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ILI9486.c
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/* ************************************************************************
*
* driver functions for ILI9486 compatible color graphic displays
* - 320 x 480 pixels
* - interfaces
* - 8 bit parallel
* - 9 bit parallel (not supported)
* - 16 bit parallel (untested)
* - 18 bit parallel (not supported)
* - 3 line SPI (not supported, would be insanely slow)
* - 4 line SPI (untested, hardware SPI strongly recommended)
*
* (c) 2020-2021 by Markus Reschke
*
* ************************************************************************ */
/*
* hints:
* - pin assignment for 8 bit parallel interface
* LCD_PORT/LCD_DDR:
* /RESX LCD_RES (optional)
* /CSX LCD_CS (optional)
* D/CX LCD_DC
* WRX LCD_WR
* RDX LCD_RD (optional)
* LCD_PORT2/LCD_DDR2/LCD_PIN2:
* DB0 LCD_DB0 (LCD_PORT2 pin #0)
* DB1 LCD_DB1 (LCD_PORT2 pin #1)
* DB2 LCD_DB2 (LCD_PORT2 pin #2)
* DB3 LCD_DB3 (LCD_PORT2 pin #3)
* DB4 LCD_DB4 (LCD_PORT2 pin #4)
* DB5 LCD_DB5 (LCD_PORT2 pin #5)
* DB6 LCD_DB6 (LCD_PORT2 pin #6)
* DB7 LCD_DB7 (LCD_PORT2 pin #7)
* - pin assignment for 16 bit parallel interface
* same as 8 bit parallel but additionally
* LCD_PORT3/LCD_DDR3/LCD_PIN3:
* DB8 LCD_DB8 (LCD_PORT3 pin #0)
* DB9 LCD_DB9 (LCD_PORT3 pin #1)
* DB10 LCD_DB10 (LCD_PORT3 pin #2)
* DB11 LCD_DB11 (LCD_PORT3 pin #3)
* DB12 LCD_DB12 (LCD_PORT3 pin #4)
* DB13 LCD_DB13 (LCD_PORT3 pin #5)
* DB14 LCD_DB14 (LCD_PORT3 pin #6)
* DB15 LCD_DB15 (LCD_PORT3 pin #7)
* - max. clock rate for parallel bus
* 15MHz write
* 6.25MHz read register data
* 2.2MHz read frame memory
* - pin assignment for 4 line SPI
* /RESX Vcc or LCD_RES (optional)
* /CSX Gnd or LCD_CS (optional)
* D/CX LCD_DC
* SCL (WRX) LCD_SCL / SPI_SCK
* DIN/SDA LCD_DIN / SPI_MOSI
* DOUT LCD_DOUT / SPI_MISO (not used yet)
* For hardware SPI LCD_SCL and LCD_DIN have to be the MCU's SCK and
* MOSI pins.
* - max. SPI clock: 15MHz write and 6.6MHz read
* - ILI9486 has a PWM output (CAPC_PWM) for controlling backlight LEDs,
* but it's rarely used.
*/
/* local includes */
#include "config.h" /* global configuration */
#ifdef LCD_ILI9486
/*
* local constants
*/
/* source management */
#define LCD_DRIVER_C
/*
* include header files
*/
/* local includes */
#include "common.h" /* common header file */
#include "variables.h" /* global variables */
#include "functions.h" /* external functions */
#include "colors.h" /* color definitions */
#include "ILI9486.h" /* ILI9486 specifics */
/* fonts and symbols */
/* horizontally aligned, horizontal bit order flipped */
#include "font_8x8_hf.h"
#include "font_12x16_hf.h"
#include "font_16x26_hf.h"
#include "font_10x16_iso8859-2_hf.h"
#include "font_12x16_iso8859-2_hf.h"
#include "font_16x26_iso8859-2_hf.h"
#include "font_16x26_win1251_hf.h"
#include "symbols_24x24_hf.h"
#include "symbols_32x32_hf.h"
/* sanity check */
#ifndef FONT_SET
#error <<< No font selected! >>>
#endif
#ifdef SW_SYMBOLS
#ifndef SYMBOL_SET
#error <<< No symbols selected! >>>
#endif
#endif
/*
* derived constants
*/
/* maximum number of pixels for X and Y direction */
#ifdef LCD_ROTATE
#define LCD_PIXELS_X LCD_DOTS_Y
#define LCD_PIXELS_Y LCD_DOTS_X
#else
#define LCD_PIXELS_X LCD_DOTS_X
#define LCD_PIXELS_Y LCD_DOTS_Y
#endif
/* number of lines and characters per line */
#define LCD_CHAR_X (LCD_PIXELS_X / FONT_SIZE_X)
#define LCD_CHAR_Y (LCD_PIXELS_Y / FONT_SIZE_Y)
/* component symbols */
#ifdef SW_SYMBOLS
/* resize symbols by a factor of 2 */
#define SYMBOL_RESIZE 2
/* size in relation to a character */
#define LCD_SYMBOL_CHAR_X (((SYMBOL_SIZE_X * SYMBOL_RESIZE) + FONT_SIZE_X - 1) / FONT_SIZE_X)
#define LCD_SYMBOL_CHAR_Y (((SYMBOL_SIZE_Y * SYMBOL_RESIZE) + FONT_SIZE_Y - 1) / FONT_SIZE_Y)
/* check y size: we need at least 2 lines */
#if LCD_SYMBOL_CHAR_Y < 2
#error <<< Symbols too small! >>>
#endif
#endif
/* color modes */
#ifdef LCD_SPI
/* SPI interface: use RGB666 (RGB565 not supported by SPI) */
#define COLORMODE_RGB666
#else
/* parallel interface: use RGB565 */
#define COLORMODE_RGB565
#endif
/*
* local variables
*/
/* address window */
uint16_t X_Start; /* start position X (column) */
uint16_t X_End; /* end position X (column) */
uint16_t Y_Start; /* start position Y (page/row) */
uint16_t Y_End; /* end position Y (page/row) */
/* text line management */
uint16_t LineFlags; /* bitfield for up to 16 lines */
#ifdef COLORMODE_RGB666
/* colors in RGB666 8-bit frame format */
uint8_t RGB666_FG[3]; /* foreground/pen color */
uint8_t RGB666_BG[3]; /* background color */
#endif
/* ************************************************************************
* low level functions for 4 line SPI interface
* ************************************************************************ */
/*
* protocol:
* - write: CSX low -> D/CX -> D7-0 with rising edge of SCL
* - D/CX: high = data / low = command
* - commands and data have to be sent as 2 bytes
* Really?
*
* hints:
* - RGB111 and RGB666 are supported when using 4-line SPI
*/
#if defined (LCD_SPI) && ! defined (SPI_9)
/*
* set up interface bus
* - should be called at firmware startup
*/
void LCD_BusSetup(void)
{
uint8_t Bits; /* register bits */
/*
* set control signals
*/
Bits = LCD_DDR; /* get current directions */
/* basic output pins */
Bits |= (1 << LCD_DC); /* D/CX */
/* optional output pins */
#ifdef LCD_RES
Bits |= (1 << LCD_RES); /* /RESX */
#endif
#ifdef LCD_CS
Bits |= (1 << LCD_CS); /* /CSX */
#endif
LCD_DDR = Bits; /* set new directions */
/* set default levels */
#ifdef LCD_CS
/* disable chip */
LCD_PORT |= (1 << LCD_CS); /* set /CSX high */
#endif
#ifdef LCD_RES
/* disable reset */
LCD_PORT |= (1 << LCD_RES); /* set /RESX high */
#endif
/*
* init SPI bus
* - SPI bus is set up already in main()
*/
#ifdef SPI_HARDWARE
/*
* set SPI clock rate (10MHz worst case)
* - max. MCU clock 20MHz / 2 = 10MHz
* - f_osc/2 (SPR1 = 0, SPR0 = 0, SPI2X = 1)
*/
SPI.ClockRate = SPI_CLOCK_2X; /* set clock rate flags */
SPI_Clock(); /* update SPI clock */
#endif
}
/*
* send a command to the display
*
* requires:
* - Cmd: byte value to send
*/
void LCD_Cmd(uint8_t Cmd)
{
/* indicate command mode */
LCD_PORT &= ~(1 << LCD_DC); /* set D/CX low */
#ifdef LCD_CS
/* select chip */
LCD_PORT &= ~(1 << LCD_CS); /* set /CSX low */
#endif
/* send command: 2 bytes */
SPI_Write_Byte(0); /* send dummy MSB */
SPI_Write_Byte(Cmd); /* send command byte as LSB */
#ifdef LCD_CS
/* deselect chip */
LCD_PORT |= (1 << LCD_CS); /* set /CSX high */
#endif
}
/*
* send data to the display
*
* requires:
* - Data: byte value to send
*/
void LCD_Data(uint8_t Data)
{
/* indicate data mode */
LCD_PORT |= (1 << LCD_DC); /* set D/CX high */
#ifdef LCD_CS
/* select chip */
LCD_PORT &= ~(1 << LCD_CS); /* set /CSX low */
#endif
/* send data: 2 bytes */
SPI_Write_Byte(0); /* send dummy MSB */
SPI_Write_Byte(Data); /* send data byte as LSB */
#ifdef LCD_CS
/* deselect chip */
LCD_PORT |= (1 << LCD_CS); /* set /CSX high */
#endif
}
/*
* send data to the display
*
* requires:
* - Data: 2-byte value to send
*/
void LCD_Data2(uint16_t Data)
{
uint8_t Byte; /* data byte */
/* indicate data mode */
LCD_PORT |= (1 << LCD_DC); /* set D/CX high */
#ifdef LCD_CS
/* select chip */
LCD_PORT &= ~(1 << LCD_CS); /* set /CSX low */
#endif
/* send data: 2 bytes */
Byte = (uint8_t)Data; /* save LSB */
Data >>= 8; /* get MSB */
SPI_Write_Byte((uint8_t)Data); /* send MSB */
SPI_Write_Byte(Byte); /* send LSB */
#ifdef LCD_CS
/* deselect chip */
LCD_PORT |= (1 << LCD_CS); /* set /CSX high */
#endif
}
#endif
/* ************************************************************************
* low level functions for 8 bit parallel interface
* - LCD_PORT (LCD_DDR) for control signals
* - LCD_PORT2 (LCD_DDR2/LCD_PIN2) for data signals 0-7
* ************************************************************************ */
/*
* protocol:
* - write: CSX low -> D/CX -> WRX low to init write -> set D7-0 ->
* rising edge of WRX triggers read
* - read: CSX low -> D/CX -> RDX low to trigger output ->
* read D7-0 with rising edge of RDX
* - D/CX: high = data / low = command
*
* hints:
* - RGB565 and RGB666 are supported when using the 8-bit parallel interface
*/
#ifdef LCD_PAR_8
/*
* set up interface bus
* - should be called at firmware startup
*/
void LCD_BusSetup(void)
{
uint8_t Bits; /* register bits */
/*
* set data signals
* - LCD_PORT2
*/
/* all data pins are in output mode by default */
LCD_DDR2 = 0b11111111; /* DB0-7 */
/*
* set control signals
* - LCD_PORT
*/
/* set directions */
Bits = LCD_DDR; /* get current directions */
/* basic output pins */
Bits |= (1 << LCD_DC) | (1 << LCD_WR); /* D/CX, WRX */
/* optional output pins */
#ifdef LCD_RD
Bits |= (1 << LCD_RD); /* RDX */
#endif
#ifdef LCD_RES
Bits |= (1 << LCD_RES); /* /RES */
#endif
#ifdef LCD_CS
Bits |= (1 << LCD_CS); /* /CS */
#endif
LCD_DDR = Bits; /* set new directions */
/* set default levels */
Bits = LCD_PORT; /* get current levels */
/* basic output pins */
Bits |= (1 << LCD_WR); /* set WRX high */
/* optional output pins */
#ifdef LCD_RD
Bits |= (1 << LCD_RD); /* set RDX high */
#endif
#ifdef LCD_CS
/* disable chip */
Bits |= (1 << LCD_CS); /* set /CSX high */
#endif
#ifdef LCD_RES
/* disable reset */
Bits |= (1 << LCD_RES); /* set /RESX high */
#endif
LCD_PORT = Bits; /* set new levels */
}
/*
* send a byte (data or command) to the display
*
* requires:
* - Byte: byte value to send
*/
void LCD_SendByte(uint8_t Byte)
{
/* set data signals */
LCD_PORT2 = Byte; /* DB0-7 */
/* create write strobe (rising edge takes data in) */
LCD_PORT &= ~(1 << LCD_WR); /* set WRX low */
/* wait 15ns */
LCD_PORT |= (1 << LCD_WR); /* set WRX high */
/* data hold time 10ns */
/* next write cycle after 15ns WRX being high */
}
/*
* send a command to the display
*
* requires:
* - Cmd: byte value to send
*/
void LCD_Cmd(uint8_t Cmd)
{
#ifdef LCD_CS
/* select chip */
LCD_PORT &= ~(1 << LCD_CS); /* set /CSX low */
#endif
/* indicate command mode */
LCD_PORT &= ~(1 << LCD_DC); /* set D/CX low */
/* send command */
LCD_SendByte(Cmd); /* send command byte */
#ifdef LCD_CS
/* deselect chip */
LCD_PORT |= (1 << LCD_CS); /* set /CSX high */
#endif
}
/*
* send data to the display
*
* requires:
* - Data: byte value to send
*/
void LCD_Data(uint8_t Data)
{
#ifdef LCD_CS
/* select chip */
LCD_PORT &= ~(1 << LCD_CS); /* set /CSX low */
#endif
/* indicate data mode */
LCD_PORT |= (1 << LCD_DC); /* set D/CX high */
/* send data */
LCD_SendByte(Data); /* send data byte */
#ifdef LCD_CS
/* deselect chip */
LCD_PORT |= (1 << LCD_CS); /* set /CSX high */
#endif
}
/*
* send data to the display
*
* requires:
* - Data: 2-byte value to send
*/
void LCD_Data2(uint16_t Data)
{
uint8_t Byte; /* data byte */
#ifdef LCD_CS
/* select chip */
LCD_PORT &= ~(1 << LCD_CS); /* set /CSX low */
#endif
/* indicate data mode */
LCD_PORT |= (1 << LCD_DC); /* set D/CX high */
/* send data */
Byte = (uint8_t)Data; /* save LSB */
Data >>= 8; /* get MSB */
LCD_SendByte((uint8_t)Data); /* send MSB */
LCD_SendByte(Byte); /* send LSB */
#ifdef LCD_CS
/* deselect chip */
LCD_PORT |= (1 << LCD_CS); /* set /CSX high */
#endif
}
#if 0
/*
* read byte from display
* - timing for register data
* - not suitable for frame memory
*
* returns:
* - byte
*/
uint8_t LCD_ReadByte(void)
{
uint8_t Byte; /* return value */
/* set data pins to input mode before reading */
LCD_DDR2 = 0b00000000; /* DB0-7 */
#ifdef LCD_CS
/* select chip */
LCD_PORT &= ~(1 << LCD_CS); /* set /CSX low */
#endif
/* indicate data mode */
LCD_PORT |= (1 << LCD_DC); /* set D/CX high */
/* start read cycle (RDX low for min. 45ns) */
LCD_PORT &= ~(1 << LCD_RD); /* set RDX low */
/* wait for LCD to fetch data: max. 40ns */
asm volatile("nop\n\t"::); /* burn a clock cycle */
/* read data: DB0-7 */
Byte = LCD_PIN2;
/* end read cycle */
LCD_PORT |= (1 << LCD_RD); /* set RDX high */
/* wait for LCD to release data lines: max. 80ns */
#ifndef LCD_CS
/* burn two clock cycles */
asm volatile(
"nop\n\t"
"nop\n\t"
::
);
#endif
/* next read cycle after 90ns RDX being high */
#ifdef LCD_CS
/* deselect chip */
LCD_PORT |= (1 << LCD_CS); /* set /CSX high */
#endif
/* set data pins back to output mode after reading */
LCD_DDR2 = 0b11111111; /* DB0-7 */
return Byte;
}
#endif
#endif
/* ************************************************************************
* low level functions for 16 bit parallel interface
* - LCD_PORT (LCD_DDR) for control signals
* - LCD_PORT2 (LCD_DDR2/LCD_PIN2) for data signals 0-7
* - LCD_PORT3 (LCD_DDR3/LCD_PIN3) for data signals 8-15
* ************************************************************************ */
/*
* protocol:
* - write: CSX low -> D/CX -> WRX low to init write -> set D15-0 ->
* rising edge of WRX triggers read
* - D/CX: high = data / low = command
* - commands have to be sent as 2 bytes
*
* hints:
* - RGB565 and RGB666 are supported when using the 16-bit parallel interface
*/
#ifdef LCD_PAR_16
/*
* set up interface bus
* - should be called at firmware startup
*/
void LCD_BusSetup(void)
{
uint8_t Bits; /* register bits */
/*
* set data signals
* - LCD_PORT2
* - LCD_PORT3
*/
/* all data pins are in output mode by default */
LCD_DDR2 = 0b11111111; /* DB0-7 */
LCD_DDR3 = 0b11111111; /* DB8-15 */
/*
* set control signals
* - LCD_PORT
*/
/* set directions */
Bits = LCD_DDR; /* get current directions */
/* basic output pins */
Bits |= (1 << LCD_DC) | (1 << LCD_WR); /* D/CX, WRX */
/* optional output pins */
#ifdef LCD_RD
Bits |= (1 << LCD_RD); /* RDX */
#endif
#ifdef LCD_RES
Bits |= (1 << LCD_RES); /* /RES */
#endif
#ifdef LCD_CS
Bits |= (1 << LCD_CS); /* /CS */
#endif
LCD_DDR = Bits; /* set new directions */
/* set default levels */
Bits = LCD_PORT; /* get current levels */
/* basic output pins */
Bits |= (1 << LCD_WR); /* set WRX high */
/* optional output pins */
#ifdef LCD_RD
Bits |= (1 << LCD_RD); /* set RDX high */
#endif
#ifdef LCD_CS
/* disable chip */
Bits |= (1 << LCD_CS); /* set /CSX high */
#endif
#ifdef LCD_RES
/* disable reset */
Bits |= (1 << LCD_RES); /* set /RESX high */
#endif
LCD_PORT = Bits; /* set new levels */
}
/*
* send a byte (data or command) to the display
*
* requires:
* - Byte: byte value to send
*/
void LCD_SendByte(uint8_t Byte)
{
/* set data signals - we have to send two bytes */
LCD_PORT2 = Byte; /* set LSB (DB0-7) */
LCD_PORT3 = 0; /* set dummy MSB (DB8-15) */
/* create write strobe (rising edge takes data in) */
LCD_PORT &= ~(1 << LCD_WR); /* set WRX low */
/* wait 15ns */
LCD_PORT |= (1 << LCD_WR); /* set WRX high */
/* data hold time 10ns */
/* next write cycle after 15ns WRX being high */
}
/*
* send a command to the display
*
* requires:
* - Cmd: byte value to send
*/
void LCD_Cmd(uint8_t Cmd)
{
#ifdef LCD_CS
/* select chip */
LCD_PORT &= ~(1 << LCD_CS); /* set /CSX low */
#endif
/* indicate command mode */
LCD_PORT &= ~(1 << LCD_DC); /* set D/CX low */
/* send command */
LCD_SendByte(Cmd); /* send command byte */
#ifdef LCD_CS
/* deselect chip */
LCD_PORT |= (1 << LCD_CS); /* set /CSX high */
#endif
}
/*
* send data to the display
*
* requires:
* - Data: byte value to send
*/
void LCD_Data(uint8_t Data)
{
#ifdef LCD_CS
/* select chip */
LCD_PORT &= ~(1 << LCD_CS); /* set /CSX low */
#endif
/* indicate data mode */
LCD_PORT |= (1 << LCD_DC); /* set D/CX high */
/* send data */
LCD_SendByte(Data); /* send data byte */
#ifdef LCD_CS
/* deselect chip */
LCD_PORT |= (1 << LCD_CS); /* set /CSX high */
#endif
}
/*
* send data to the display
*
* requires:
* - Data: 2-byte value to send
*/
void LCD_Data2(uint16_t Data)
{
#ifdef LCD_CS
/* select chip */
LCD_PORT &= ~(1 << LCD_CS); /* set /CSX low */
#endif
/* indicate data mode */
LCD_PORT |= (1 << LCD_DC); /* set D/CX high */
/* set data signals */
LCD_PORT2 = (uint8_t)Data; /* set LSB (DB0-7) */
Data >>= 8; /* get MSB */
LCD_PORT3 = (uint8_t)Data; /* set MSB (DB8-15) */
/* create write strobe (rising edge takes data in) */
LCD_PORT &= ~(1 << LCD_WR); /* set WRX low */
/* wait 15ns */
LCD_PORT |= (1 << LCD_WR); /* set WRX high */
/* data hold time 10ns */
/* next write cycle after 15ns WRX being high */
#ifdef LCD_CS
/* deselect chip */
LCD_PORT |= (1 << LCD_CS); /* set /CSX high */
#endif
}
#endif
/* ************************************************************************
* conversion functions
* ************************************************************************ */
#ifdef COLORMODE_RGB666
/*
* RGB565 to RGB666
* - DB[15-11] -> R[5-1], DB15 -> R0
* R[5-0] = (R[4-0] << 1) | (R4 >> 4)
* - DB[10-5] -> G[5-0]
* G[5-0] = G[5-0]
* - DB[4-0] -> B[5-1], DB4 -> B0
* B[5-0] = (B[4-0] << 1) | (B4 >> 4)
*/
/*
* 8-bit frame format for RGB666
* - first byte: R[5-0] -> D[7-2], D[1-0] are 0
* - second byte: G[5-0] -> D[7-2], D[1-0] are 0
* - third byte: B[5-0] -> D[7-2], D[1-0] are 0
*/
/*
* expand RGB565 value to RGB666 in 8-bit frame format
*
* requires:
* - Color: RGB565 color value
* - RGB666: pointer to array of uint8_t for R, G and B
*/
void RGB565_2_RGB666(uint16_t Color, uint8_t *RGB666)
{
uint8_t R6; /* red */
uint8_t G6; /* green */
uint8_t B6; /* blue */
/*
* blue
*/
/* get blue-5 and convert to blue-6 */
B6 = Color & 0b0000000000011111; /* get DB[4-0] */
B6 <<= 1; /* shift one step left */
if (B6 & 0b00100000) /* DB4/B4 set (now B5) */
{
B6 |= 0b00000001; /* set B0 (copy B4 to B0) */
}
/* convert to frame format */
B6 <<= 2; /* shift two steps left */
/*
* green
*/
/* get green-6 */
Color >>= 5; /* shift right for G */
G6 = Color & 0b0000000000111111; /* get DB[10-5] */
/* convert to frame format */
G6 <<= 2; /* shift two steps left */
/*
* red
*/
/* get red-5 and convert to red-6 */
Color >>= 6; /* shift right for R */
R6 = Color & 0b0000000000011111; /* get DB[15-11] */
R6 <<= 1; /* shift one step left */
if (R6 & 0b00100000) /* DB15/R4 set (now R5) */
{
R6 |= 0b00000001; /* set R0 (copy R4 to R0) */
}
/* convert to frame format */
R6 <<= 2; /* shift two steps left */
/* copy converted values */
*RGB666 = R6; /* red */
RGB666++; /* next byte */
*RGB666 = G6; /* green */
RGB666++; /* next byte */
*RGB666 = B6; /* blue */
}
#endif
/* ************************************************************************
* high level functions
* ************************************************************************ */
/*
* set address window
* - 0 up to (max - 1)
*/
void LCD_AddressWindow(void)
{
/* X -> column */
LCD_Cmd(CMD_COL_ADDR_SET);
LCD_Data2(X_Start); /* start column */
LCD_Data2(X_End); /* end column */
/* Y -> page/row */
LCD_Cmd(CMD_PAGE_ADDR_SET);
LCD_Data2(Y_Start); /* start page */
LCD_Data2(Y_End); /* end page */
}
/*
* set LCD character position
*
* requires:
* - x: horizontal position (1-)
* - y: vertical position (1-)
*/
void LCD_CharPos(uint8_t x, uint8_t y)
{
uint16_t Mask = 1;
/* update UI */
UI.CharPos_X = x;
UI.CharPos_Y = y;
y--; /* start at zero */
/* mark text line as used */
if (y < 16) /* prevent overflow */
{
Mask <<= y; /* shift to bit position for line */
LineFlags |= Mask; /* set bit for line */
}
/*
* calculate dot position
* - top left of character
*/
/* horizontal position (column) */
x--; /* columns start at 0 */
Mask = x; /* expand to 16 bit */
Mask *= FONT_SIZE_X; /* offset for character */
X_Start = Mask; /* update start position */
/* vertical position (page) */
Mask = y; /* expand to 16 bit */
Mask *= FONT_SIZE_Y; /* offset for character */
Y_Start = Mask; /* update start position */
}
/*
* clear one single character line
*
* requires: