bibliography.bib

@inproceedings{de2022hierarchical,
  title={Hierarchical Consensus: A Horizontal Scaling Framework for Blockchains},
  author={de la Rocha, Alfonso and Kokoris-Kogias, Lefteris and Soares, Jorge M and Vukoli\'c, Marko},
  booktitle={5th International Symposium on Foundations and Applications of Blockchain 2022 (FAB 2022)},
  volume={101},
  pages={3},
  year={2022},
}

@inproceedings{Narwahl,
  author    = {George Danezis and
               Lefteris Kokoris{-}Kogias and
               Alberto Sonnino and
               Alexander Spiegelman},
  editor    = {Y{\'{e}}rom{-}David Bromberg and
               Anne{-}Marie Kermarrec and
               Christos Kozyrakis},
  title     = {Narwhal and Tusk: a DAG-based mempool and efficient {BFT} consensus},
  booktitle = {EuroSys '22: Seventeenth European Conference on Computer Systems,
               Rennes, France, April 5 - 8, 2022},
  pages     = {34--50},
  publisher = {{ACM}},
  year      = {2022},
  url       = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3492321.3519594},
  doi       = {10.1145/3492321.3519594},
  timestamp = {Wed, 13 Apr 2022 13:48:01 +0200},
  biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/conf/eurosys/DanezisKSS22.bib},
  bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}

@inproceedings{ISS,
  author    = {Chrysoula Stathakopoulou and
               Matej Pavlovic and
               Marko Vukolic},
  editor    = {Y{\'{e}}rom{-}David Bromberg and
               Anne{-}Marie Kermarrec and
               Christos Kozyrakis},
  title     = {State machine replication scalability made simple},
  booktitle = {EuroSys '22: Seventeenth European Conference on Computer Systems,
               Rennes, France, April 5 - 8, 2022},
  pages     = {17--33},
  publisher = {{ACM}},
  year      = {2022},
  url       = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3492321.3519579},
  doi       = {10.1145/3492321.3519579},
  timestamp = {Wed, 13 Apr 2022 13:48:01 +0200},
  biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/conf/eurosys/StathakopoulouP22.bib},
  bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}

@InProceedings{Sok-L2,
author="Gudgeon, Lewis
and Moreno-Sanchez, Pedro
and Roos, Stefanie
and McCorry, Patrick
and Gervais, Arthur",
editor="Bonneau, Joseph
and Heninger, Nadia",
title="SoK: Layer-Two Blockchain Protocols",
booktitle="Financial Cryptography and Data Security",
year="2020",
publisher="Springer International Publishing",
address="Cham",
pages="201--226"
}


@article{Vukolic21,
  author    = {Marko Vukoli\'c},
  title     = {On the Future of Decentralized Computing},
  journal   = {Bull. {EATCS}},
  volume    = {135},
  year      = {2021},
  url       = {http://bulletin.eatcs.org/index.php/beatcs/article/view/682},
  timestamp = {Mon, 24 Oct 2022 17:32:05 +0200},
  biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/journals/eatcs/Vukolic21.bib},
  bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}

 @inproceedings{Vukolic15,
  author    = {Marko Vukoli\'c},
  editor    = {Jan Camenisch and
               Dogan Kesdogan},
  title     = {The Quest for Scalable Blockchain Fabric: Proof-of-Work vs. {BFT}
               Replication},
  booktitle = {Open Problems in Network Security - {IFIP} {WG} 11.4 International
               Workshop, iNetSec 2015, Zurich, Switzerland, October 29, 2015, Revised
               Selected Papers},
  series    = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science},
  volume    = {9591},
  pages     = {112--125},
  publisher = {Springer},
  year      = {2015},
  url       = {https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39028-4\_9},
  doi       = {10.1007/978-3-319-39028-4\_9},
  timestamp = {Tue, 14 May 2019 10:00:47 +0200},
  biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/conf/ifip11-4/Vukolic15.bib},
  bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}

@misc{nakamoto2008bitcoin, 
author = {Satoshi Nakamoto}, 
title = {Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System}, 
year = {2008}, 
month = {Dec}, 
url = {https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf}
}

@article{IBC,
  title={The interblockchain communication protocol: An overview},
  author={Goes, Christopher},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2006.15918},
  year={2020}
}

@misc{glossary,
  title = {{IPC Glossary}},
  author={ConsensusLab Research Team},
  howpublished = "\url{https://docs.google.com/document/d/15pA7ahjeA-HYOl8Pxj0n6PxEswYlRVrZ112MJuRR0fY/edit?usp=sharing}",
}

@inproceedings{keidar2021DAG,
  author    = {Idit Keidar and
               Eleftherios Kokoris{-}Kogias and
               Oded Naor and
               Alexander Spiegelman},
  editor    = {Avery Miller and
               Keren Censor{-}Hillel and
               Janne H. Korhonen},
  title     = {All You Need is {DAG}},
  booktitle = {{PODC} '21: {ACM} Symposium on Principles of Distributed Computing,
               Virtual Event, Italy, July 26-30, 2021},
  pages     = {165--175},
  publisher = {{ACM}},
  year      = {2021},
  url       = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3465084.3467905},
}

@inproceedings{spiegelman2022Bullshark,
  author    = {Alexander Spiegelman and
               Neil Giridharan and
               Alberto Sonnino and
               Lefteris Kokoris{-}Kogias},
  editor    = {Heng Yin and
               Angelos Stavrou and
               Cas Cremers and
               Elaine Shi},
  title     = {Bullshark: {DAG} {BFT} Protocols Made Practical},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2022 {ACM} {SIGSAC} Conference on Computer and
               Communications Security, {CCS} 2022, Los Angeles, CA, USA, November
               7-11, 2022},
  pages     = {2705--2718},
  publisher = {{ACM}},
  year      = {2022},
  url       = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3548606.3559361},
  doi       = {10.1145/3548606.3559361},
  timestamp = {Sat, 17 Dec 2022 01:15:29 +0100},
  biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/conf/ccs/SpiegelmanGSK22.bib},
  bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}

@inproceedings{Lu2020Dumbo,
  author    = {Yuan Lu and
               Zhenliang Lu and
               Qiang Tang and
               Guiling Wang},
  editor    = {Yuval Emek and
               Christian Cachin},
  title     = {Dumbo-MVBA: Optimal Multi-Valued Validated Asynchronous Byzantine
               Agreement, Revisited},
  booktitle = {{PODC} '20: {ACM} Symposium on Principles of Distributed Computing,
               Virtual Event, Italy, August 3-7, 2020},
  pages     = {129--138},
  publisher = {{ACM}},
  year      = {2020},
  url       = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3382734.3405707},
  doi       = {10.1145/3382734.3405707},
  timestamp = {Tue, 16 Nov 2021 18:10:49 +0100},
  biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/conf/podc/LuL0W20.bib},
  bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}

@inproceedings{Lu2022Dumbo,
  author    = {Yuan Lu and
               Zhenliang Lu and
               Qiang Tang},
  editor    = {Heng Yin and
               Angelos Stavrou and
               Cas Cremers and
               Elaine Shi},
  title     = {Bolt-Dumbo Transformer: Asynchronous Consensus As Fast As the Pipelined
               {BFT}},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2022 {ACM} {SIGSAC} Conference on Computer and
               Communications Security, {CCS} 2022, Los Angeles, CA, USA, November
               7-11, 2022},
  pages     = {2159--2173},
  publisher = {{ACM}},
  year      = {2022},
  url       = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3548606.3559346},
  doi       = {10.1145/3548606.3559346},
  timestamp = {Sat, 17 Dec 2022 01:15:29 +0100},
  biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/conf/ccs/0001L022.bib},
  bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}

@inproceedings{Lu2022Bolt,
  author    = {Yuan Lu and
               Zhenliang Lu and
               Qiang Tang},
  editor    = {Heng Yin and
               Angelos Stavrou and
               Cas Cremers and
               Elaine Shi},
  title     = {Bolt-Dumbo Transformer: Asynchronous Consensus As Fast As the Pipelined
               {BFT}},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2022 {ACM} {SIGSAC} Conference on Computer and
               Communications Security, {CCS} 2022, Los Angeles, CA, USA, November
               7-11, 2022},
  pages     = {2159--2173},
  publisher = {{ACM}},
  year      = {2022},
  url       = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3548606.3559346},
  doi       = {10.1145/3548606.3559346},
  timestamp = {Sat, 17 Dec 2022 01:15:29 +0100},
  biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/conf/ccs/0001L022.bib},
  bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}

@misc{aptoslabs,
  title = {Aptos Labs},
  howpublished = {\url{https://aptoslabs.com/}},
  note = {Accessed: March 24, 2023}
}

@misc{sui,
  title = {SUI},
  howpublished = {\url{https://sui.io/}},
  note = {Accessed: March 24, 2023}
}

@misc{hedera,
  title = {Hedera Hashgraph},
  howpublished = {\url{https://hedera.com/}},
  note = {Accessed: March 24, 2023}
}

@inproceedings {kalodner2018arbitrum,
author = {Harry Kalodner and Steven Goldfeder and Xiaoqi Chen and S. Matthew Weinberg and Edward W. Felten},
title = {Arbitrum: Scalable, private smart contracts},
booktitle = {27th USENIX Security Symposium (USENIX Security 18)},
year = {2018},
isbn = {978-1-939133-04-5},
address = {Baltimore, MD},
pages = {1353--1370},
url = {https://www.usenix.org/conference/usenixsecurity18/presentation/kalodner},
publisher = {USENIX Association},
month = aug,
}

@article{nazirkhanova2021information,
  title={Information dispersal with provable retrievability for rollups},
  author={Nazirkhanova, Kamilla and Neu, Joachim and Tse, David},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2111.12323},
  year={2021}
}


@inproceedings{zamani2018rapidchain,
author = {Zamani, Mahdi and Movahedi, Mahnush and Raykova, Mariana},
title = {RapidChain: Scaling Blockchain via Full Sharding},
year = {2018},
isbn = {9781450356930},
publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
address = {New York, NY, USA},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3243734.3243853},
doi = {10.1145/3243734.3243853},
abstract = {A major approach to overcoming the performance and scalability limitations of current blockchain protocols is to use sharding which is to split the overheads of processing transactions among multiple, smaller groups of nodes. These groups work in parallel to maximize performance while requiring significantly smaller communication, computation, and storage per node, allowing the system to scale to large networks. However, existing sharding-based blockchain protocols still require a linear amount of communication (in the number of participants) per transaction, and hence, attain only partially the potential benefits of sharding. We show that this introduces a major bottleneck to the throughput and latency of these protocols. Aside from the limited scalability, these protocols achieve weak security guarantees due to either a small fault resiliency (e.g., 1/8 and 1/4) or high failure probability, or they rely on strong assumptions (e.g., trusted setup) that limit their applicability to mainstream payment systems. We propose RapidChain, the first sharding-based public blockchain protocol that is resilient to Byzantine faults from up to a 1/3 fraction of its participants, and achieves complete sharding of the communication, computation, and storage overhead of processing transactions without assuming any trusted setup. RapidChain employs an optimal intra-committee consensus algorithm that can achieve very high throughputs via block pipelining, a novel gossiping protocol for large blocks, and a provably-secure reconfiguration mechanism to ensure robustness. Using an efficient cross-shard transaction verification technique, our protocol avoids gossiping transactions to the entire network. Our empirical evaluations suggest that RapidChain can process (and confirm) more than 7,300 tx/sec with an expected confirmation latency of roughly 8.7 seconds in a network of 4,000 nodes with an overwhelming time-to-failure of more than 4,500 years.},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2018 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security},
pages = {931–948},
numpages = {18},
keywords = {sharding, public blockchain protocols, distributed consensus},
location = {Toronto, Canada},
series = {CCS '18}
}

@inproceedings{Leftheris2018Omniledger,
  author={Kokoris-Kogias, Eleftherios and Jovanovic, Philipp and Gasser, Linus and Gailly, Nicolas and Syta, Ewa and Ford, Bryan},
  booktitle={2018 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (SP)}, 
  title={OmniLedger: A Secure, Scale-Out, Decentralized Ledger via Sharding}, 
  year={2018},
  volume={},
  number={},
  pages={583-598},
  doi={10.1109/SP.2018.000-5}}

@inproceedings{Luu2016Shards,
author = {Luu, Loi and Narayanan, Viswesh and Zheng, Chaodong and Baweja, Kunal and Gilbert, Seth and Saxena, Prateek},
title = {A Secure Sharding Protocol For Open Blockchains},
year = {2016},
isbn = {9781450341394},
publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
address = {New York, NY, USA},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/2976749.2978389},
doi = {10.1145/2976749.2978389},
abstract = {Cryptocurrencies, such as Bitcoin and 250 similar alt-coins, embody at their core a blockchain protocol --- a mechanism for a distributed network of computational nodes to periodically agree on a set of new transactions. Designing a secure blockchain protocol relies on an open challenge in security, that of designing a highly-scalable agreement protocol open to manipulation by byzantine or arbitrarily malicious nodes. Bitcoin's blockchain agreement protocol exhibits security, but does not scale: it processes 3--7 transactions per second at present, irrespective of the available computation capacity at hand.In this paper, we propose a new distributed agreement protocol for permission-less blockchains called ELASTICO. ELASTICO scales transaction rates almost linearly with available computation for mining: the more the computation power in the network, the higher the number of transaction blocks selected per unit time. ELASTICO is efficient in its network messages and tolerates byzantine adversaries of up to one-fourth of the total computational power. Technically, ELASTICO uniformly partitions or parallelizes the mining network (securely) into smaller committees, each of which processes a disjoint set of transactions (or "shards"). While sharding is common in non-byzantine settings, ELASTICO is the first candidate for a secure sharding protocol with presence of byzantine adversaries. Our scalability experiments on Amazon EC2 with up to $1, 600$ nodes confirm ELASTICO's theoretical scaling properties.},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2016 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security},
pages = {17–30},
numpages = {14},
keywords = {sharding, bitcoin, consensus protocol},
location = {Vienna, Austria},
series = {CCS '16}
}

@ARTICLE{Yu2020Survey,
  author={Yu, Guangsheng and Wang, Xu and Yu, Kan and Ni, Wei and Zhang, J. Andrew and Liu, Ren Ping},
  journal={IEEE Access}, 
  title={Survey: Sharding in Blockchains}, 
  year={2020},
  volume={8},
  number={},
  pages={14155-14181},
  doi={10.1109/ACCESS.2020.2965147}}

@misc{avarikioti2021divide,
      title={Divide and Scale: Formalization of Distributed Ledger Sharding Protocols}, 
      author={Georgia Avarikioti and Eleftherios Kokoris-Kogias and Roger Wattenhofer},
      year={2021},
      eprint={1910.10434},
      archivePrefix={arXiv},
      primaryClass={cs.DC}
}

@inproceedings{androulaki2018Channels,
author="Androulaki, Elli
and Cachin, Christian
and De Caro, Angelo
and Kokoris-Kogias, Eleftherios",
editor="Lopez, Javier
and Zhou, Jianying
and Soriano, Miguel",
title="Channels: Horizontal Scaling and Confidentiality on Permissioned Blockchains",
booktitle="Computer Security",
year="2018",
publisher="Springer International Publishing",
address="Cham",
pages="111--131",
abstract="Sharding, or partitioning the system's state so that different subsets of participants handle it, is a proven approach to building distributed systems whose total capacity scales horizontally with the number of participants. Many distributed ledgers have adopted this approach to increase their performance, however, they focus on the permissionless setting that assumes the existence of a strong adversary. In this paper, we deploy channels for permissioned blockchains. Our first contribution is to adapt sharding on asset-management applications for the permissioned setting, while preserving liveness and safety even on transactions spanning across-channels. Our second contribution is to leverage channels as a confidentiality boundary, enabling different organizations and consortia to preserve their privacy within their channels and still be part of a bigger collaborative ecosystem. To make our system concrete we map it on top of Hyperledger Fabric.",
isbn="978-3-319-99073-6"
}

@inproceedings{wang2019monoxide,
  title={Monoxide: Scale out Blockchains with Asynchronous Consensus Zones.},
  author={Wang, Jiaping and Wang, Hao},
  booktitle={NSDI},
  volume={2019},
  pages={95--112},
  year={2019}
}

@misc{albassam2017chainspace,
      title={Chainspace: A Sharded Smart Contracts Platform}, 
      author={Mustafa Al-Bassam and Alberto Sonnino and Shehar Bano and Dave Hrycyszyn and George Danezis},
      year={2017},
      eprint={1708.03778},
      archivePrefix={arXiv},
      primaryClass={cs.CR}
}

@inproceedings{hong2021pyramid,
  author={Hong, Zicong and Guo, Song and Li, Peng and Chen, Wuhui},
  booktitle={IEEE INFOCOM 2021 - IEEE Conference on Computer Communications}, 
  title={Pyramid: A Layered Sharding Blockchain System}, 
  year={2021},
  volume={},
  number={},
  pages={1-10},
  doi={10.1109/INFOCOM42981.2021.9488747}}

@inproceedings{dziembowski2018general,
    author = {Dziembowski, Stefan and Faust, Sebastian and Host\'{a}kov\'{a}, Kristina},
    title = {General State Channel Networks},
    year = {2018},
    isbn = {9781450356930},
    publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
    address = {New York, NY, USA},
    url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3243734.3243856},
    doi = {10.1145/3243734.3243856},
    abstract = {One of the fundamental challenges that hinder further adaption of decentralized cryptocurrencies is scalability. Because current cryptocurrencies require that all transactions are processed and stored on a distributed ledger -- the so-called blockchain -- transaction throughput is inherently limited. An important proposal to significantly improve scalability are off-chain protocols, where the massive amount of transactions is executed without requiring the costly interaction with the blockchain. Examples of off-chain protocols include payment channels and networks, which are currently deployed by popular cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin and Ethereum. A further extension of payment networks envisioned for cryptocurrencies are so-called state channel networks. In contrast to payment networks that only support off-chain payments between users, state channel networks allow execution of arbitrary complex smart contracts. The main contribution of this work is to give the first full specification for general state channel networks. Moreover, we provide formal security definitions and prove the security of our construction against powerful adversaries. An additional benefit of our construction is the use of channel virtualization, which further reduces latency and costs in complex channel networks.},
    booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2018 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security},
    pages = {949–966},
    numpages = {18},
    keywords = {virtualization, provable secure protocols, blockchain protocols, state channel networs},
    location = {Toronto, Canada},
    series = {CCS '18}
}

@misc{poon2016bitcoin,
  title={The Bitcoin lightning network: Scalable off-chain instant payments},
  author={Poon, Joseph and Dryja, Thaddeus},
  year={2016},
  institution={Bitcoin Lightning},
  url={https://www.bitcoinlightning.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/lightning-network-paper.pdf},
}

@inproceedings{decker2015fast,
  title={A fast and scalable payment network with bitcoin duplex micropayment channels},
  author={Decker, Christian and Wattenhofer, Roger},
  booktitle={Symposium on Self-Stabilizing Systems},
  year={2015},
}

@inproceedings{burchert2018scalable,
  title={Scalable funding of Bitcoin micropayment channel networks},
  author={Burchert, Conrad and Decker, Christian and Wattenhofer, Roger},
  booktitle={Royal Society open science},
  year={2018},
}

@misc{poon2017plasma,
  title={Plasma: Scalable autonomous smart contracts},
  author={Poon, Joseph and Buterin, Vitalik},
  institution={Plasma},
  url={https://plasma.io/plasma.pdf},
  year={2017}
}

@misc{BOLT,
  title =        {{Basis of lightning technology (BOLTs)}},
  author =       {Andrew Samokhvalov and Joseph Poon and Olaoluwa Osuntokun},
  url =         {https://github.com/lightningnetwork/lightning-rfc},
  year =         2018
}

@misc{lnd2018,
  title =        {The Lightning Network Daemon},
  author =       {Andrew Samokhvalov and Joseph Poon and Olaoluwa Osuntokun},
  url =          {"https://github.com/lightningnetwork/lnd"},
  year =         {2018}
}

@misc{network2023raiden,
  title={The raiden network},
  url={https://raiden.network},
  year={2019},
}

@misc{Validium,
  title={Validium},
  url={https://ethereum.org/en/developers/docs/scaling/validium/},
  year={2023}
}

@misc{Lurkpaper,
      author = {Nada Amin and John Burnham and François Garillot and Rosario Gennaro and Chhi'mèd Künzang and Daniel Rogozin and Cameron Wong},
      title = {LURK: Lambda, the Ultimate Recursive Knowledge},
      howpublished = {Cryptology ePrint Archive, Paper 2023/369},
      year = {2023},
      note = {\url{https://eprint.iacr.org/2023/369}},
      url = {https://eprint.iacr.org/2023/369}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{PoSsidechains,

  author={Gaži, Peter and Kiayias, Aggelos and Zindros, Dionysis},

  booktitle={2019 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (SP)}, 

  title={Proof-of-Stake Sidechains}, 

  year={2019},

  volume={},

  number={},

  pages={139-156},

  doi={10.1109/SP.2019.00040}}



@Misc{clightning2023,
  author =       {{Elements Project}},
  title =        {c-lightning -- a Lightning Network implementation in {C}},
  url = {https://github.com/ElementsProject/lightning},
note = {Accessed on March 24, 2023}
}

@misc{eclair,
  Author = {ACINQ},
  Title = { Eclair GitHub Repository},
  year = {2008},
  url = {https://github.com/ACINQ/eclair}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{platypus2019ranchalpedrosa,  author={Ranchal-Pedrosa, Alejandro and Gramoli, Vincent},  booktitle={IEEE NCA},   title={Platypus: Offchain Protocol Without Synchrony},   year={2019},  volume={},  number={},   options = {skipbib}}

@misc{back2014enabling,
  title={Enabling blockchain innovations with pegged sidechains},
  author={Back, Adam and Corallo, Matt and Dashjr, Luke and Friedenbach, Mark and Maxwell, Gregory and Miller, Andrew and Poelstra, Andrew and Tim{\'o}n, Jorge and Wuille, Pieter},
  url = {https://blockstream.com/sidechains.pdf},
  institution={Blockstream},
  year={2014},
}


@inproceedings{gazi2019proof,
  title={Proof-of-stake sidechains},
  author={Ga{\v{z}}i, Peter and Kiayias, Aggelos and Zindros, Dionysis},
  booktitle={S\&P},
  year={2019},
}

@misc{polygon-zkevm,
    author = {Polygon Technology},
    title = {Polygon Launches zkEVM, A New Ethereum-Compatible Scaling Solution},
    year = {2022},
    howpublished = {\url{https://polygon.technology/polygon-zkevm}},
    note = {Accessed: March 24, 2023}
}

@misc{starkware,
    author = {StarkWare},
    title = {StarkWare},
    year = {2022},
    howpublished = {\url{https://starkware.co/}},
    note = {Accessed: March 24, 2023}
}

@misc{sin7y,
  title = {Sin7y},
  howpublished = {\url{https://sin7y.org/}},
  note = {Accessed: March 24, 2023}
}

@misc{matterlabs,
  title = {Matter Labs},
  howpublished = {\url{https://matter-labs.io/}},
  note = {Accessed: March 24, 2023}
}

@misc{appliedzkp,
  title = {Applied ZKP},
  howpublished = {\url{https://appliedzkp.org/}},
  note = {Accessed: March 24, 2023}
}

@misc{espressosys,
  title = {Espresso},
  howpublished = {\url{https://www.espressosys.com/}},
  note = {Accessed: March 24, 2023}
}

@misc{rollmint,
  title = {Celestia Documentation - Rollmint},
  howpublished = {\url{https://docs.celestia.org/developers/rollmint/}},
  note = {Accessed: March 24, 2023}
}

@misc{polkadotparachains,
  title = {Parachains | Polkadot},
  howpublished = {\url{https://polkadot.network/parachains/}},
  note = {Accessed: March 24, 2023}
}

@misc{polygonpos,
  title = {Polygon PoS},
  howpublished = {\url{https://polygon.technology/solutions/polygon-pos}},
  note = {Accessed: March 24, 2023}
}

@misc{polygonsupernets,
  title = {Supernets},
  howpublished = {\url{https://polygon.technology/supernets}},
  note = {Accessed: March 24, 2023}
}

@misc{cosmosdocs,
  title = {Cosmos Network Documentation},
  howpublished = {\url{https://docs.cosmos.network/main}},
  note = {Accessed: March 24, 2023}
}

@misc{avaxsubnets,
  title = {Subnets | Avalanche},
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}

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}

@misc{filecoin,
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  note = {Accessed: March 24, 2023}
}

@misc{trantor,
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  note = {Accessed: March 24, 2023}
} 

@misc{lotus,
title = {Lotus},
howpublished = {\url{https://lotus.filecoin.io/}},
note = {Accessed on March 24, 2023}
}

@misc{multiformats,
title = {Multiformats},
howpublished = {\url{https://multiformats.io/}},
note = {Accessed on March 24, 2023}
}

@misc{bitswap,
title = {Bitswap | IPFS Docs},
howpublished = {\url{https://docs.ipfs.tech/concepts/bitswap/}},
note = {Accessed on March 24, 2023}
}

@inproceedings{castro1999practical,
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@inproceedings{wood2014ethereum,
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@misc{l2beat,
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}

@article{thibault2022rollups,

  author={Thibault, Louis Tremblay and Sarry, Tom and Hafid, Abdelhakim Senhaji},

  journal={IEEE Access}, 

  title={Blockchain Scaling Using Rollups: A Comprehensive Survey}, 

  year={2022},

  volume={10},

  number={},

  pages={93039-93054},

  doi={10.1109/ACCESS.2022.3200051}}

@misc{vitalik2021trilemma,
        Author = {Vitalik Buterin},
	Title = {{ Why sharding is great: demystifying the technical properties}},
	year = {2021},
	url = {https://vitalik.ca/general/2021/04/07/sharding.html}
}

@inproceedings{Algorand,
 author = {Gilad, Yossi and Hemo, Rotem and Micali, Silvio and Vlachos, Georgios and Zeldovich, Nickolai},
 title = {Algorand: Scaling {B}yzantine Agreements for Cryptocurrencies},
 booktitle= {SOSP},
 year = {2017},
} 

@inproceedings{azouvi2022Pikachu,
author = {Azouvi, Sarah and Vukoli\'{c}, Marko},
title = {Pikachu: Securing PoS Blockchains from Long-Range Attacks by Checkpointing into Bitcoin PoW Using Taproot},
year = {2022},
isbn = {9781450398794},
publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
address = {New York, NY, USA},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3560829.3563563},
doi = {10.1145/3560829.3563563},
abstract = {Blockchain systems based on a reusable resource, such as proof-of-stake (PoS), provide weaker security guarantees than those based on proof-of-work. Specifically, they are vulnerable to long-range attacks, where an adversary can corrupt prior participants in order to rewrite the full history of the chain. To prevent this attack on a PoS chain, we propose a protocol that checkpoints the state of the PoS chain to a proof-of-work blockchain such as Bitcoin. Our checkpointing protocol hence does not rely on any central authority. Our work uses Schnorr signatures and leverages Bitcoin recent Taproot upgrade, allowing us to create a checkpointing transaction of constant size. We argue for the security of our protocol and present an open-source implementation that was tested on the Bitcoin testnet.},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2022 ACM Workshop on Developments in Consensus},
pages = {53–65},
numpages = {13},
keywords = {long-range attack, blockchain, threshold signature, proof-of-stake},
location = {Los Angeles, CA, USA},
series = {ConsensusDay '22}
}