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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><head>
<meta charset="utf-8">
<meta name="generator" content="quarto-1.3.450">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, user-scalable=yes">
<title>readr</title>
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<h2 id="toc-title">Table of contents</h2>
<ul>
<li><a href="#guardar-datos" id="toc-guardar-datos" class="nav-link active" data-scroll-target="#guardar-datos">Guardar datos</a></li>
<li><a href="#importar-archivos" id="toc-importar-archivos" class="nav-link" data-scroll-target="#importar-archivos">Importar archivos</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#quitar-o-cambiar-encabezado-de-las-columnas" id="toc-quitar-o-cambiar-encabezado-de-las-columnas" class="nav-link" data-scroll-target="#quitar-o-cambiar-encabezado-de-las-columnas">Quitar o cambiar encabezado de las columnas</a></li>
<li><a href="#especificación-de-columnas" id="toc-especificación-de-columnas" class="nav-link" data-scroll-target="#especificación-de-columnas">Especificación de columnas</a></li>
<li><a href="#leer-varios-archivos-en-una-misma-tabla" id="toc-leer-varios-archivos-en-una-misma-tabla" class="nav-link" data-scroll-target="#leer-varios-archivos-en-una-misma-tabla">Leer varios archivos en una misma tabla</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul>
<div class="quarto-alternate-formats"><h2>Other Formats</h2><ul><li><a href="readr.md"><i class="bi bi-file-code"></i>Github (GFM)</a></li></ul></div></nav>
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<main class="content" id="quarto-document-content">
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<div class="quarto-title">
<h1 class="title"><a href="https://readr.tidyverse.org/">readr</a></h1>
</div>
<div class="quarto-title-meta">
</div>
</header>
<blockquote class="blockquote">
<p>readr proporciona una forma rápida y amigable de leer datos de archivos delimitados, como valores separados por comas (.csv) y valores separados por tabulaciones (.tsv).</p>
</blockquote>
<div class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb1"><pre class="sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb1-1"><a href="#cb1-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># install.packages("readr")</span></span>
<span id="cb1-2"><a href="#cb1-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">library</span>(readr)</span>
<span id="cb1-3"><a href="#cb1-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb1-4"><a href="#cb1-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># o directamente</span></span>
<span id="cb1-5"><a href="#cb1-5" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">library</span>(tidyverse)</span>
<span id="cb1-6"><a href="#cb1-6" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#> -- Attaching core tidyverse packages ------------------------ tidyverse 2.0.0 --</span></span>
<span id="cb1-7"><a href="#cb1-7" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#> v dplyr 1.1.4 v purrr 1.0.2</span></span>
<span id="cb1-8"><a href="#cb1-8" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#> v forcats 1.0.0 v stringr 1.5.1</span></span>
<span id="cb1-9"><a href="#cb1-9" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#> v ggplot2 3.4.4 v tibble 3.2.1</span></span>
<span id="cb1-10"><a href="#cb1-10" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#> v lubridate 1.9.3 v tidyr 1.3.0</span></span>
<span id="cb1-11"><a href="#cb1-11" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#> -- Conflicts ------------------------------------------ tidyverse_conflicts() --</span></span>
<span id="cb1-12"><a href="#cb1-12" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#> x dplyr::filter() masks stats::filter()</span></span>
<span id="cb1-13"><a href="#cb1-13" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#> x dplyr::lag() masks stats::lag()</span></span>
<span id="cb1-14"><a href="#cb1-14" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#> i Use the conflicted package (<http://conflicted.r-lib.org/>) to force all conflicts to become errors</span></span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
</div>
<p>Antes de mostrar las principales funciones de <code>readr</code>, vamos a crear unas bases de datos sencillas para poder trabajar con ellas.</p>
<div class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb2"><pre class="sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb2-1"><a href="#cb2-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>peas_vector <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="fu">c</span>(<span class="st">"Green"</span>, <span class="st">"Smooth"</span>, <span class="st">"116"</span>, <span class="st">"9"</span>, </span>
<span id="cb2-2"><a href="#cb2-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="st">"Green"</span>, <span class="st">"Wrinkled"</span>, <span class="st">"40"</span>, <span class="st">"3"</span>, </span>
<span id="cb2-3"><a href="#cb2-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="st">"Yellow"</span>, <span class="st">"Smooth"</span>, <span class="st">"31"</span>, <span class="st">"3"</span>, </span>
<span id="cb2-4"><a href="#cb2-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="st">"Yellow"</span>, <span class="st">"Wrinkled"</span>, <span class="st">"13"</span>, <span class="st">"1"</span>)</span>
<span id="cb2-5"><a href="#cb2-5" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-6"><a href="#cb2-6" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>peas <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="fu">as_tibble</span>(<span class="fu">matrix</span>(peas_vector, <span class="at">nrow =</span> <span class="dv">4</span>, <span class="at">ncol =</span> <span class="dv">4</span>, <span class="at">byrow =</span> T))</span>
<span id="cb2-7"><a href="#cb2-7" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> </span>
<span id="cb2-8"><a href="#cb2-8" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">colnames</span>(peas) <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="fu">c</span>(<span class="st">"Color"</span>, <span class="st">"Textura"</span>, <span class="st">"Observacion"</span>, <span class="st">"Proporcion"</span>)</span>
<span id="cb2-9"><a href="#cb2-9" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> </span>
<span id="cb2-10"><a href="#cb2-10" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>peas2_vector <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="fu">c</span>(<span class="st">"Green"</span>, <span class="st">"Smooth"</span>, <span class="st">"120"</span>, <span class="st">"9"</span>, </span>
<span id="cb2-11"><a href="#cb2-11" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="st">"Green"</span>, <span class="st">"Wrinkled"</span>, <span class="st">"38"</span>, <span class="st">"3"</span>, </span>
<span id="cb2-12"><a href="#cb2-12" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="st">"Yellow"</span>, <span class="st">"Smooth"</span>, <span class="st">"32"</span>, <span class="st">"3"</span>, </span>
<span id="cb2-13"><a href="#cb2-13" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="st">"Yellow"</span>, <span class="st">"Wrinkled"</span>, <span class="st">"10"</span>, <span class="st">"1"</span>)</span>
<span id="cb2-14"><a href="#cb2-14" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> </span>
<span id="cb2-15"><a href="#cb2-15" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>peas2 <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="fu">as_tibble</span>(<span class="fu">matrix</span>(peas2_vector, <span class="at">nrow =</span> <span class="dv">4</span>, <span class="at">ncol =</span> <span class="dv">4</span>, <span class="at">byrow =</span> T))</span>
<span id="cb2-16"><a href="#cb2-16" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> </span>
<span id="cb2-17"><a href="#cb2-17" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">colnames</span>(peas2) <span class="ot"><-</span><span class="fu">c</span>(<span class="st">"Color"</span>, <span class="st">"Textura"</span>, <span class="st">"Observacion"</span>, <span class="st">"Proporcion"</span>)</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
</div>
<section id="guardar-datos" class="level2">
<h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="guardar-datos">Guardar datos</h2>
<div class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb3"><pre class="sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb3-1"><a href="#cb3-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># establecer previamente el directorio de trabajo, donde se guardarán los archivos</span></span>
<span id="cb3-2"><a href="#cb3-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># setwd("mi_directorio_de_trabajo")</span></span>
<span id="cb3-3"><a href="#cb3-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb3-4"><a href="#cb3-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># en readr</span></span>
<span id="cb3-5"><a href="#cb3-5" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">write_csv</span>(peas, <span class="at">file =</span> <span class="st">"peas.csv"</span>) <span class="co"># archivo separado por comas</span></span>
<span id="cb3-6"><a href="#cb3-6" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb3-7"><a href="#cb3-7" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">write_delim</span>(peas,</span>
<span id="cb3-8"><a href="#cb3-8" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="at">file =</span> <span class="st">"peas_tab.csv"</span>,</span>
<span id="cb3-9"><a href="#cb3-9" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="at">delim =</span> <span class="st">"|"</span>) <span class="co"># opción de emplear cualquier delimitador</span></span>
<span id="cb3-10"><a href="#cb3-10" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb3-11"><a href="#cb3-11" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># otras funciones:</span></span>
<span id="cb3-12"><a href="#cb3-12" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="co"># write_csv2() archivo separado por ;</span></span>
<span id="cb3-13"><a href="#cb3-13" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="co"># write_tsv() archivo .txt </span></span>
<span id="cb3-14"><a href="#cb3-14" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb3-15"><a href="#cb3-15" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb3-16"><a href="#cb3-16" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># en R base la sintaxis es muy similar</span></span>
<span id="cb3-17"><a href="#cb3-17" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">write.csv</span>(peas, <span class="at">file =</span> <span class="st">"peas_rbase.csv"</span>) <span class="co"># archivo separado por comas</span></span>
<span id="cb3-18"><a href="#cb3-18" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb3-19"><a href="#cb3-19" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># write.csv2() # archivo separado por ;</span></span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
</div>
</section>
<section id="importar-archivos" class="level2">
<h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="importar-archivos">Importar archivos</h2>
<p>Con cualquier delimitador</p>
<div class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb4"><pre class="sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb4-1"><a href="#cb4-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># con readr no es necesario especificar el delimitador</span></span>
<span id="cb4-2"><a href="#cb4-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>peas_readr <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="fu">read_delim</span>(<span class="st">"peas_tab.csv"</span>)</span>
<span id="cb4-3"><a href="#cb4-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">print</span>(peas_readr)</span>
<span id="cb4-4"><a href="#cb4-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#> # A tibble: 4 x 4</span></span>
<span id="cb4-5"><a href="#cb4-5" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#> Color Textura Observacion Proporcion</span></span>
<span id="cb4-6"><a href="#cb4-6" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#> <chr> <chr> <dbl> <dbl></span></span>
<span id="cb4-7"><a href="#cb4-7" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#> 1 Green Smooth 116 9</span></span>
<span id="cb4-8"><a href="#cb4-8" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#> 2 Green Wrinkled 40 3</span></span>
<span id="cb4-9"><a href="#cb4-9" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#> 3 Yellow Smooth 31 3</span></span>
<span id="cb4-10"><a href="#cb4-10" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#> 4 Yellow Wrinkled 13 1</span></span>
<span id="cb4-11"><a href="#cb4-11" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb4-12"><a href="#cb4-12" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># en R base sí</span></span>
<span id="cb4-13"><a href="#cb4-13" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>peas_rbase <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="fu">read.delim</span>(<span class="st">"peas_tab.csv"</span>, <span class="at">sep =</span> <span class="st">"|"</span>)</span>
<span id="cb4-14"><a href="#cb4-14" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">print</span>(peas_rbase)</span>
<span id="cb4-15"><a href="#cb4-15" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#> Color Textura Observacion Proporcion</span></span>
<span id="cb4-16"><a href="#cb4-16" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#> 1 Green Smooth 116 9</span></span>
<span id="cb4-17"><a href="#cb4-17" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#> 2 Green Wrinkled 40 3</span></span>
<span id="cb4-18"><a href="#cb4-18" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#> 3 Yellow Smooth 31 3</span></span>
<span id="cb4-19"><a href="#cb4-19" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#> 4 Yellow Wrinkled 13 1</span></span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
</div>
<p>Separados por comas</p>
<div class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb5"><pre class="sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb5-1"><a href="#cb5-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># readr</span></span>
<span id="cb5-2"><a href="#cb5-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>peas_readr <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="fu">read_csv</span>(<span class="st">"peas.csv"</span>)</span>
<span id="cb5-3"><a href="#cb5-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">print</span>(peas_readr)</span>
<span id="cb5-4"><a href="#cb5-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#> # A tibble: 4 x 4</span></span>
<span id="cb5-5"><a href="#cb5-5" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#> Color Textura Observacion Proporcion</span></span>
<span id="cb5-6"><a href="#cb5-6" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#> <chr> <chr> <dbl> <dbl></span></span>
<span id="cb5-7"><a href="#cb5-7" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#> 1 Green Smooth 116 9</span></span>
<span id="cb5-8"><a href="#cb5-8" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#> 2 Green Wrinkled 40 3</span></span>
<span id="cb5-9"><a href="#cb5-9" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#> 3 Yellow Smooth 31 3</span></span>
<span id="cb5-10"><a href="#cb5-10" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#> 4 Yellow Wrinkled 13 1</span></span>
<span id="cb5-11"><a href="#cb5-11" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb5-12"><a href="#cb5-12" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># R base</span></span>
<span id="cb5-13"><a href="#cb5-13" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>peas_rbase <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="fu">read.csv</span>(<span class="st">"peas.csv"</span>)</span>
<span id="cb5-14"><a href="#cb5-14" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">print</span>(peas_rbase)</span>
<span id="cb5-15"><a href="#cb5-15" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#> Color Textura Observacion Proporcion</span></span>
<span id="cb5-16"><a href="#cb5-16" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#> 1 Green Smooth 116 9</span></span>
<span id="cb5-17"><a href="#cb5-17" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#> 2 Green Wrinkled 40 3</span></span>
<span id="cb5-18"><a href="#cb5-18" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#> 3 Yellow Smooth 31 3</span></span>
<span id="cb5-19"><a href="#cb5-19" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#> 4 Yellow Wrinkled 13 1</span></span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
</div>
<section id="quitar-o-cambiar-encabezado-de-las-columnas" class="level4">
<h4 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="quitar-o-cambiar-encabezado-de-las-columnas">Quitar o cambiar encabezado de las columnas</h4>
<p>A la hora de leer los archivos en R, se pueden establecer ciertos parámetros en función de las necesidades. Por ejemplo, establecer que el encabezado por defecto no lo detecte como tal y lo lea como una fila más.</p>
<div class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb6"><pre class="sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb6-1"><a href="#cb6-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># readr</span></span>
<span id="cb6-2"><a href="#cb6-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>peas_readr <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="fu">read_delim</span>(<span class="st">"peas.csv"</span>, <span class="at">col_names =</span> F)</span>
<span id="cb6-3"><a href="#cb6-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">print</span>(peas_readr) </span>
<span id="cb6-4"><a href="#cb6-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#> # A tibble: 5 x 4</span></span>
<span id="cb6-5"><a href="#cb6-5" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#> X1 X2 X3 X4 </span></span>
<span id="cb6-6"><a href="#cb6-6" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#> <chr> <chr> <chr> <chr> </span></span>
<span id="cb6-7"><a href="#cb6-7" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#> 1 Color Textura Observacion Proporcion</span></span>
<span id="cb6-8"><a href="#cb6-8" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#> 2 Green Smooth 116 9 </span></span>
<span id="cb6-9"><a href="#cb6-9" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#> 3 Green Wrinkled 40 3 </span></span>
<span id="cb6-10"><a href="#cb6-10" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#> 4 Yellow Smooth 31 3 </span></span>
<span id="cb6-11"><a href="#cb6-11" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#> 5 Yellow Wrinkled 13 1</span></span>
<span id="cb6-12"><a href="#cb6-12" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb6-13"><a href="#cb6-13" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># R base</span></span>
<span id="cb6-14"><a href="#cb6-14" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>peas_rbase <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="fu">read.csv</span>(<span class="st">"peas.csv"</span>, <span class="at">header =</span> F)</span>
<span id="cb6-15"><a href="#cb6-15" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">print</span>(peas_rbase)</span>
<span id="cb6-16"><a href="#cb6-16" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#> V1 V2 V3 V4</span></span>
<span id="cb6-17"><a href="#cb6-17" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#> 1 Color Textura Observacion Proporcion</span></span>
<span id="cb6-18"><a href="#cb6-18" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#> 2 Green Smooth 116 9</span></span>
<span id="cb6-19"><a href="#cb6-19" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#> 3 Green Wrinkled 40 3</span></span>
<span id="cb6-20"><a href="#cb6-20" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#> 4 Yellow Smooth 31 3</span></span>
<span id="cb6-21"><a href="#cb6-21" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#> 5 Yellow Wrinkled 13 1</span></span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
</div>
<p>Al contrario, puede que las bases de datos no contengan encabezado y se quiera añadir conforme se lee el archivo en R.</p>
<div class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb7"><pre class="sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb7-1"><a href="#cb7-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># readr</span></span>
<span id="cb7-2"><a href="#cb7-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>peas_readr <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="fu">read_delim</span>(<span class="st">"peas.csv"</span>, <span class="at">col_names =</span> <span class="fu">c</span>(<span class="st">"Colour"</span>, <span class="st">"Coat"</span>, <span class="st">"Obs"</span>, <span class="st">"Ratio"</span>))</span>
<span id="cb7-3"><a href="#cb7-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">print</span>(peas_readr)</span>
<span id="cb7-4"><a href="#cb7-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#> # A tibble: 5 x 4</span></span>
<span id="cb7-5"><a href="#cb7-5" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#> Colour Coat Obs Ratio </span></span>
<span id="cb7-6"><a href="#cb7-6" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#> <chr> <chr> <chr> <chr> </span></span>
<span id="cb7-7"><a href="#cb7-7" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#> 1 Color Textura Observacion Proporcion</span></span>
<span id="cb7-8"><a href="#cb7-8" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#> 2 Green Smooth 116 9 </span></span>
<span id="cb7-9"><a href="#cb7-9" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#> 3 Green Wrinkled 40 3 </span></span>
<span id="cb7-10"><a href="#cb7-10" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#> 4 Yellow Smooth 31 3 </span></span>
<span id="cb7-11"><a href="#cb7-11" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#> 5 Yellow Wrinkled 13 1</span></span>
<span id="cb7-12"><a href="#cb7-12" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb7-13"><a href="#cb7-13" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># R base</span></span>
<span id="cb7-14"><a href="#cb7-14" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">colnames</span>(peas_rbase) <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="fu">c</span>(<span class="st">"Colour"</span>, <span class="st">"Coat"</span>, <span class="st">"Obs"</span>, <span class="st">"Ratio"</span>)</span>
<span id="cb7-15"><a href="#cb7-15" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">print</span>(peas_rbase)</span>
<span id="cb7-16"><a href="#cb7-16" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#> Colour Coat Obs Ratio</span></span>
<span id="cb7-17"><a href="#cb7-17" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#> 1 Color Textura Observacion Proporcion</span></span>
<span id="cb7-18"><a href="#cb7-18" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#> 2 Green Smooth 116 9</span></span>
<span id="cb7-19"><a href="#cb7-19" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#> 3 Green Wrinkled 40 3</span></span>
<span id="cb7-20"><a href="#cb7-20" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#> 4 Yellow Smooth 31 3</span></span>
<span id="cb7-21"><a href="#cb7-21" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#> 5 Yellow Wrinkled 13 1</span></span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
</div>
</section>
<section id="especificación-de-columnas" class="level4">
<h4 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="especificación-de-columnas">Especificación de columnas</h4>
<p>Otro ejemplo, es que al importar los datos para comenzar el trabajo en R, se quiera especificar directamente el formato en el que debe leer cada variable.</p>
<div class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb8"><pre class="sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb8-1"><a href="#cb8-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># readr</span></span>
<span id="cb8-2"><a href="#cb8-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># en readr, mediante el argumento col_types se pueden especificar las columnas directamente de forma independiente</span></span>
<span id="cb8-3"><a href="#cb8-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>peas_readr <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="fu">read_csv</span>(<span class="st">"peas.csv"</span>,</span>
<span id="cb8-4"><a href="#cb8-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="at">col_types =</span> <span class="fu">cols</span>(</span>
<span id="cb8-5"><a href="#cb8-5" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="at">Color =</span> <span class="fu">col_factor</span>(),</span>
<span id="cb8-6"><a href="#cb8-6" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="at">Textura =</span> <span class="fu">col_factor</span>(),</span>
<span id="cb8-7"><a href="#cb8-7" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="at">Observacion =</span> <span class="fu">col_integer</span>(),</span>
<span id="cb8-8"><a href="#cb8-8" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="at">Proporcion =</span> <span class="fu">col_integer</span>()</span>
<span id="cb8-9"><a href="#cb8-9" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> )</span>
<span id="cb8-10"><a href="#cb8-10" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>)</span>
<span id="cb8-11"><a href="#cb8-11" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb8-12"><a href="#cb8-12" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">str</span>(peas_readr)</span>
<span id="cb8-13"><a href="#cb8-13" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#> spc_tbl_ [4 x 4] (S3: spec_tbl_df/tbl_df/tbl/data.frame)</span></span>
<span id="cb8-14"><a href="#cb8-14" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#> $ Color : Factor w/ 2 levels "Green","Yellow": 1 1 2 2</span></span>
<span id="cb8-15"><a href="#cb8-15" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#> $ Textura : Factor w/ 2 levels "Smooth","Wrinkled": 1 2 1 2</span></span>
<span id="cb8-16"><a href="#cb8-16" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#> $ Observacion: int [1:4] 116 40 31 13</span></span>
<span id="cb8-17"><a href="#cb8-17" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#> $ Proporcion : int [1:4] 9 3 3 1</span></span>
<span id="cb8-18"><a href="#cb8-18" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#> - attr(*, "spec")=</span></span>
<span id="cb8-19"><a href="#cb8-19" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#> .. cols(</span></span>
<span id="cb8-20"><a href="#cb8-20" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#> .. Color = col_factor(levels = NULL, ordered = FALSE, include_na = FALSE),</span></span>
<span id="cb8-21"><a href="#cb8-21" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#> .. Textura = col_factor(levels = NULL, ordered = FALSE, include_na = FALSE),</span></span>
<span id="cb8-22"><a href="#cb8-22" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#> .. Observacion = col_integer(),</span></span>
<span id="cb8-23"><a href="#cb8-23" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#> .. Proporcion = col_integer()</span></span>
<span id="cb8-24"><a href="#cb8-24" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#> .. )</span></span>
<span id="cb8-25"><a href="#cb8-25" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#> - attr(*, "problems")=<externalptr></span></span>
<span id="cb8-26"><a href="#cb8-26" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb8-27"><a href="#cb8-27" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># adicionalmente se puede realizar con un vector: "ffii", donde se indica que las dos primeras columnas son factores y las dos siguientes son numéricas</span></span>
<span id="cb8-28"><a href="#cb8-28" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>peas_readr <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="fu">read_csv</span>(<span class="st">"peas.csv"</span>,</span>
<span id="cb8-29"><a href="#cb8-29" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="at">col_types =</span> <span class="st">"ffii"</span>)</span>
<span id="cb8-30"><a href="#cb8-30" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">str</span>(peas_readr)</span>
<span id="cb8-31"><a href="#cb8-31" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#> spc_tbl_ [4 x 4] (S3: spec_tbl_df/tbl_df/tbl/data.frame)</span></span>
<span id="cb8-32"><a href="#cb8-32" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#> $ Color : Factor w/ 2 levels "Green","Yellow": 1 1 2 2</span></span>
<span id="cb8-33"><a href="#cb8-33" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#> $ Textura : Factor w/ 2 levels "Smooth","Wrinkled": 1 2 1 2</span></span>
<span id="cb8-34"><a href="#cb8-34" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#> $ Observacion: int [1:4] 116 40 31 13</span></span>
<span id="cb8-35"><a href="#cb8-35" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#> $ Proporcion : int [1:4] 9 3 3 1</span></span>
<span id="cb8-36"><a href="#cb8-36" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#> - attr(*, "spec")=</span></span>
<span id="cb8-37"><a href="#cb8-37" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#> .. cols(</span></span>
<span id="cb8-38"><a href="#cb8-38" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#> .. Color = col_factor(levels = NULL, ordered = FALSE, include_na = FALSE),</span></span>
<span id="cb8-39"><a href="#cb8-39" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#> .. Textura = col_factor(levels = NULL, ordered = FALSE, include_na = FALSE),</span></span>
<span id="cb8-40"><a href="#cb8-40" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#> .. Observacion = col_integer(),</span></span>
<span id="cb8-41"><a href="#cb8-41" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#> .. Proporcion = col_integer()</span></span>
<span id="cb8-42"><a href="#cb8-42" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#> .. )</span></span>
<span id="cb8-43"><a href="#cb8-43" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#> - attr(*, "problems")=<externalptr></span></span>
<span id="cb8-44"><a href="#cb8-44" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb8-45"><a href="#cb8-45" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb8-46"><a href="#cb8-46" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># R base</span></span>
<span id="cb8-47"><a href="#cb8-47" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>peas_rbase <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="fu">read.csv</span>(<span class="st">"peas.csv"</span>)</span>
<span id="cb8-48"><a href="#cb8-48" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">str</span>(peas_rbase)</span>
<span id="cb8-49"><a href="#cb8-49" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#> 'data.frame': 4 obs. of 4 variables:</span></span>
<span id="cb8-50"><a href="#cb8-50" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#> $ Color : chr "Green" "Green" "Yellow" "Yellow"</span></span>
<span id="cb8-51"><a href="#cb8-51" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#> $ Textura : chr "Smooth" "Wrinkled" "Smooth" "Wrinkled"</span></span>
<span id="cb8-52"><a href="#cb8-52" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#> $ Observacion: int 116 40 31 13</span></span>
<span id="cb8-53"><a href="#cb8-53" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#> $ Proporcion : int 9 3 3 1</span></span>
<span id="cb8-54"><a href="#cb8-54" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb8-55"><a href="#cb8-55" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># mediante el argumento colClasses se puede especificar directamente</span></span>
<span id="cb8-56"><a href="#cb8-56" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>peas_rbase <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="fu">read.csv</span>(<span class="st">"peas.csv"</span>, </span>
<span id="cb8-57"><a href="#cb8-57" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="at">colClasses =</span> <span class="fu">c</span>(<span class="st">"factor"</span>, <span class="st">"factor"</span>, <span class="st">"integer"</span>, <span class="st">"integer"</span>))</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
</div>
<p>En <code>readr</code> dentro de la función <code>read_csv()</code>, además se puede especificar el argumento <code>guess_max</code>. En grandes bases de datos, normalmente esta función de <code>readr</code> usa las 1000 primeras filas para identificar/establecer el tipo de variable que es cada columna. Se puede usar este argumento, para indicar el número de filas que tiene que usar para determinar el tipo de columna.</p>
</section>
<section id="leer-varios-archivos-en-una-misma-tabla" class="level4">
<h4 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="leer-varios-archivos-en-una-misma-tabla">Leer varios archivos en una misma tabla</h4>
<p>Puede ser que tengamos varios archivos complementarios entre sí, pero que contienen información diferente. En este caso, podría ser interesante importarlos todos juntos para comenzar a trabajar con ellos en R.</p>
<div class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb9"><pre class="sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb9-1"><a href="#cb9-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># en readr, se pueden cargar directamente concatenándolos</span></span>
<span id="cb9-2"><a href="#cb9-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>black_eyed_readr <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="fu">read_csv</span>(<span class="fu">c</span>(<span class="st">"peas.csv"</span>, <span class="st">"peas2.csv"</span>))</span>
<span id="cb9-3"><a href="#cb9-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">print</span>(black_eyed_readr)</span>
<span id="cb9-4"><a href="#cb9-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#> # A tibble: 8 x 4</span></span>
<span id="cb9-5"><a href="#cb9-5" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#> Color Textura Observacion Proporcion</span></span>
<span id="cb9-6"><a href="#cb9-6" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#> <chr> <chr> <dbl> <dbl></span></span>
<span id="cb9-7"><a href="#cb9-7" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#> 1 Green Smooth 116 9</span></span>
<span id="cb9-8"><a href="#cb9-8" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#> 2 Green Wrinkled 40 3</span></span>
<span id="cb9-9"><a href="#cb9-9" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#> 3 Yellow Smooth 31 3</span></span>
<span id="cb9-10"><a href="#cb9-10" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#> 4 Yellow Wrinkled 13 1</span></span>
<span id="cb9-11"><a href="#cb9-11" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#> 5 Green Smooth 120 9</span></span>
<span id="cb9-12"><a href="#cb9-12" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#> 6 Green Wrinkled 38 3</span></span>
<span id="cb9-13"><a href="#cb9-13" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#> 7 Yellow Smooth 32 3</span></span>
<span id="cb9-14"><a href="#cb9-14" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#> 8 Yellow Wrinkled 10 1</span></span>
<span id="cb9-15"><a href="#cb9-15" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb9-16"><a href="#cb9-16" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># con R base se importan por separado y después se pueden unir</span></span>
<span id="cb9-17"><a href="#cb9-17" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>peas_rbase <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="fu">read.csv</span>(<span class="st">"peas.csv"</span>)</span>
<span id="cb9-18"><a href="#cb9-18" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>peas_rbase_2 <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="fu">read.csv</span>(<span class="st">"peas2.csv"</span>)</span>
<span id="cb9-19"><a href="#cb9-19" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>black_eyed_rbase <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="fu">rbind</span>(peas_rbase, peas_rbase_2)</span>
<span id="cb9-20"><a href="#cb9-20" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">print</span>(black_eyed_rbase)</span>
<span id="cb9-21"><a href="#cb9-21" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#> Color Textura Observacion Proporcion</span></span>
<span id="cb9-22"><a href="#cb9-22" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#> 1 Green Smooth 116 9</span></span>
<span id="cb9-23"><a href="#cb9-23" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#> 2 Green Wrinkled 40 3</span></span>
<span id="cb9-24"><a href="#cb9-24" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#> 3 Yellow Smooth 31 3</span></span>
<span id="cb9-25"><a href="#cb9-25" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#> 4 Yellow Wrinkled 13 1</span></span>
<span id="cb9-26"><a href="#cb9-26" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#> 5 Green Smooth 120 9</span></span>
<span id="cb9-27"><a href="#cb9-27" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#> 6 Green Wrinkled 38 3</span></span>
<span id="cb9-28"><a href="#cb9-28" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#> 7 Yellow Smooth 32 3</span></span>
<span id="cb9-29"><a href="#cb9-29" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#> 8 Yellow Wrinkled 10 1</span></span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
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<p>En general, la sintaxis entre ambos paquetes es muy similar, pero en algunos casos <code>readr</code> reduce la cantidad de código necesario!</p>
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