diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 726d7a9..57be5fc 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 ## 1.0.6
 
 - Added an option to disable leaf sorting.
+- Added `SimpleMerkleTree` class that supports `bytes32` leaves with no extra hashing.
 
 ## 1.0.5
 
diff --git a/package-lock.json b/package-lock.json
index d95fc03..d23ff93 100644
--- a/package-lock.json
+++ b/package-lock.json
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 {
   "name": "@openzeppelin/merkle-tree",
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-  "lockfileVersion": 2,
+  "lockfileVersion": 3,
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-      "dev": true,
-      "requires": {
-        "@jridgewell/trace-mapping": "^0.3.12",
-        "@types/istanbul-lib-coverage": "^2.0.1",
-        "convert-source-map": "^1.6.0"
-      },
-      "dependencies": {
-        "@jridgewell/trace-mapping": {
-          "version": "0.3.17",
-          "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@jridgewell/trace-mapping/-/trace-mapping-0.3.17.tgz",
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-          "dev": true,
-          "requires": {
-            "@jridgewell/resolve-uri": "3.1.0",
-            "@jridgewell/sourcemap-codec": "1.4.14"
-          }
-        }
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-      "version": "2.0.2",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/which/-/which-2.0.2.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-BLI3Tl1TW3Pvl70l3yq3Y64i+awpwXqsGBYWkkqMtnbXgrMD+yj7rhW0kuEDxzJaYXGjEW5ogapKNMEKNMjibA==",
-      "dev": true,
-      "requires": {
-        "isexe": "^2.0.0"
-      }
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-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/workerpool/-/workerpool-6.2.1.tgz",
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-      "dev": true
-    },
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-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/wrap-ansi/-/wrap-ansi-7.0.0.tgz",
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-        "string-width": "^4.1.0",
-        "strip-ansi": "^6.0.0"
-      }
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-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/wrappy/-/wrappy-1.0.2.tgz",
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-      "dev": true
-    },
-    "y18n": {
-      "version": "5.0.8",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/y18n/-/y18n-5.0.8.tgz",
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-      "dev": true
-    },
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-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/yargs/-/yargs-16.2.0.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-D1mvvtDG0L5ft/jGWkLpG1+m0eQxOfaBvTNELraWj22wSVUMWxZUvYgJYcKh6jGGIkJFhH4IZPQhR4TKpc8mBw==",
-      "dev": true,
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-        "escalade": "^3.1.1",
-        "get-caller-file": "^2.0.5",
-        "require-directory": "^2.1.1",
-        "string-width": "^4.2.0",
-        "y18n": "^5.0.5",
-        "yargs-parser": "^20.2.2"
-      }
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-    "yargs-parser": {
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-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/yargs-parser/-/yargs-parser-20.2.4.tgz",
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-    },
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-      "dev": true,
-      "requires": {
-        "camelcase": "^6.0.0",
-        "decamelize": "^4.0.0",
-        "flat": "^5.0.2",
-        "is-plain-obj": "^2.1.0"
-      }
-    },
-    "yn": {
-      "version": "3.1.1",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/yn/-/yn-3.1.1.tgz",
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-      "dev": true
-    },
-    "yocto-queue": {
-      "version": "0.1.0",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/yocto-queue/-/yocto-queue-0.1.0.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-rVksvsnNCdJ/ohGc6xgPwyN8eheCxsiLM8mxuE/t/mOVqJewPuO1miLpTHQiRgTKCLexL4MeAFVagts7HmNZ2Q==",
-      "dev": true
-    }
   }
 }
diff --git a/package.json b/package.json
index f6a159c..deb44a9 100644
--- a/package.json
+++ b/package.json
@@ -24,7 +24,9 @@
   "license": "MIT",
   "dependencies": {
     "@ethersproject/abi": "^5.7.0",
-    "ethereum-cryptography": "^1.1.2"
+    "@ethersproject/bytes": "^5.7.0",
+    "@ethersproject/constants": "^5.7.0",
+    "@ethersproject/keccak256": "^5.7.0"
   },
   "devDependencies": {
     "@types/mocha": "^10.0.0",
diff --git a/src/bytes.ts b/src/bytes.ts
index aed0e0a..938c013 100644
--- a/src/bytes.ts
+++ b/src/bytes.ts
@@ -1,19 +1,12 @@
-import { bytesToHex } from 'ethereum-cryptography/utils';
+import type { BytesLike } from '@ethersproject/bytes';
+type HexString = string;
 
-export type Bytes = Uint8Array;
+import { arrayify as toBytes, hexlify as toHex, concat } from '@ethersproject/bytes';
 
-export function compareBytes(a: Bytes, b: Bytes): number {
-  const n = Math.min(a.length, b.length);
-
-  for (let i = 0; i < n; i++) {
-    if (a[i] !== b[i]) {
-      return a[i]! - b[i]!;
-    }
-  }
-
-  return a.length - b.length;
+function compare(a: BytesLike, b: BytesLike): number {
+  const diff = BigInt(toHex(a)) - BigInt(toHex(b));
+  return diff > 0 ? 1 : diff < 0 ? -1 : 0;
 }
 
-export function hex(b: Bytes): string {
-  return '0x' + bytesToHex(b);
-}
+export type { HexString, BytesLike };
+export { toBytes, toHex, concat, compare };
diff --git a/src/core.test.ts b/src/core.test.ts
index 66a5ef3..c2059d7 100644
--- a/src/core.test.ts
+++ b/src/core.test.ts
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 import fc from 'fast-check';
 import assert from 'assert/strict';
-import { equalsBytes } from 'ethereum-cryptography/utils';
+import { HashZero as zero } from '@ethersproject/constants';
+import { keccak256 } from '@ethersproject/keccak256';
 import {
   makeMerkleTree,
   getProof,
@@ -10,12 +11,9 @@ import {
   isValidMerkleTree,
   renderMerkleTree,
 } from './core';
-import { compareBytes, hex } from './bytes';
-import { keccak256 } from 'ethereum-cryptography/keccak';
+import { toHex, compare } from './bytes';
 
-const zero = new Uint8Array(32);
-
-const leaf = fc.uint8Array({ minLength: 32, maxLength: 32 }).map(x => PrettyBytes.from(x));
+const leaf = fc.uint8Array({ minLength: 32, maxLength: 32 }).map(toHex);
 const leaves = fc.array(leaf, { minLength: 1 });
 const leavesAndIndex = leaves.chain(xs => fc.tuple(fc.constant(xs), fc.nat({ max: xs.length - 1 })));
 const leavesAndIndices = leaves.chain(xs => fc.tuple(fc.constant(xs), fc.uniqueArray(fc.nat({ max: xs.length - 1 }))));
@@ -33,7 +31,7 @@ describe('core properties', () => {
         const proof = getProof(tree, treeIndex);
         const leaf = leaves[leafIndex]!;
         const impliedRoot = processProof(leaf, proof);
-        return equalsBytes(root, impliedRoot);
+        return root === impliedRoot;
       }),
     );
   });
@@ -49,7 +47,7 @@ describe('core properties', () => {
         if (leafIndices.length !== proof.leaves.length) return false;
         if (leafIndices.some(i => !proof.leaves.includes(leaves[i]!))) return false;
         const impliedRoot = processMultiProof(proof);
-        return equalsBytes(root, impliedRoot);
+        return root === impliedRoot;
       }),
     );
   });
@@ -57,12 +55,12 @@ describe('core properties', () => {
 
 describe('core error conditions', () => {
   it('zero leaves', () => {
-    assert.throws(() => makeMerkleTree([]), /^Error: Expected non-zero number of leaves$/);
+    assert.throws(() => makeMerkleTree([]), /^InvalidArgumentError: Expected non-zero number of leaves$/);
   });
 
   it('multiproof duplicate index', () => {
     const tree = makeMerkleTree(new Array(2).fill(zero));
-    assert.throws(() => getMultiProof(tree, [1, 1]), /^Error: Cannot prove duplicated index$/);
+    assert.throws(() => getMultiProof(tree, [1, 1]), /^InvalidArgumentError: Cannot prove duplicated index$/);
   });
 
   it('tree validity', () => {
@@ -70,7 +68,7 @@ describe('core error conditions', () => {
     assert(!isValidMerkleTree([zero, zero]), 'even number of nodes');
     assert(!isValidMerkleTree([zero, zero, zero]), 'inner node not hash of children');
 
-    assert.throws(() => renderMerkleTree([]), /^Error: Expected non-zero number of nodes$/);
+    assert.throws(() => renderMerkleTree([]), /^InvalidArgumentError: Expected non-zero number of nodes$/);
   });
 
   it('multiproof invariants', () => {
@@ -78,17 +76,11 @@ describe('core error conditions', () => {
     const tree = makeMerkleTree([leaf, zero]);
 
     const badMultiProof = {
-      leaves: [128, 129].map(n => keccak256(Uint8Array.of(n))).sort(compareBytes),
+      leaves: [128, 129].map(n => keccak256(Uint8Array.of(n))).sort(compare),
       proof: [leaf, leaf],
       proofFlags: [true, true, false],
     };
 
-    assert.throws(() => processMultiProof(badMultiProof), /^Error: Broken invariant$/);
+    assert.throws(() => processMultiProof(badMultiProof), /^InvariantError$/);
   });
 });
-
-class PrettyBytes extends Uint8Array {
-  [fc.toStringMethod]() {
-    return hex(this);
-  }
-}
diff --git a/src/core.ts b/src/core.ts
index b8163ea..b523ba7 100644
--- a/src/core.ts
+++ b/src/core.ts
@@ -1,9 +1,8 @@
-import { keccak256 } from 'ethereum-cryptography/keccak';
-import { concatBytes, bytesToHex, equalsBytes } from 'ethereum-cryptography/utils';
-import { Bytes, compareBytes } from './bytes';
-import { throwError } from './utils/throw-error';
+import { keccak256 } from '@ethersproject/keccak256';
+import { BytesLike, HexString, toHex, toBytes, concat, compare } from './bytes';
+import { invariant, throwError, validateArgument } from './utils/errors';
 
-const hashPair = (a: Bytes, b: Bytes) => keccak256(concatBytes(...[a, b].sort(compareBytes)));
+const hashPair = (a: BytesLike, b: BytesLike): HexString => keccak256(concat([a, b].sort(compare)));
 
 const leftChildIndex = (i: number) => 2 * i + 1;
 const rightChildIndex = (i: number) => 2 * i + 2;
@@ -13,26 +12,21 @@ const siblingIndex = (i: number) => (i > 0 ? i - (-1) ** (i % 2) : throwError('R
 const isTreeNode = (tree: unknown[], i: number) => i >= 0 && i < tree.length;
 const isInternalNode = (tree: unknown[], i: number) => isTreeNode(tree, leftChildIndex(i));
 const isLeafNode = (tree: unknown[], i: number) => isTreeNode(tree, i) && !isInternalNode(tree, i);
-const isValidMerkleNode = (node: Bytes) => node instanceof Uint8Array && node.length === 32;
+const isValidMerkleNode = (node: BytesLike) => toBytes(node).length === 32;
 
-const checkTreeNode = (tree: unknown[], i: number) => void (isTreeNode(tree, i) || throwError('Index is not in tree'));
-const checkInternalNode = (tree: unknown[], i: number) =>
-  void (isInternalNode(tree, i) || throwError('Index is not an internal tree node'));
 const checkLeafNode = (tree: unknown[], i: number) => void (isLeafNode(tree, i) || throwError('Index is not a leaf'));
-const checkValidMerkleNode = (node: Bytes) =>
+const checkValidMerkleNode = (node: BytesLike) =>
   void (isValidMerkleNode(node) || throwError('Merkle tree nodes must be Uint8Array of length 32'));
 
-export function makeMerkleTree(leaves: Bytes[]): Bytes[] {
+export function makeMerkleTree(leaves: BytesLike[]): HexString[] {
   leaves.forEach(checkValidMerkleNode);
 
-  if (leaves.length === 0) {
-    throw new Error('Expected non-zero number of leaves');
-  }
+  validateArgument(leaves.length !== 0, 'Expected non-zero number of leaves');
 
-  const tree = new Array<Bytes>(2 * leaves.length - 1);
+  const tree = new Array<HexString>(2 * leaves.length - 1);
 
   for (const [i, leaf] of leaves.entries()) {
-    tree[tree.length - 1 - i] = leaf;
+    tree[tree.length - 1 - i] = toHex(leaf);
   }
   for (let i = tree.length - 1 - leaves.length; i >= 0; i--) {
     tree[i] = hashPair(tree[leftChildIndex(i)]!, tree[rightChildIndex(i)]!);
@@ -41,22 +35,22 @@ export function makeMerkleTree(leaves: Bytes[]): Bytes[] {
   return tree;
 }
 
-export function getProof(tree: Bytes[], index: number): Bytes[] {
+export function getProof(tree: BytesLike[], index: number): HexString[] {
   checkLeafNode(tree, index);
 
   const proof = [];
   while (index > 0) {
-    proof.push(tree[siblingIndex(index)]!);
+    proof.push(toHex(tree[siblingIndex(index)]!));
     index = parentIndex(index);
   }
   return proof;
 }
 
-export function processProof(leaf: Bytes, proof: Bytes[]): Bytes {
+export function processProof(leaf: BytesLike, proof: BytesLike[]): HexString {
   checkValidMerkleNode(leaf);
   proof.forEach(checkValidMerkleNode);
 
-  return proof.reduce(hashPair, leaf);
+  return toHex(proof.reduce(hashPair, leaf));
 }
 
 export interface MultiProof<T, L = T> {
@@ -65,13 +59,14 @@ export interface MultiProof<T, L = T> {
   proofFlags: boolean[];
 }
 
-export function getMultiProof(tree: Bytes[], indices: number[]): MultiProof<Bytes> {
+export function getMultiProof(tree: BytesLike[], indices: number[]): MultiProof<HexString> {
   indices.forEach(i => checkLeafNode(tree, i));
   indices.sort((a, b) => b - a);
 
-  if (indices.slice(1).some((i, p) => i === indices[p])) {
-    throw new Error('Cannot prove duplicated index');
-  }
+  validateArgument(
+    indices.slice(1).every((i, p) => i !== indices[p]),
+    'Cannot prove duplicated index',
+  );
 
   const stack = indices.concat(); // copy
   const proof = [];
@@ -87,33 +82,34 @@ export function getMultiProof(tree: Bytes[], indices: number[]): MultiProof<Byte
       stack.shift(); // consume from the stack
     } else {
       proofFlags.push(false);
-      proof.push(tree[s]!);
+      proof.push(toHex(tree[s]!));
     }
     stack.push(p);
   }
 
   if (indices.length === 0) {
-    proof.push(tree[0]!);
+    proof.push(toHex(tree[0]!));
   }
 
   return {
-    leaves: indices.map(i => tree[i]!),
+    leaves: indices.map(i => toHex(tree[i]!)),
     proof,
     proofFlags,
   };
 }
 
-export function processMultiProof(multiproof: MultiProof<Bytes>): Bytes {
+export function processMultiProof(multiproof: MultiProof<BytesLike>): HexString {
   multiproof.leaves.forEach(checkValidMerkleNode);
   multiproof.proof.forEach(checkValidMerkleNode);
 
-  if (multiproof.proof.length < multiproof.proofFlags.filter(b => !b).length) {
-    throw new Error('Invalid multiproof format');
-  }
-
-  if (multiproof.leaves.length + multiproof.proof.length !== multiproof.proofFlags.length + 1) {
-    throw new Error('Provided leaves and multiproof are not compatible');
-  }
+  validateArgument(
+    multiproof.proof.length >= multiproof.proofFlags.filter(b => !b).length,
+    'Invalid multiproof format',
+  );
+  validateArgument(
+    multiproof.leaves.length + multiproof.proof.length === multiproof.proofFlags.length + 1,
+    'Provided leaves and multiproof are not compatible',
+  );
 
   const stack = multiproof.leaves.concat(); // copy
   const proof = multiproof.proof.concat(); // copy
@@ -121,20 +117,16 @@ export function processMultiProof(multiproof: MultiProof<Bytes>): Bytes {
   for (const flag of multiproof.proofFlags) {
     const a = stack.shift();
     const b = flag ? stack.shift() : proof.shift();
-    if (a === undefined || b === undefined) {
-      throw new Error('Broken invariant');
-    }
+    invariant(a !== undefined && b !== undefined);
     stack.push(hashPair(a, b));
   }
 
-  if (stack.length + proof.length !== 1) {
-    throw new Error('Broken invariant');
-  }
+  invariant(stack.length + proof.length === 1);
 
-  return stack.pop() ?? proof.shift()!;
+  return toHex(stack.pop() ?? proof.shift()!);
 }
 
-export function isValidMerkleTree(tree: Bytes[]): boolean {
+export function isValidMerkleTree(tree: BytesLike[]): boolean {
   for (const [i, node] of tree.entries()) {
     if (!isValidMerkleNode(node)) {
       return false;
@@ -147,7 +139,7 @@ export function isValidMerkleTree(tree: Bytes[]): boolean {
       if (l < tree.length) {
         return false;
       }
-    } else if (!equalsBytes(node, hashPair(tree[l]!, tree[r]!))) {
+    } else if (compare(node, hashPair(tree[l]!, tree[r]!))) {
       return false;
     }
   }
@@ -155,10 +147,8 @@ export function isValidMerkleTree(tree: Bytes[]): boolean {
   return tree.length > 0;
 }
 
-export function renderMerkleTree(tree: Bytes[]): string {
-  if (tree.length === 0) {
-    throw new Error('Expected non-zero number of nodes');
-  }
+export function renderMerkleTree(tree: BytesLike[]): HexString {
+  validateArgument(tree.length !== 0, 'Expected non-zero number of nodes');
 
   const stack: [number, number[]][] = [[0, []]];
 
@@ -178,7 +168,7 @@ export function renderMerkleTree(tree: Bytes[]): string {
           .join('') +
         i +
         ') ' +
-        bytesToHex(tree[i]!),
+        toHex(tree[i]!),
     );
 
     if (rightChildIndex(i) < tree.length) {
diff --git a/src/index.test.ts b/src/index.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..095cff5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/index.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+import assert from 'assert/strict';
+import { SimpleMerkleTree, StandardMerkleTree } from '.';
+
+describe('index properties', () => {
+  it('classes are exported', () => {
+    assert.notEqual(SimpleMerkleTree, undefined);
+    assert.notEqual(StandardMerkleTree, undefined);
+  });
+});
diff --git a/src/index.ts b/src/index.ts
index 7d16c9d..f00f42f 100644
--- a/src/index.ts
+++ b/src/index.ts
@@ -1 +1,2 @@
+export { SimpleMerkleTree } from './simple';
 export { StandardMerkleTree } from './standard';
diff --git a/src/merkletree.ts b/src/merkletree.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5d79c5e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/merkletree.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,174 @@
+import { BytesLike, HexString, compare } from './bytes';
+
+import {
+  MultiProof,
+  makeMerkleTree,
+  isValidMerkleTree,
+  getProof,
+  getMultiProof,
+  processProof,
+  processMultiProof,
+  renderMerkleTree,
+} from './core';
+
+import { MerkleTreeOptions, defaultOptions } from './options';
+import { validateArgument, invariant } from './utils/errors';
+
+export interface MerkleTreeData<T> {
+  format: string;
+  tree: HexString[];
+  values: { value: T; treeIndex: number }[];
+}
+
+export interface MerkleTree<T> {
+  root: HexString;
+  render(): string;
+  dump(): MerkleTreeData<T>;
+  entries(): Iterable<[number, T]>;
+  validate(): void;
+  leafHash(leaf: T): HexString;
+  leafLookup(leaf: T): number;
+  getProof(leaf: number | T): HexString[];
+  getMultiProof(leaves: (number | T)[]): MultiProof<HexString, T>;
+  verify(leaf: number | T, proof: HexString[]): boolean;
+  verifyMultiProof(multiproof: MultiProof<BytesLike, number | T>): boolean;
+}
+
+export abstract class MerkleTreeImpl<T> implements MerkleTree<T> {
+  private readonly hashLookup: { [hash: HexString]: number };
+
+  protected constructor(
+    protected readonly tree: HexString[],
+    protected readonly values: MerkleTreeData<T>['values'],
+    public readonly leafHash: MerkleTree<T>['leafHash'],
+  ) {
+    validateArgument(
+      values.every(({ value }) => typeof value != 'number'),
+      'Leaf values cannot be numbers',
+    );
+    this.hashLookup = Object.fromEntries(values.map(({ treeIndex }, valueIndex) => [tree[treeIndex], valueIndex]));
+  }
+
+  protected static prepare<T>(
+    values: T[],
+    options: MerkleTreeOptions = {},
+    leafHash: MerkleTree<T>['leafHash'],
+  ): [tree: HexString[], indexedValues: MerkleTreeData<T>['values']] {
+    const sortLeaves = options.sortLeaves ?? defaultOptions.sortLeaves;
+    const hashedValues = values.map((value, valueIndex) => ({ value, valueIndex, hash: leafHash(value) }));
+
+    if (sortLeaves) {
+      hashedValues.sort((a, b) => compare(a.hash, b.hash));
+    }
+
+    const tree = makeMerkleTree(hashedValues.map(v => v.hash));
+
+    const indexedValues = values.map(value => ({ value, treeIndex: 0 }));
+    for (const [leafIndex, { valueIndex }] of hashedValues.entries()) {
+      indexedValues[valueIndex]!.treeIndex = tree.length - leafIndex - 1;
+    }
+
+    return [tree, indexedValues];
+  }
+
+  get root(): HexString {
+    return this.tree[0]!;
+  }
+
+  abstract dump(): MerkleTreeData<T>;
+
+  render() {
+    return renderMerkleTree(this.tree);
+  }
+
+  *entries(): Iterable<[number, T]> {
+    for (const [i, { value }] of this.values.entries()) {
+      yield [i, value];
+    }
+  }
+
+  validate(): void {
+    this.values.forEach((_, i) => this._validateValueAt(i));
+    invariant(isValidMerkleTree(this.tree), 'Merkle tree is invalid');
+  }
+
+  leafLookup(leaf: T): number {
+    const lookup = this.hashLookup[this.leafHash(leaf)];
+    validateArgument(typeof lookup !== 'undefined', 'Leaf is not in tree');
+    return lookup;
+  }
+
+  getProof(leaf: number | T): HexString[] {
+    // input validity
+    const valueIndex = typeof leaf === 'number' ? leaf : this.leafLookup(leaf);
+    this._validateValueAt(valueIndex);
+
+    // rebuild tree index and generate proof
+    const { treeIndex } = this.values[valueIndex]!;
+    const proof = getProof(this.tree, treeIndex);
+
+    // sanity check proof
+    invariant(this._verify(this.tree[treeIndex]!, proof), 'Unable to prove value');
+
+    // return proof in hex format
+    return proof;
+  }
+
+  getMultiProof(leaves: (number | T)[]): MultiProof<HexString, T> {
+    // input validity
+    const valueIndices = leaves.map(leaf => (typeof leaf === 'number' ? leaf : this.leafLookup(leaf)));
+    for (const valueIndex of valueIndices) this._validateValueAt(valueIndex);
+
+    // rebuild tree indices and generate proof
+    const indices = valueIndices.map(i => this.values[i]!.treeIndex);
+    const proof = getMultiProof(this.tree, indices);
+
+    // sanity check proof
+    invariant(this._verifyMultiProof(proof), 'Unable to prove values');
+
+    // return multiproof in hex format
+    return {
+      leaves: proof.leaves.map(hash => this.values[this.hashLookup[hash]!]!.value),
+      proof: proof.proof,
+      proofFlags: proof.proofFlags,
+    };
+  }
+
+  verify(leaf: number | T, proof: HexString[]): boolean {
+    return this._verify(this._leafHash(leaf), proof);
+  }
+
+  verifyMultiProof(multiproof: MultiProof<BytesLike, number | T>): boolean {
+    return this._verifyMultiProof({
+      leaves: multiproof.leaves.map(l => this._leafHash(l)),
+      proof: multiproof.proof,
+      proofFlags: multiproof.proofFlags,
+    });
+  }
+
+  private _validateValueAt(index: number): void {
+    const value = this.values[index];
+    validateArgument(value !== undefined, 'Index out of bounds');
+    invariant(
+      this.tree[value.treeIndex] === this.leafHash(value.value),
+      'Merkle tree does not contain the expected value',
+    );
+  }
+
+  private _leafHash(leaf: number | T): HexString {
+    if (typeof leaf === 'number') {
+      const lookup = this.values[leaf];
+      validateArgument(lookup !== undefined, 'Index out of bounds');
+      leaf = lookup.value;
+    }
+    return this.leafHash(leaf);
+  }
+
+  private _verify(leafHash: BytesLike, proof: BytesLike[]): boolean {
+    return this.root === processProof(leafHash, proof);
+  }
+
+  private _verifyMultiProof(multiproof: MultiProof<BytesLike>): boolean {
+    return this.root === processMultiProof(multiproof);
+  }
+}
diff --git a/src/options.ts b/src/options.ts
index 3516460..da40f98 100644
--- a/src/options.ts
+++ b/src/options.ts
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ export type MerkleTreeOptions = Partial<{
   sortLeaves: boolean;
 }>;
 
-// Recommended (default) options.
+// Recommended (default) MerkleTree options.
 // - leaves are sorted by default to facilitate onchain verification of multiproofs.
 export const defaultOptions: Required<MerkleTreeOptions> = {
   sortLeaves: true,
diff --git a/src/simple.test.ts b/src/simple.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..af40c8b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/simple.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,146 @@
+import assert from 'assert/strict';
+import { HashZero as zero } from '@ethersproject/constants';
+import { keccak256 } from '@ethersproject/keccak256';
+import { SimpleMerkleTree } from './simple';
+
+describe('simple merkle tree', () => {
+  for (const opts of [{}, { sortLeaves: true }, { sortLeaves: false }]) {
+    describe(`with options '${JSON.stringify(opts)}'`, () => {
+      const leaves = 'abcdef'.split('').map(c => keccak256(Buffer.from(c)));
+      const otherLeaves = 'abc'.split('').map(c => keccak256(Buffer.from(c)));
+      const tree = SimpleMerkleTree.of(leaves, opts);
+      const otherTree = SimpleMerkleTree.of(otherLeaves, opts);
+
+      it('generates a valid tree', () => {
+        tree.validate();
+      });
+
+      it('generates valid single proofs for all leaves', () => {
+        for (const [id, leaf] of tree.entries()) {
+          const proof1 = tree.getProof(id);
+          const proof2 = tree.getProof(leaf);
+
+          assert.deepEqual(proof1, proof2);
+
+          assert(tree.verify(id, proof1));
+          assert(tree.verify(leaf, proof1));
+          assert(SimpleMerkleTree.verify(tree.root, leaf, proof1));
+        }
+      });
+
+      it('rejects invalid proofs', () => {
+        const leaf = leaves[0]!;
+        const invalidProof = otherTree.getProof(leaf);
+
+        assert(!tree.verify(leaf, invalidProof));
+        assert(!SimpleMerkleTree.verify(tree.root, leaf, invalidProof));
+      });
+
+      it('generates valid multiproofs', () => {
+        for (const ids of [[], [0, 1], [0, 1, 5], [1, 3, 4, 5], [0, 2, 4, 5], [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5], [4, 1, 5, 0, 2]]) {
+          const proof1 = tree.getMultiProof(ids);
+          const proof2 = tree.getMultiProof(ids.map(i => leaves[i]!));
+
+          assert.deepEqual(proof1, proof2);
+
+          assert(tree.verifyMultiProof(proof1));
+          assert(SimpleMerkleTree.verifyMultiProof(tree.root, proof1));
+        }
+      });
+
+      it('rejects invalid multiproofs', () => {
+        const multiProof = otherTree.getMultiProof(leaves.slice(0, 3));
+
+        assert(!tree.verifyMultiProof(multiProof));
+        assert(!SimpleMerkleTree.verifyMultiProof(tree.root, multiProof));
+      });
+
+      it('renders tree representation', () => {
+        assert.equal(
+          tree.render(),
+          opts.sortLeaves == false
+            ? [
+                '0) 0x9012f1e18a87790d2e01faace75aaaca38e53df437cdce2c0552464dda4af49c',
+                '├─ 1) 0x68203f90e9d07dc5859259d7536e87a6ba9d345f2552b5b9de2999ddce9ce1bf',
+                '│  ├─ 3) 0xd253a52d4cb00de2895e85f2529e2976e6aaaa5c18106b68ab66813e14415669',
+                '│  │  ├─ 7) 0xf1918e8562236eb17adc8502332f4c9c82bc14e19bfc0aa10ab674ff75b3d2f3',
+                '│  │  └─ 8) 0x0b42b6393c1f53060fe3ddbfcd7aadcca894465a5a438f69c87d790b2299b9b2',
+                '│  └─ 4) 0x805b21d846b189efaeb0377d6bb0d201b3872a363e607c25088f025b0c6ae1f8',
+                '│     ├─ 9) 0xb5553de315e0edf504d9150af82dafa5c4667fa618ed0a6f19c69b41166c5510',
+                '│     └─ 10) 0x3ac225168df54212a25c1c01fd35bebfea408fdac2e31ddd6f80a4bbf9a5f1cb',
+                '└─ 2) 0xf0b49bb4b0d9396e0315755ceafaa280707b32e75e6c9053f5cdf2679dcd5c6a',
+                '   ├─ 5) 0xd1e8aeb79500496ef3dc2e57ba746a8315d048b7a664a2bf948db4fa91960483',
+                '   └─ 6) 0xa8982c89d80987fb9a510e25981ee9170206be21af3c8e0eb312ef1d3382e761',
+              ].join('\n')
+            : [
+                '0) 0x1b404f199ea828ec5771fb30139c222d8417a82175fefad5cd42bc3a189bd8d5',
+                '├─ 1) 0xec554bdfb01d31fa838d0830339b0e6e8a70e0d55a8f172ffa8bebbf8e8d5ba0',
+                '│  ├─ 3) 0x434d51cfeb80272378f4c3a8fd2824561c2cad9fce556ea600d46f20550976a6',
+                '│  │  ├─ 7) 0xb5553de315e0edf504d9150af82dafa5c4667fa618ed0a6f19c69b41166c5510',
+                '│  │  └─ 8) 0xa8982c89d80987fb9a510e25981ee9170206be21af3c8e0eb312ef1d3382e761',
+                '│  └─ 4) 0x7dea550f679f3caab547cbbc5ee1a4c978c8c039b572ba00af1baa6481b88360',
+                '│     ├─ 9) 0x3ac225168df54212a25c1c01fd35bebfea408fdac2e31ddd6f80a4bbf9a5f1cb',
+                '│     └─ 10) 0x0b42b6393c1f53060fe3ddbfcd7aadcca894465a5a438f69c87d790b2299b9b2',
+                '└─ 2) 0xaf46af0745b433e1d5bed9a04b1fdf4002f67a733c20db2fca5b2af6120d9bcb',
+                '   ├─ 5) 0xf1918e8562236eb17adc8502332f4c9c82bc14e19bfc0aa10ab674ff75b3d2f3',
+                '   └─ 6) 0xd1e8aeb79500496ef3dc2e57ba746a8315d048b7a664a2bf948db4fa91960483',
+              ].join('\n'),
+        );
+      });
+
+      it('dump and load', () => {
+        const recoveredTree = SimpleMerkleTree.load(tree.dump());
+
+        recoveredTree.validate();
+        assert.deepEqual(tree, recoveredTree);
+      });
+
+      it('reject out of bounds value index', () => {
+        assert.throws(() => tree.getProof(leaves.length), /^InvalidArgumentError: Index out of bounds$/);
+      });
+
+      it('reject invalid leaf size', () => {
+        const invalidLeaf = [zero + '00']; // 33 bytes (all zero)
+        assert.throws(
+          () => SimpleMerkleTree.of(invalidLeaf, opts),
+          `InvalidArgumentError: ${invalidLeaf} is not a valid 32 bytes object (pos: 0)`,
+        );
+      });
+    });
+  }
+
+  describe('tree dumps', () => {
+    it('reject unrecognized tree dump', () => {
+      assert.throws(
+        () => SimpleMerkleTree.load({ format: 'nonstandard' } as any),
+        /^InvalidArgumentError: Unknown format 'nonstandard'$/,
+      );
+
+      assert.throws(
+        () => SimpleMerkleTree.load({ format: 'standard-v1' } as any),
+        /^InvalidArgumentError: Unknown format 'standard-v1'$/,
+      );
+    });
+
+    it('reject malformed tree dump', () => {
+      const loadedTree1 = SimpleMerkleTree.load({
+        format: 'simple-v1',
+        tree: [zero],
+        values: [
+          {
+            value: '0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001',
+            treeIndex: 0,
+          },
+        ],
+      });
+      assert.throws(() => loadedTree1.getProof(0), /^InvariantError: Merkle tree does not contain the expected value$/);
+
+      const loadedTree2 = SimpleMerkleTree.load({
+        format: 'simple-v1',
+        tree: [zero, zero, zero],
+        values: [{ value: zero, treeIndex: 2 }],
+      });
+      assert.throws(() => loadedTree2.getProof(0), /^InvariantError: Unable to prove value$/);
+    });
+  });
+});
diff --git a/src/simple.ts b/src/simple.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..94f87e8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/simple.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+import { defaultAbiCoder } from '@ethersproject/abi';
+import { BytesLike, HexString, toHex } from './bytes';
+import { MultiProof, processProof, processMultiProof } from './core';
+import { MerkleTreeData, MerkleTreeImpl } from './merkletree';
+import { MerkleTreeOptions } from './options';
+import { validateArgument } from './utils/errors';
+
+export interface SimpleMerkleTreeData extends MerkleTreeData<HexString> {
+  format: 'simple-v1';
+}
+
+export function formatLeaf(value: BytesLike): HexString {
+  return defaultAbiCoder.encode(['bytes32'], [value]);
+}
+
+export class SimpleMerkleTree extends MerkleTreeImpl<BytesLike> {
+  static of(values: BytesLike[], options: MerkleTreeOptions = {}): SimpleMerkleTree {
+    const [tree, indexedValues] = MerkleTreeImpl.prepare(values, options, formatLeaf);
+    return new SimpleMerkleTree(tree, indexedValues, formatLeaf);
+  }
+
+  static load(data: SimpleMerkleTreeData): SimpleMerkleTree {
+    validateArgument(data.format === 'simple-v1', `Unknown format '${data.format}'`);
+    return new SimpleMerkleTree(data.tree, data.values, formatLeaf);
+  }
+
+  static verify(root: BytesLike, leaf: BytesLike, proof: BytesLike[]): boolean {
+    return toHex(root) === processProof(formatLeaf(leaf), proof);
+  }
+
+  static verifyMultiProof(root: BytesLike, multiproof: MultiProof<BytesLike, BytesLike>): boolean {
+    return toHex(root) === processMultiProof(multiproof);
+  }
+
+  dump(): SimpleMerkleTreeData {
+    return {
+      format: 'simple-v1',
+      tree: this.tree,
+      values: this.values.map(({ value, treeIndex }) => ({ value: toHex(value), treeIndex })),
+    };
+  }
+}
diff --git a/src/standard.test.ts b/src/standard.test.ts
index f8f5473..5729c55 100644
--- a/src/standard.test.ts
+++ b/src/standard.test.ts
@@ -1,25 +1,41 @@
 import assert from 'assert/strict';
-import { keccak256 } from 'ethereum-cryptography/keccak';
-import { hex } from './bytes';
-import { MerkleTreeOptions } from './options';
-import { StandardMerkleTree } from './standard';
-
-const zeroBytes = new Uint8Array(32);
-const zero = hex(zeroBytes);
-
-const makeTree = (s: string, opts: MerkleTreeOptions = {}) => {
-  const l = s.split('').map(c => [c]);
-  const t = StandardMerkleTree.of(l, ['string'], opts);
-  return { l, t };
-};
+import { HashZero as zero } from '@ethersproject/constants';
+import { keccak256 } from '@ethersproject/keccak256';
+import { StandardMerkleTree, StandardMerkleTreeData } from './standard';
 
 describe('standard merkle tree', () => {
+  it('Supports complex leaf types', () => {
+    const leaves = [
+      [0, []],
+      [1, ['openzeppelin']],
+      [2, ['hello', 'world']],
+      [3, ['merkle', 'tree']],
+    ];
+    const types = ['uint256', 'string[]'];
+    StandardMerkleTree.of(leaves, types);
+  });
+
   for (const opts of [{}, { sortLeaves: true }, { sortLeaves: false }]) {
     describe(`with options '${JSON.stringify(opts)}'`, () => {
-      const { l: leaves, t: tree } = makeTree('abcdef', opts);
-      const { l: otherLeaves, t: otherTree } = makeTree('abc', opts);
+      const leaves = 'abcdef'.split('').map(c => [c]);
+      const otherLeaves = 'abc'.split('').map(c => [c]);
 
-      it('generates valid single proofs for all leaves', () => {
+      const tree = StandardMerkleTree.of(leaves, ['string'], opts);
+      const otherTree = StandardMerkleTree.of(otherLeaves, ['string'], opts);
+
+      it('rejects loading a tree without leaf encoding', () => {
+        assert.throws(
+          () =>
+            StandardMerkleTree.load({
+              format: 'standard-v1',
+              tree: [zero],
+              values: [{ value: ['0'], treeIndex: 0 }],
+            } as StandardMerkleTreeData<[string]>),
+          /^InvalidArgumentError: Expected leaf encoding$/,
+        );
+      });
+
+      it('generates a valid tree', () => {
         tree.validate();
       });
 
@@ -37,7 +53,7 @@ describe('standard merkle tree', () => {
       });
 
       it('rejects invalid proofs', () => {
-        const leaf = ['a'];
+        const leaf = leaves[0]!;
         const invalidProof = otherTree.getProof(leaf);
 
         assert(!tree.verify(leaf, invalidProof));
@@ -57,7 +73,7 @@ describe('standard merkle tree', () => {
       });
 
       it('rejects invalid multiproofs', () => {
-        const multiProof = otherTree.getMultiProof([['a'], ['b'], ['c']]);
+        const multiProof = otherTree.getMultiProof(leaves.slice(0, 3));
 
         assert(!tree.verifyMultiProof(multiProof));
         assert(!StandardMerkleTree.verifyMultiProof(tree.root, ['string'], multiProof));
@@ -68,30 +84,30 @@ describe('standard merkle tree', () => {
           tree.render(),
           opts.sortLeaves == false
             ? [
-                '0) 23be0977360f08bb0bd7f709a7d543d2cd779c79c66d74e0441919871647de2b',
-                '├─ 1) 8f7234e8cfe39c08ca84a3a3e3274f574af26fd15165fe29e09cbab742daccd9',
-                '│  ├─ 3) 03707d7802a71ca56a8ad8028da98c4f1dbec55b31b4a25d536b5309cc20eda9',
-                '│  │  ├─ 7) eba909cf4bb90c6922771d7f126ad0fd11dfde93f3937a196274e1ac20fd2f5b',
-                '│  │  └─ 8) 9cf5a63718145ba968a01c1d557020181c5b252f665cf7386d370eddb176517b',
-                '│  └─ 4) fa914d99a18dc32d9725b3ef1c50426deb40ec8d0885dac8edcc5bfd6d030016',
-                '│     ├─ 9) 19ba6c6333e0e9a15bf67523e0676e2f23eb8e574092552d5e888c64a4bb3681',
-                '│     └─ 10) 9c15a6a0eaeed500fd9eed4cbeab71f797cefcc67bfd46683e4d2e6ff7f06d1c',
-                '└─ 2) 7b0c6cd04b82bfc0e250030a5d2690c52585e0cc6a4f3bc7909d7723b0236ece',
-                '   ├─ 5) c62a8cfa41edc0ef6f6ae27a2985b7d39c7fea770787d7e104696c6e81f64848',
-                '   └─ 6) 9a4f64e953595df82d1b4f570d34c4f4f0cfaf729a61e9d60e83e579e1aa283e',
+                '0) 0x23be0977360f08bb0bd7f709a7d543d2cd779c79c66d74e0441919871647de2b',
+                '├─ 1) 0x8f7234e8cfe39c08ca84a3a3e3274f574af26fd15165fe29e09cbab742daccd9',
+                '│  ├─ 3) 0x03707d7802a71ca56a8ad8028da98c4f1dbec55b31b4a25d536b5309cc20eda9',
+                '│  │  ├─ 7) 0xeba909cf4bb90c6922771d7f126ad0fd11dfde93f3937a196274e1ac20fd2f5b',
+                '│  │  └─ 8) 0x9cf5a63718145ba968a01c1d557020181c5b252f665cf7386d370eddb176517b',
+                '│  └─ 4) 0xfa914d99a18dc32d9725b3ef1c50426deb40ec8d0885dac8edcc5bfd6d030016',
+                '│     ├─ 9) 0x19ba6c6333e0e9a15bf67523e0676e2f23eb8e574092552d5e888c64a4bb3681',
+                '│     └─ 10) 0x9c15a6a0eaeed500fd9eed4cbeab71f797cefcc67bfd46683e4d2e6ff7f06d1c',
+                '└─ 2) 0x7b0c6cd04b82bfc0e250030a5d2690c52585e0cc6a4f3bc7909d7723b0236ece',
+                '   ├─ 5) 0xc62a8cfa41edc0ef6f6ae27a2985b7d39c7fea770787d7e104696c6e81f64848',
+                '   └─ 6) 0x9a4f64e953595df82d1b4f570d34c4f4f0cfaf729a61e9d60e83e579e1aa283e',
               ].join('\n')
             : [
-                '0) 6deb52b5da8fd108f79fab00341f38d2587896634c646ee52e49f845680a70c8',
-                '├─ 1) 52426e0f1f65ff7e209a13b8c29cffe82e3acaf3dad0a9b9088f3b9a61a929c3',
-                '│  ├─ 3) 8076923e76cf01a7c048400a2304c9a9c23bbbdac3a98ea3946340fdafbba34f',
-                '│  │  ├─ 7) 9cf5a63718145ba968a01c1d557020181c5b252f665cf7386d370eddb176517b',
-                '│  │  └─ 8) 9c15a6a0eaeed500fd9eed4cbeab71f797cefcc67bfd46683e4d2e6ff7f06d1c',
-                '│  └─ 4) 965b92c6cf08303cc4feb7f3e0819c436c2cec17c6f0688a6af139c9a368707c',
-                '│     ├─ 9) 9a4f64e953595df82d1b4f570d34c4f4f0cfaf729a61e9d60e83e579e1aa283e',
-                '│     └─ 10) 19ba6c6333e0e9a15bf67523e0676e2f23eb8e574092552d5e888c64a4bb3681',
-                '└─ 2) fd3cf45654e88d1cc5d663578c82c76f4b5e3826bacaa1216441443504538f51',
-                '   ├─ 5) eba909cf4bb90c6922771d7f126ad0fd11dfde93f3937a196274e1ac20fd2f5b',
-                '   └─ 6) c62a8cfa41edc0ef6f6ae27a2985b7d39c7fea770787d7e104696c6e81f64848',
+                '0) 0x6deb52b5da8fd108f79fab00341f38d2587896634c646ee52e49f845680a70c8',
+                '├─ 1) 0x52426e0f1f65ff7e209a13b8c29cffe82e3acaf3dad0a9b9088f3b9a61a929c3',
+                '│  ├─ 3) 0x8076923e76cf01a7c048400a2304c9a9c23bbbdac3a98ea3946340fdafbba34f',
+                '│  │  ├─ 7) 0x9cf5a63718145ba968a01c1d557020181c5b252f665cf7386d370eddb176517b',
+                '│  │  └─ 8) 0x9c15a6a0eaeed500fd9eed4cbeab71f797cefcc67bfd46683e4d2e6ff7f06d1c',
+                '│  └─ 4) 0x965b92c6cf08303cc4feb7f3e0819c436c2cec17c6f0688a6af139c9a368707c',
+                '│     ├─ 9) 0x9a4f64e953595df82d1b4f570d34c4f4f0cfaf729a61e9d60e83e579e1aa283e',
+                '│     └─ 10) 0x19ba6c6333e0e9a15bf67523e0676e2f23eb8e574092552d5e888c64a4bb3681',
+                '└─ 2) 0xfd3cf45654e88d1cc5d663578c82c76f4b5e3826bacaa1216441443504538f51',
+                '   ├─ 5) 0xeba909cf4bb90c6922771d7f126ad0fd11dfde93f3937a196274e1ac20fd2f5b',
+                '   └─ 6) 0xc62a8cfa41edc0ef6f6ae27a2985b7d39c7fea770787d7e104696c6e81f64848',
               ].join('\n'),
         );
       });
@@ -100,37 +116,57 @@ describe('standard merkle tree', () => {
         const recoveredTree = StandardMerkleTree.load(tree.dump());
 
         recoveredTree.validate();
-        assert.deepEqual(tree, recoveredTree);
+
+        // assert.deepEqual(tree, recoveredTree);
+        for (const [key, value] of Object.entries(tree)) {
+          if (typeof value === 'function') continue; // leafHash is a function that is not reference-equal
+          assert.deepEqual(value, (recoveredTree as any)[key]);
+        }
       });
 
       it('reject out of bounds value index', () => {
-        assert.throws(() => tree.getProof(leaves.length), /^Error: Index out of bounds$/);
+        assert.throws(() => tree.getProof(leaves.length), /^InvalidArgumentError: Index out of bounds$/);
       });
+    });
+  }
 
-      it('reject unrecognized tree dump', () => {
-        assert.throws(
-          () => StandardMerkleTree.load({ format: 'nonstandard' } as any),
-          /^Error: Unknown format 'nonstandard'$/,
-        );
+  describe('tree dumps', () => {
+    it('reject unrecognized tree dump', () => {
+      assert.throws(
+        () =>
+          StandardMerkleTree.load({
+            format: 'nonstandard',
+            leafEncoding: ['string'],
+          } as any),
+        /^InvalidArgumentError: Unknown format 'nonstandard'$/,
+      );
+
+      assert.throws(
+        () =>
+          StandardMerkleTree.load({
+            format: 'simple-v1',
+            leafEncoding: ['string'],
+          } as any),
+        /^InvalidArgumentError: Unknown format 'simple-v1'$/,
+      );
+    });
+
+    it('reject malformed tree dump', () => {
+      const loadedTree1 = StandardMerkleTree.load({
+        format: 'standard-v1',
+        tree: [zero],
+        values: [{ value: ['0'], treeIndex: 0 }],
+        leafEncoding: ['uint256'],
       });
+      assert.throws(() => loadedTree1.getProof(0), /^InvariantError: Merkle tree does not contain the expected value$/);
 
-      it('reject malformed tree dump', () => {
-        const loadedTree1 = StandardMerkleTree.load({
-          format: 'standard-v1',
-          tree: [zero],
-          values: [{ value: ['0'], treeIndex: 0 }],
-          leafEncoding: ['uint256'],
-        });
-        assert.throws(() => loadedTree1.getProof(0), /^Error: Merkle tree does not contain the expected value$/);
-
-        const loadedTree2 = StandardMerkleTree.load({
-          format: 'standard-v1',
-          tree: [zero, zero, hex(keccak256(keccak256(zeroBytes)))],
-          values: [{ value: ['0'], treeIndex: 2 }],
-          leafEncoding: ['uint256'],
-        });
-        assert.throws(() => loadedTree2.getProof(0), /^Error: Unable to prove value$/);
+      const loadedTree2 = StandardMerkleTree.load({
+        format: 'standard-v1',
+        tree: [zero, zero, keccak256(keccak256(zero))],
+        values: [{ value: ['0'], treeIndex: 2 }],
+        leafEncoding: ['uint256'],
       });
+      assert.throws(() => loadedTree2.getProof(0), /^InvariantError: Unable to prove value$/);
     });
-  }
+  });
 });
diff --git a/src/standard.ts b/src/standard.ts
index 9d069bf..e15ef77 100644
--- a/src/standard.ts
+++ b/src/standard.ts
@@ -1,213 +1,69 @@
-import { equalsBytes, hexToBytes } from 'ethereum-cryptography/utils';
-import { Bytes, compareBytes, hex } from './bytes';
-import {
-  getProof,
-  isValidMerkleTree,
-  makeMerkleTree,
-  processProof,
-  renderMerkleTree,
-  MultiProof,
-  getMultiProof,
-  processMultiProof,
-} from './core';
-import { MerkleTreeOptions, defaultOptions } from './options';
-import { checkBounds } from './utils/check-bounds';
-import { throwError } from './utils/throw-error';
-import { standardLeafHash } from './utils/standard-leaf-hash';
-
-interface StandardMerkleTreeData<T extends any[]> {
+import { keccak256 } from '@ethersproject/keccak256';
+import { defaultAbiCoder } from '@ethersproject/abi';
+import { BytesLike, HexString, toHex } from './bytes';
+import { MultiProof, processProof, processMultiProof } from './core';
+import { MerkleTreeData, MerkleTreeImpl } from './merkletree';
+import { MerkleTreeOptions } from './options';
+import { validateArgument } from './utils/errors';
+
+export interface StandardMerkleTreeData<T extends any[]> extends MerkleTreeData<T> {
   format: 'standard-v1';
-  tree: string[];
-  values: {
-    value: T;
-    treeIndex: number;
-  }[];
   leafEncoding: string[];
 }
 
-export class StandardMerkleTree<T extends any[]> {
-  private readonly hashLookup: { [hash: string]: number };
+export function standardLeafHash<T extends any[]>(types: string[], value: T): HexString {
+  return keccak256(keccak256(defaultAbiCoder.encode(types, value)));
+}
 
-  private constructor(
-    private readonly tree: Bytes[],
-    private readonly values: { value: T; treeIndex: number }[],
-    private readonly leafEncoding: string[],
+export class StandardMerkleTree<T extends any[]> extends MerkleTreeImpl<T> {
+  protected constructor(
+    protected readonly tree: HexString[],
+    protected readonly values: StandardMerkleTreeData<T>['values'],
+    protected readonly leafEncoding: string[],
   ) {
-    this.hashLookup = Object.fromEntries(
-      values.map(({ value }, valueIndex) => [hex(standardLeafHash(value, leafEncoding)), valueIndex]),
-    );
+    super(tree, values, leaf => standardLeafHash(leafEncoding, leaf));
   }
 
-  static of<T extends any[]>(values: T[], leafEncoding: string[], options: MerkleTreeOptions = {}) {
-    const sortLeaves = options.sortLeaves ?? defaultOptions.sortLeaves;
-
-    const hashedValues = values.map((value, valueIndex) => ({
-      value,
-      valueIndex,
-      hash: standardLeafHash(value, leafEncoding),
-    }));
-
-    if (sortLeaves) {
-      hashedValues.sort((a, b) => compareBytes(a.hash, b.hash));
-    }
-
-    const tree = makeMerkleTree(hashedValues.map(v => v.hash));
-
-    const indexedValues = values.map(value => ({ value, treeIndex: 0 }));
-    for (const [leafIndex, { valueIndex }] of hashedValues.entries()) {
-      indexedValues[valueIndex]!.treeIndex = tree.length - leafIndex - 1;
-    }
-
+  static of<T extends any[]>(
+    values: T[],
+    leafEncoding: string[],
+    options: MerkleTreeOptions = {},
+  ): StandardMerkleTree<T> {
+    const [tree, indexedValues] = MerkleTreeImpl.prepare(values, options, leaf => standardLeafHash(leafEncoding, leaf));
     return new StandardMerkleTree(tree, indexedValues, leafEncoding);
   }
 
   static load<T extends any[]>(data: StandardMerkleTreeData<T>): StandardMerkleTree<T> {
-    if (data.format !== 'standard-v1') {
-      throw new Error(`Unknown format '${data.format}'`);
-    }
-    return new StandardMerkleTree(data.tree.map(hexToBytes), data.values, data.leafEncoding);
+    validateArgument(data.format === 'standard-v1', `Unknown format '${data.format}'`);
+    validateArgument(data.leafEncoding !== undefined, 'Expected leaf encoding');
+    return new StandardMerkleTree(data.tree, data.values, data.leafEncoding);
   }
 
-  static verify<T extends any[]>(root: string, leafEncoding: string[], leaf: T, proof: string[]): boolean {
-    const impliedRoot = processProof(standardLeafHash(leaf, leafEncoding), proof.map(hexToBytes));
-    return equalsBytes(impliedRoot, hexToBytes(root));
+  static verify<T extends any[]>(root: BytesLike, leafEncoding: string[], leaf: T, proof: BytesLike[]): boolean {
+    return toHex(root) === processProof(standardLeafHash(leafEncoding, leaf), proof);
   }
 
   static verifyMultiProof<T extends any[]>(
-    root: string,
+    root: BytesLike,
     leafEncoding: string[],
-    multiproof: MultiProof<string, T>,
+    multiproof: MultiProof<BytesLike, T>,
   ): boolean {
-    const leafHashes = multiproof.leaves.map(leaf => standardLeafHash(leaf, leafEncoding));
-    const proofBytes = multiproof.proof.map(hexToBytes);
-
-    const impliedRoot = processMultiProof({
-      leaves: leafHashes,
-      proof: proofBytes,
-      proofFlags: multiproof.proofFlags,
-    });
-
-    return equalsBytes(impliedRoot, hexToBytes(root));
+    return (
+      toHex(root) ===
+      processMultiProof({
+        leaves: multiproof.leaves.map(leaf => standardLeafHash(leafEncoding, leaf)),
+        proof: multiproof.proof,
+        proofFlags: multiproof.proofFlags,
+      })
+    );
   }
 
   dump(): StandardMerkleTreeData<T> {
     return {
       format: 'standard-v1',
-      tree: this.tree.map(hex),
-      values: this.values,
       leafEncoding: this.leafEncoding,
+      tree: this.tree,
+      values: this.values,
     };
   }
-
-  render() {
-    return renderMerkleTree(this.tree);
-  }
-
-  get root(): string {
-    return hex(this.tree[0]!);
-  }
-
-  *entries(): Iterable<[number, T]> {
-    for (const [i, { value }] of this.values.entries()) {
-      yield [i, value];
-    }
-  }
-
-  validate() {
-    for (let i = 0; i < this.values.length; i++) {
-      this.validateValue(i);
-    }
-    if (!isValidMerkleTree(this.tree)) {
-      throw new Error('Merkle tree is invalid');
-    }
-  }
-
-  leafHash(leaf: T): string {
-    return hex(standardLeafHash(leaf, this.leafEncoding));
-  }
-
-  leafLookup(leaf: T): number {
-    return this.hashLookup[this.leafHash(leaf)] ?? throwError('Leaf is not in tree');
-  }
-
-  getProof(leaf: number | T): string[] {
-    // input validity
-    const valueIndex = typeof leaf === 'number' ? leaf : this.leafLookup(leaf);
-    this.validateValue(valueIndex);
-
-    // rebuild tree index and generate proof
-    const { treeIndex } = this.values[valueIndex]!;
-    const proof = getProof(this.tree, treeIndex);
-
-    // sanity check proof
-    if (!this._verify(this.tree[treeIndex]!, proof)) {
-      throw new Error('Unable to prove value');
-    }
-
-    // return proof in hex format
-    return proof.map(hex);
-  }
-
-  getMultiProof(leaves: (number | T)[]): MultiProof<string, T> {
-    // input validity
-    const valueIndices = leaves.map(leaf => (typeof leaf === 'number' ? leaf : this.leafLookup(leaf)));
-    for (const valueIndex of valueIndices) this.validateValue(valueIndex);
-
-    // rebuild tree indices and generate proof
-    const indices = valueIndices.map(i => this.values[i]!.treeIndex);
-    const proof = getMultiProof(this.tree, indices);
-
-    // sanity check proof
-    if (!this._verifyMultiProof(proof)) {
-      throw new Error('Unable to prove values');
-    }
-
-    // return multiproof in hex format
-    return {
-      leaves: proof.leaves.map(hash => this.values[this.hashLookup[hex(hash)]!]!.value),
-      proof: proof.proof.map(hex),
-      proofFlags: proof.proofFlags,
-    };
-  }
-
-  verify(leaf: number | T, proof: string[]): boolean {
-    return this._verify(this.getLeafHash(leaf), proof.map(hexToBytes));
-  }
-
-  private _verify(leafHash: Bytes, proof: Bytes[]): boolean {
-    const impliedRoot = processProof(leafHash, proof);
-    return equalsBytes(impliedRoot, this.tree[0]!);
-  }
-
-  verifyMultiProof(multiproof: MultiProof<string, number | T>): boolean {
-    return this._verifyMultiProof({
-      leaves: multiproof.leaves.map(l => this.getLeafHash(l)),
-      proof: multiproof.proof.map(hexToBytes),
-      proofFlags: multiproof.proofFlags,
-    });
-  }
-
-  private _verifyMultiProof(multiproof: MultiProof<Bytes, Bytes>): boolean {
-    const impliedRoot = processMultiProof(multiproof);
-    return equalsBytes(impliedRoot, this.tree[0]!);
-  }
-
-  private validateValue(valueIndex: number): Bytes {
-    checkBounds(this.values, valueIndex);
-    const { value, treeIndex } = this.values[valueIndex]!;
-    checkBounds(this.tree, treeIndex);
-    const leaf = standardLeafHash(value, this.leafEncoding);
-    if (!equalsBytes(leaf, this.tree[treeIndex]!)) {
-      throw new Error('Merkle tree does not contain the expected value');
-    }
-    return leaf;
-  }
-
-  private getLeafHash(leaf: number | T): Bytes {
-    if (typeof leaf === 'number') {
-      return this.validateValue(leaf);
-    } else {
-      return standardLeafHash(leaf, this.leafEncoding);
-    }
-  }
 }
diff --git a/src/utils/check-bounds.ts b/src/utils/check-bounds.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 70d3c84..0000000
--- a/src/utils/check-bounds.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,5 +0,0 @@
-export function checkBounds(array: unknown[], index: number) {
-  if (index < 0 || index >= array.length) {
-    throw new Error('Index out of bounds');
-  }
-}
diff --git a/src/utils/errors.ts b/src/utils/errors.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ee76786
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/utils/errors.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+export function throwError(message?: string): never {
+  throw new Error(message);
+}
+
+export class InvariantError extends Error {
+  constructor(message?: string) {
+    super(message);
+    this.name = 'InvariantError';
+  }
+}
+
+export class InvalidArgumentError extends Error {
+  constructor(message?: string) {
+    super(message);
+    this.name = 'InvalidArgumentError';
+  }
+}
+
+export function validateArgument(condition: unknown, message?: string): asserts condition {
+  if (!condition) {
+    throw new InvalidArgumentError(message);
+  }
+}
+
+export function invariant(condition: unknown, message?: string): asserts condition {
+  if (!condition) {
+    throw new InvariantError(message);
+  }
+}
diff --git a/src/utils/standard-leaf-hash.ts b/src/utils/standard-leaf-hash.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index df65671..0000000
--- a/src/utils/standard-leaf-hash.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,8 +0,0 @@
-import { keccak256 } from 'ethereum-cryptography/keccak';
-import { hexToBytes } from 'ethereum-cryptography/utils';
-import { defaultAbiCoder } from '@ethersproject/abi';
-import { Bytes } from '../bytes';
-
-export function standardLeafHash<T extends any[]>(value: T, types: string[]): Bytes {
-  return keccak256(keccak256(hexToBytes(defaultAbiCoder.encode(types, value))));
-}
diff --git a/src/utils/throw-error.ts b/src/utils/throw-error.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 503ccf6..0000000
--- a/src/utils/throw-error.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,3 +0,0 @@
-export function throwError(message?: string): never {
-  throw new Error(message);
-}
diff --git a/test/dumps.test.ts b/test/dumps.test.ts
index 08cb2ec..5a63381 100644
--- a/test/dumps.test.ts
+++ b/test/dumps.test.ts
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 import assert from 'assert/strict';
 import fs from 'fs';
 import path from 'path';
-import { StandardMerkleTree } from '../src/standard';
+import { StandardMerkleTree, SimpleMerkleTree } from '../src';
 
 const DUMPS_DIR = 'test/dumps/';
 
@@ -9,8 +9,17 @@ describe('load dumped trees', () => {
   for (const file of fs.readdirSync(DUMPS_DIR).map(filename => path.join(DUMPS_DIR, filename))) {
     it(file, function () {
       const dump = JSON.parse(fs.readFileSync(file, 'utf-8'));
-      const tree = StandardMerkleTree.load(dump);
-      tree.validate();
+
+      switch (dump.format) {
+        case 'standard-v1':
+          StandardMerkleTree.load(dump).validate();
+          break;
+        case 'simple-v1':
+          SimpleMerkleTree.load(dump).validate();
+          break;
+        default:
+          assert.fail(`Unknown format '${dump.format}'`);
+      }
     });
   }
 });
diff --git a/test/dumps/simple-v1.sorted.1_0_6.json b/test/dumps/simple-v1.sorted.1_0_6.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..db6b897
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/dumps/simple-v1.sorted.1_0_6.json
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{"format":"simple-v1","tree":["0x1b404f199ea828ec5771fb30139c222d8417a82175fefad5cd42bc3a189bd8d5","0xec554bdfb01d31fa838d0830339b0e6e8a70e0d55a8f172ffa8bebbf8e8d5ba0","0xaf46af0745b433e1d5bed9a04b1fdf4002f67a733c20db2fca5b2af6120d9bcb","0x434d51cfeb80272378f4c3a8fd2824561c2cad9fce556ea600d46f20550976a6","0x7dea550f679f3caab547cbbc5ee1a4c978c8c039b572ba00af1baa6481b88360","0xf1918e8562236eb17adc8502332f4c9c82bc14e19bfc0aa10ab674ff75b3d2f3","0xd1e8aeb79500496ef3dc2e57ba746a8315d048b7a664a2bf948db4fa91960483","0xb5553de315e0edf504d9150af82dafa5c4667fa618ed0a6f19c69b41166c5510","0xa8982c89d80987fb9a510e25981ee9170206be21af3c8e0eb312ef1d3382e761","0x3ac225168df54212a25c1c01fd35bebfea408fdac2e31ddd6f80a4bbf9a5f1cb","0x0b42b6393c1f53060fe3ddbfcd7aadcca894465a5a438f69c87d790b2299b9b2"],"values":[{"value":"0x3ac225168df54212a25c1c01fd35bebfea408fdac2e31ddd6f80a4bbf9a5f1cb","treeIndex":9},{"value":"0xb5553de315e0edf504d9150af82dafa5c4667fa618ed0a6f19c69b41166c5510","treeIndex":7},{"value":"0x0b42b6393c1f53060fe3ddbfcd7aadcca894465a5a438f69c87d790b2299b9b2","treeIndex":10},{"value":"0xf1918e8562236eb17adc8502332f4c9c82bc14e19bfc0aa10ab674ff75b3d2f3","treeIndex":5},{"value":"0xa8982c89d80987fb9a510e25981ee9170206be21af3c8e0eb312ef1d3382e761","treeIndex":8},{"value":"0xd1e8aeb79500496ef3dc2e57ba746a8315d048b7a664a2bf948db4fa91960483","treeIndex":6}]}
diff --git a/test/dumps/simple-v1.unsorted.1_0_6.json b/test/dumps/simple-v1.unsorted.1_0_6.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..507cb32
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/dumps/simple-v1.unsorted.1_0_6.json
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{"format":"simple-v1","tree":["0x9012f1e18a87790d2e01faace75aaaca38e53df437cdce2c0552464dda4af49c","0x68203f90e9d07dc5859259d7536e87a6ba9d345f2552b5b9de2999ddce9ce1bf","0xf0b49bb4b0d9396e0315755ceafaa280707b32e75e6c9053f5cdf2679dcd5c6a","0xd253a52d4cb00de2895e85f2529e2976e6aaaa5c18106b68ab66813e14415669","0x805b21d846b189efaeb0377d6bb0d201b3872a363e607c25088f025b0c6ae1f8","0xd1e8aeb79500496ef3dc2e57ba746a8315d048b7a664a2bf948db4fa91960483","0xa8982c89d80987fb9a510e25981ee9170206be21af3c8e0eb312ef1d3382e761","0xf1918e8562236eb17adc8502332f4c9c82bc14e19bfc0aa10ab674ff75b3d2f3","0x0b42b6393c1f53060fe3ddbfcd7aadcca894465a5a438f69c87d790b2299b9b2","0xb5553de315e0edf504d9150af82dafa5c4667fa618ed0a6f19c69b41166c5510","0x3ac225168df54212a25c1c01fd35bebfea408fdac2e31ddd6f80a4bbf9a5f1cb"],"values":[{"value":"0x3ac225168df54212a25c1c01fd35bebfea408fdac2e31ddd6f80a4bbf9a5f1cb","treeIndex":10},{"value":"0xb5553de315e0edf504d9150af82dafa5c4667fa618ed0a6f19c69b41166c5510","treeIndex":9},{"value":"0x0b42b6393c1f53060fe3ddbfcd7aadcca894465a5a438f69c87d790b2299b9b2","treeIndex":8},{"value":"0xf1918e8562236eb17adc8502332f4c9c82bc14e19bfc0aa10ab674ff75b3d2f3","treeIndex":7},{"value":"0xa8982c89d80987fb9a510e25981ee9170206be21af3c8e0eb312ef1d3382e761","treeIndex":6},{"value":"0xd1e8aeb79500496ef3dc2e57ba746a8315d048b7a664a2bf948db4fa91960483","treeIndex":5}]}
diff --git a/test/dumps/standard-v1.1_0_6.json b/test/dumps/standard-v1.1_0_6.json
deleted file mode 100644
index 223302e..0000000
--- a/test/dumps/standard-v1.1_0_6.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-{"format":"standard-v1","tree":["0x23be0977360f08bb0bd7f709a7d543d2cd779c79c66d74e0441919871647de2b","0x8f7234e8cfe39c08ca84a3a3e3274f574af26fd15165fe29e09cbab742daccd9","0x7b0c6cd04b82bfc0e250030a5d2690c52585e0cc6a4f3bc7909d7723b0236ece","0x03707d7802a71ca56a8ad8028da98c4f1dbec55b31b4a25d536b5309cc20eda9","0xfa914d99a18dc32d9725b3ef1c50426deb40ec8d0885dac8edcc5bfd6d030016","0xc62a8cfa41edc0ef6f6ae27a2985b7d39c7fea770787d7e104696c6e81f64848","0x9a4f64e953595df82d1b4f570d34c4f4f0cfaf729a61e9d60e83e579e1aa283e","0xeba909cf4bb90c6922771d7f126ad0fd11dfde93f3937a196274e1ac20fd2f5b","0x9cf5a63718145ba968a01c1d557020181c5b252f665cf7386d370eddb176517b","0x19ba6c6333e0e9a15bf67523e0676e2f23eb8e574092552d5e888c64a4bb3681","0x9c15a6a0eaeed500fd9eed4cbeab71f797cefcc67bfd46683e4d2e6ff7f06d1c"],"values":[{"value":["a"],"treeIndex":10},{"value":["b"],"treeIndex":9},{"value":["c"],"treeIndex":8},{"value":["d"],"treeIndex":7},{"value":["e"],"treeIndex":6},{"value":["f"],"treeIndex":5}],"leafEncoding":["string"]}
diff --git a/test/dumps/standard-v1.sorted.1_0_6.json b/test/dumps/standard-v1.sorted.1_0_6.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..18091c2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/dumps/standard-v1.sorted.1_0_6.json
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
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diff --git a/test/dumps/standard-v1.unsorted.1_0_6.json b/test/dumps/standard-v1.unsorted.1_0_6.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..602a600
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/dumps/standard-v1.unsorted.1_0_6.json
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
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