrence records in GBIF. This species has been misspelled as Gymnodinium uberimum and Gymnodiniium uberrima. Numerous drawings are available, especially under the synonymyzed names.
256. Gymnodinium uncatenum (Hulburt) Hallegraeff 2002 – This species was originally described from Woods Hole, Massachusetts, USA and named Gyrodinium uncatenum Hulburt [77]. Hallegraeff transferred this species to Gymnodinium [245]. Moestrup et al. (2014) synonymized this species with Gymnodinium instriatum (Freudenthal & Lee) Coats and transferred this species to a new genus, Levanderina. It is now known as Levanderina fissa. It has been observed in North America and Australian waters ([77,45,246,247]http://www.dnr.state.md.us/bay/cblife/algae/dino/gyrodinium_uncatenum.html).
257. Gymnodinium valdecompressum Campbell 1973 – This species was described by Campbell from euryhaline portion of Gales Creek, North Carolina, USA [45]. His 197 word description in English was based on at least two cells and contained five drawings. Quantitative cell size measurements were given. This species was seen again in the Gulf of St. Lawrence [216] and in the Chesapeake Bay [47].
258. Gymnodinium variabile Herdman 1924 – This species was described by Herdman from Port Erin, UK [165]. Her 149 word description in English was based on observations of many cells and contained 12 drawings. She gave a length range of 8 to 40 μm and admits that some of the smaller cells might have been some other species, yet still bundles them all together in the description. This species has been observed off the coast of France [70], the west coast of Europe [157], Cortes Island, Canada [58], San Diego, USA [82], the Chesapeake Bay, USA [47] and the Gulf of Mexico [56]. Later observations give additional photographs, drawings and measurements, helping to refine the species as 30-40 μm in length [58,157,70]. This species has nine occurrences in GBIF.
259. Gymnodinium varians Maskell 1887 – Maskell described this species from New Zealand [248]. His 68 word description in English was based on observations from many cells and contained two drawings. He gave one length measurement. Kofoid and Swezy synonymized Gymnodinium minimum Klebs 1912 from in freshwater in Java with this species [37,19]. Their description goes into some additional morphological detail without making new observations. However, additional direct measurements were made later [184,95,38]. This species has also been reported from Australian waters [95], the Czech Republic [38], Spain [191,51], Lake Tanganyika (http://www.destin-tanganyika.com/Flore-Faune-Tanganyika/flore-faune-tanganyika-6.htm) and the Netherlands [12]. This species has 17 occurrence records in GBIF. Nine published drawings are available. A strain is available from Canadian Center for the Culture of Microorganisms.
260. Gymnodinium vas van Meel 1969 – This species was described by Van Meel from Belgian waters [97]. His 68 word description in French was based on observations of one cell and contained one drawing with length and width measurements. This species has not been observed since.
261. Gymnodinium vastum Busch 1927 – This species was described by Busch from the Indian Ocean [235]. His 45 word description in German gave cell measurements and one drawing. This species has not been observed since its original description.
262. Gymnodinium venator Flø Jørgensen & Murray 2004 – This species was first described as Amphidinium pellucidum by Herdman (1922). by Flø Jørgensen and Murray [249]. Their 32 word description in English was based on observations of many cells. Flø Jørgensen and Murray [249] synonymized Gymnodinium pellucidum (Herdman) Flø Jørgensen & Murray, Amphidinium pellucidum Herdman 1922 and Amphidinium subsalsum Biecheler 1952 with this species. This species has also been reported from the UK [60], Kuwait [250] and Romania [50]. There are two sequences available in GenBank and three published photographs.
263. Gymnodinium vernale Skvortzov 1968 – This species was described by Skvortzov from Northern Manchuria, China [43]. His 112 word description in Latin and English includes cell measurements and one drawing. This species has not been observed since its description.
264. Gymnodinium verruculosum Cambell 1973 – Campbell described this species from the polyhaline portion of Gales Creek, North Carolina, USA [45]. His 163 word description in English was based on at least 43 cells and contained four drawings. He gave cell measurements and habitat information. This species has also been reported from New Jersey, USA [80], the Chesapeake Bay [47] and the Gulf of St. Lawrence [216]. Published drawings and photographs are available.
265. Gymnodinium vestifici Schütt 1895 – This species was described by Schütt from the Atlantic Ocean [119]. He gave descriptive captions (30 German words) for two drawings. Lohmann observed it in the Baltic Sea and Ostenfeld observed it in the Kattegat [240,251]. This species was reported by Kofoid and Swezy and Lebour with no new observations [19,20]. Lebour stated that the species was not sufficiently described by Schütt [119]. It has been observed in the Mexican Pacific [75]. It has also been misspelled as Gymnodinium vestificii.
266. Gymnodinium violescens Kofoid & Swezy 1921 – This species was described by Kofoid and Swezy from the marine waters near La Jolla, California, , USA [19]. Their 665 word description in English was based on observations of one cell and contained two detailed drawings. A detailed, quantitative description of the cell morphology was given. Schiller reported the species with no new observations [21]. This species has not been observed since its description.
267. Gymnodinium viridaliut Schiller 1957 – This species was described by Schiller from freshwater near Seewiesen, Austria [15]. His 158 word description in German was based on observations of many cells and contained three drawings. Cell measurements were included. This species has not been seen since.
268. Gymnodinium viridans van Meel 1969 – Van Meel described this species from Belgian waters [97]. His 80 word description in French was based on observations of at least two cells and contained one drawing. Cell size measurements were included. This species has not been reported since.
269. Gymnodinium viride Penard 1891 – The species was described from Switzerland [39]. In 1990, Popovsky & Pfiester synonymized this species with Gymnodinium aeruginosum Stein. This synonymy is commonly rejected and now G. aeruginosum is a synonym of Nusuttodinium aeruginosum.
270. Gymnodinium viridescens Kofoid 1931 – This species was described by Kofoid from Mutsu Bay, Japan [67]. His 261 word description in English was based on observations of one cell and contained one drawing. Cell measurements and habitat information was given. Schiller reported this species in German [21]. This species has also been observed in Hong Kong (http://www.epd.gov.hk/epd/english/environmentinhk/water/marine_quality/files/m01_c14.pdf), Xiamen, China [252] and the Mexican Pacific [75].
271. Gymnodinium voukii Schiller 1928 – This species was described by Schiller from the Adriatic Sea [21]. His 159 word description in German was based on many cells and contained one drawing. Cell measurements and habitat information were included. This species has not been observed since its description.
272. Gymnodinium wawrikae Schiller 1957 – This species was described by Schiller from the freshwater Lake Neusiedl on the Austria/Hungary border [15]. His 72 word description in German was based on observations of at least two cells and contained two drawings and cell measurements. This species was also reported from Japan [34] and Ohio, USA [85]. Eight published drawings are available.
273. Gymnodinium wilczeki Pouchet 1894 – This species was described by Pouchet from the Arctic Ocean near Spitzbergen [253]. The 205 word description in French gave one drawing, but the proportions of the drawing do not match the measurments stated in the text [19]. This species has been reported by Kofoid and Swezy, Lebour and Schiller, but observed only one other time on the east coast of the USA [19–21,62]. Only one drawing is available to aid with identification.
274. Gymnodinium wulffii Schiller 1933 – This species was described by Schiller from the Barents Sea [21]. His 85 word description in German was based on observations of at least two cells and contained five drawings. This species has also been reported from the Bering and Chuckchi Seas [254] and eastern Russian waters [36]. This species has over 500 occurrence records in GBIF. Published drawings and photographs are available.
275. Gymnodinium zachariasi Lemmermann 1900 – This species was described by Lemmermann from a German freshwater Lake [255]. His three word description in German featured one drawing and synonymized G. palustre Zacharias 1899 with this species. Gymnodinium palustre Zacharias 1899 should not be confused with Gymnodinium palustre Schilling 1891 (which is now Spiniferodinium palustre Kretschmann & Gottschling 2015) and Gymnodinium palustre (Schilling) Woloszynska 1917 (which is now Biecheleria pseudopalustris (Schiller) Moestrup, Lindberg & Daugbjerg 2009. This species has also been observed in Hungary [256] and Ireland [257] as G. zachariasi. Strains of Spiniferodinium palustre are available as G. palustre Schilling 1891 are available as from the Scandinavian Culture Collection of Algae and Protozoa. The three sequences in GenBank listed as G. palustre (AB921300, AB921299, AF260382) are Spiniferodinium palustre from Japan. This species has been misspelled as G. zachariasii.