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<div id="arthur">
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<header>
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<div>
<h1><span>A</span>RTHUR I <small>of</small> <span>B</span>RITTANY
</h1>
<hr>
<p>Duke of Brittany<br>
<small>(1187 AD - presumably 1203)</small>
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="right">
<div class="vl"></div>
<div>
<p>
Heir to the Throne of England
<br>Proclaimed King of Brittany
</p>
</div>
</div>
</header>
<!-- STYLED AS A FIXED BUTTON ON THE LEFT BOTTOM SIDE OF THE SCREEN, USERS CAN CLICK TO VISIT BRITISH LIBRARY'S FULL DIGITALIZED MEMBRANE -->
<div title="Go to full manuscript, via National British Library (Royal MS 14 B VI, f.006v)"
id="go_to_MS_14B_VI_f006v">
<a title="Click button to see full manuscript, via National British Library (Royal MS 14 B VI, f.006v)"
href="https://www.bl.uk/manuscripts/Viewer.aspx?ref=royal_ms_14_b_vi_f006r" target="_blank"
rel="noopener noreferrer"
aria-label="Click to see full manuscript, via National British Library (Royal MS 14 B VI, f.006v)">VIEW
MANUSCRIPT </a>
</div>
<!-- FIXED TRANSPARENT DIVS STYLED AS CIRCLES with double back large border, SORROUNDING THE CHARACTERS ON TH BACKGROUND MEMBRANE, so users can identify them directly on the membrane, and are linked to the original manuscript membrane on the British Library -->
<a href="https://www.bl.uk/manuscripts/Viewer.aspx?ref=royal_ms_14_b_vi_f006r" target="_blank"
rel="noopener noreferrer" aria-label="go to digitalized manuscript on the British Library website">
<div class="arthur_circle" title="Count Arthur I of Brittany"></div>
</a>
<a href="https://www.bl.uk/manuscripts/Viewer.aspx?ref=royal_ms_14_b_vi_f006r" target="_blank"
rel="noopener noreferrer" aria-label="go to digitalized manuscript on the British Library website">
<div class="richard_circle" title="King Richard the Lionheart"></div>
</a>
<a href="https://www.bl.uk/manuscripts/Viewer.aspx?ref=royal_ms_14_b_vi_f006r" target="_blank"
rel="noopener noreferrer" aria-label="go to digitalized manuscript on the British Library website">
<div class="john_circle" title="King John Lackland"></div>
</a>
<!-- BACKGROUND FIXED IMAGE class="background_image" -->
<!-- Black transparency applied to direct child sections of id=arthur_genealogy -->
<div id="arthur_genealogy" class="background_image">
<!-- SECTION: HEIR TO KING RICHARD I THE LIONHEART -->
<section>
<h2><span>H</span>eir to King Richard I "The Lionheart"</h2>
<p>Arthur Plantagenet was the postumous son and only heir of Duke Geoffrey II of Brittany,
4<sup>th</sup>
Earl of Richmond, who was son of King Henry II, and King Richard's younger brother, next in line of
succession. <br>
Thus, after his father's death, Arthur was next in line to the Throne of England after Richard,
as this latter had no descendance.<br><br>
King Richard "the Lionheart" himself recognized Arthur as heir presumptive to the Throne of
England in 1190, when he was only 3 years old
<!-- TOOLTIP 1 -->
<a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Arthur-I" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"
aria-label="Go to Arthur I article at Encyclopaedia Britannica webpage"><sup>1<span
class="tooltiptext">Reference: Encyclopaedia Britannica, Arthur
I</span></sup></a>.
</p>
<!-- text in class="hidden_large_devices" is hidden on devices >1025px because same explanation is in following figure id="henry_II", but which does not display on smaller devices -->
<div class="hidden_large_devices">
<p><small>Fixed background image: 6<sup>th</sup> membrane
<!-- TOOLTIP 1b -->
<a href="https://www.bl.uk/manuscripts/Viewer.aspx?ref=royal_ms_14_b_vi_f006r"
target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"
aria-label="Go to the British Library website to explore the digitalized manuscript of the 6th membrane included in this page from the roll chronicle of the Kings of England, dated c 1300-c 1340, in new tab"><sup>1b<span
class="tooltiptext">Reference: British Library, digitalized manuscript Royal
MS 14 B VI, f.006r</span></sup></a> of the
digitalized manuscript <em>"roll chronicle of the genealogy of the Kings of Britain"</em>
dated c.1300, British Library (Royal MS 14 B VI, f.006v).</small></p>
</div>
<!-- FIGURE 1: HENRY II DESCENDANTS -> min. width: 1025px -->
<figure id="henry_II" title="Click to go to digitalized manuscript, British Library website">
<!-- img + link to source-->
<a href="https://www.bl.uk/manuscripts/Viewer.aspx?ref=royal_ms_14_b_vi_f006r" target="_blank"
rel="noopener noreferrer"
aria-label="go to digitalized manuscript on the British Library website">
<img src="./assets/images/arthur_i_section_1_king_henry_ii_descendants_royal_ms_14_b_vi_f006v_952x448px.avif"
srcset="./assets/images/arthur_i_section_1_king_henry_ii_descendants_royal_ms_14_b_vi_f006v_952x448px.png"
alt="Depiction from the roll chronicle showing King Henry II's descendance">
</a>
<!-- Image caption-->
<figcaption>
<details title="click to see details of caption" aria-label="click to see details of caption">
<summary>King Henry II's sons and daughters (extract from background caption)</summary>
King Henry II, Duke of Normandy's descendance, ordered by ages. Males, left
(oldest) to right by order of right to succession: 3<sup>rd</sup>: King Richard -
5<sup>th</sup>: Duke Geoffrey II of Brittany - 7<sup>th</sup>: John Lackland
<blockquote>
<em>Roll Chronicle of the Genealogy of the Kings of England</em>, f.6r - dated 1300-1340
<br>
British Library - Manuscript Royal MS 14 B VI
<!-- TOOLTIP 2 -->
<a href="https://www.bl.uk/manuscripts/FullDisplay.aspx?ref=Royal_MS_14_B_VI"
target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"
aria-label="Go to the the British Library website to explore the full digitalized manuscript of the full roll chronicle to which the membrane included in this page belongs">
<sup>2<span class="tooltiptext">Reference: National British Library, digitalized
<em>Genealogical roll of the kings of England</em>, manuscript Royal MS 14 B
VI</span></sup></a>
</blockquote>
</details>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<!-- class="small_pictures" is display:flex, flex-wrap:wrap to give nice automatic display-->
<div class="small_pictures">
<!-- FIGURE: RICHARD I -> max.width: 991px -->
<figure id="richard" title="Click to go to digitalized manuscript on the British Library website">
<!-- img + link to source-->
<a href="https://www.bl.uk/manuscripts/Viewer.aspx?ref=royal_ms_14_b_vi_f006r" target="_blank"
rel="noopener noreferrer"
aria-label="Go to digitalized manuscript on the British Library website">
<img src="./assets/images/king_richard_lionheart_royal_ms_14_b_vi_f006v_223x275px.avif"
srcset="./assets/images//king_richard_royal_ms_14_b_vi_f006v_190x234px.png"
alt="Depiction of King Richard, roll chronicle of genealofy of Kings of Britain">
</a>
<figcaption>King Richard I the Lionheart<br>(1157 - 1199)
</figcaption>
</figure>
<!-- FIGURE: COUNT GEOFFREY II OF BRITTANY -> max.width: 991px -->
<figure id="geoffrey">
<!-- img + link to source-->
<a href="https://www.bl.uk/manuscripts/Viewer.aspx?ref=royal_ms_14_b_vi_f006r" target="_blank"
rel="noopener noreferrer"
aria-label="Go to digitalized manuscript on the British Library website">
<img src="./assets/images/geoffrey_ii_count_of_brittany_royal_ms_14_b_vi_f006v_223x275px.avif"
srcset="./assets/images/geoffrey_ii_count_of_brittany_royal_ms_14_b_vi_f006v_162x200px.png"
alt="Depiction of Count Geoffrey II of Brittany, roll chronicle of genealofy of Kings of Britain">
</a>
<figcaption>Geoffrey II Duke of Brittany, Richard's younger brother <em>(1158 -
1186)</em>
</figcaption>
</figure>
</div>
</section>
<!-- SECTION 2: RETAINED BY THE KING OF FRANCE -->
<section>
<h2><span>R</span>etained by the King of France</h2>
<p> In 1196, Arthur's mother Constance Duchess of Brittany had the young Arthur proclaimed Duke of
Brittany and her co-ruler as a child of nine years
<!-- TOOLTIP 3 -->
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_I,_Duke_of_Brittany#:~:text=In%201196%2C%20Constance%20had%20the%20young%20Arthur%20proclaimed%20Duke%20of%20Brittany%20and%20her%20co%2Druler%20as%20a%20child%20of%20nine%20years."
target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"
aria-label="Go to Arthur I article, Wikipedia website">
<sup>3<span class="tooltiptext">Reference: Arthur I of Brittany, Wikipedia
website</span></sup></a>.
<br><br>
On the same year, Richard I sought the custody of Arthur, the young heir to Brittany, and when the
Bretons refused, he invaded the duchy while Constance was held captive
<!-- TOOLTIP 4 -->
<a href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/brittany-and-the-angevins/05F5F8917259C466846139DC7BC03E50"
target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"
aria-label="Go to Arthur I article, Wikipedia website">
<sup>4<span class="tooltiptext">Everard, J. (2000). <em>The end of Angevin Brittany, 1186-1203.
In Brittany and the Angevins: Province and Empire 1158-1203</em> (Cambridge Studies
in Medieval Life and Thought: Fourth Series, pp. 146-175). Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511496486.011</span></sup></a>.
<br><br>
As Richard marched from Normandy to Brittany to rescue Arthur, the latter was secretly carried to
France to be brought up with Prince Louis.
<!-- TOOLTIP 5 -->
<a href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/brittany-and-the-angevins/05F5F8917259C466846139DC7BC03E50"
target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"
aria-label="Go to Arthur I article, Wikipedia website">
<sup>5<span class="tooltiptext">Wikipedia Reference:
Everard, J. (2000). <em>Genealogy of the dukes of Brittany, 1066-1203. In Brittany
and the Angevins: Province and Empire 1158-1203 (p.146)</em> (Cambridge Studies in
Medieval Life and Thought: Fourth Series, p. Xv). Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511496486.002</span></sup></a>.
<br><br>
This eventually caused King Richard to disinherit Arthur in favour of John
<!-- TOOLTIP 6 -->
<a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Arthur-I" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"
aria-label="Go to Arthur I article at Encyclopaedia Britannica webpage">
<sup>6<span class="tooltiptext">Reference: <em>Arthur
I of Brittany</em> - Encyclopaedia Britannica, </span></sup></a>
, the youngest of Richard's brothers, also known as John Lackland for not having inherited any lands
from his father King Henry II.
</p>
<figure id="philip_castle">
<a title="Palais de la Cité, Limbourg brothers, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons"
target="_blank" aria-label="go to original source, Public domain, Wikipedia website"
href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Les_Tr%C3%A8s_Riches_Heures_du_duc_de_Berry_juin.jpg">
<img alt="Les Très Riches Heures du duc de Berry juin"
src="./assets/images/arthur_i_section_2_palais_de_la_cite_philip_augustus_365x265px.png">
</a>
<figcaption>
<details>
<summary><em>Palais de la Cité</em>, residence of the Kings of France from 6th to the
14th century
<!-- TOOLTIP 7 -->
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palais_de_la_Cit%C3%A9#:~:text=located%20on%20the%20%C3%8Ele%20de%20la%20Cit%C3%A9%20in%20the%20Seine%20River%20in%20the%20centre%20of%20Paris%2C%20is%20a%20major%20historic%20building%20that%20was%20the%20residence%20of%20the%20Kings%20of%20France%20from%20the%20sixth%20century%20until%20the%2014th%20century%2C%20and%20has%20been%20the%20center%20of%20the%20French%20justice%20system%20ever%20since"
target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"
aria-label="Go to Palais de la Cité article at Wikipedia website">
<sup>7<span class="tooltiptext">Reference: <em>Palais de la Cité</em> -
Wikipedia website </span></sup></a>
</summary>
Miniature from the illuminated manuscript <em>Les Très Riches Heures du Duc de
Berry</em>, c.1400. <br>Located on the Île de la Cité in the Seine River in the
centre of Paris, is a major historic building that was the residence of the Kings of
France from the sixth century until the 14th century, and has been the center of the
French justice system ever since, thus often referred to as the Palais de Justice
<!-- TOOLTIP 8 -->
<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Les_Tr%C3%A8s_Riches_Heures_du_duc_de_Berry_juin.jpg"
target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"
aria-label="Go to Arthur I article at Encyclopaedia Britannica webpage">
<sup>8<span class="tooltiptext">Reference: Description of file <em>Les Très Riches
Heures du Duc de Berry: Juin</em> -
Wikipedia Commons </span></sup></a>.
</details>
</figcaption>
</figure>
</section>
<!-- SECTION 3: DEATH OF KING RICHARD I -->
<section>
<h2><span>D</span>eath of King Richard I</h2>
<p>In 1199, King Richard "the Lionheart" died of gangrene aged 42. Apart from being King of England,
Richard was Duke of Normandy, Aquitaine and Gascony; Count of Poitiers, Anjou, Maine, and
Nantes
<!-- TOOLTIP 9 -->
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_I_of_England#:~:text=He%20also%20ruled%20as%20Duke%20of%20Normandy%2C%20Aquitaine%20and%20Gascony%3B%20Lord%20of%20Cyprus%3B%20Count%20of%20Poitiers%2C%20Anjou%2C%20Maine%2C%20and%20Nantes%3B"
target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"
aria-label="Go to the the article of King Richard I on the Wikipedia website">
<sup>9<span class="tooltiptext">Reference: King Richard I, Wikipedia</span></sup></a>.
<br><br>
His vast French territories, with exception of Rouen (Normandy), initially rejected John Lackland as
a successor, preferring his nephew Arthur
<!-- TOOLTIP 10 -->
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_I_of_England#:~:text=His%20French%20territories%2C%20with%20the%20exception%20of%20Rouen%2C%20initially%20rejected%20John%20as%20a%20successor%2C%20preferring%20his%20nephew%20Arthur."
target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"
aria-label="Go to the the British Library website to explore the digitalized manuscript of the full roll chronicle to which the membrane included in this page belongs">
<sup>10<span class="tooltiptext">Wikipedia Reference: Jones, Dan (2014). <em>The
Plantagenets: The Warrior Kings and Queens Who Made England (pp. 150-152)</em> -
Penguin
Books. ISBN 978-0-1431-2492-4.</span></sup></a>.
<br><br>
Arthur also had the support from King Philip of France, who took up Arthur's cause, accepting his
homage for all the continental lands that had been Richard's, including Normandy.
He then used this as an excuse to take control of the towns and fortifications in those areas while
keeping Arthur in Paris.
</p>
<!-- FIGURE: ARTHUR I GIVING HOMAGE TO PHILIP II OF FRANCE -> all widths -->
<div>
<figure id="philip">
<!-- img + link to source-->
<a href="https://www.bl.uk/manuscripts/Viewer.aspx?ref=royal_ms_16_g_vi_f361v" target="_blank"
rel="noopener noreferrer"
aria-label="Go to British Library webpage, to the digitalized illuminated manuscript Les Grandes Chroniques de France, to page f.361v to see the picture and text">
<img title="Click to go to digitalized manuscript, British Library website"
src="./assets/images/arthur_crown_and_king_philip_les_grandes_chroniques_de_france_royal_ms_16_g_vi_f361v.jpg"
alt="Depiction from Les Grandes chroniques de France showing Count Arthur doing homage to King Phillipe II of France - f. 361v (Philip Augustus, book 2, 18)">
</a>
<figcaption>
<details title="click to see details of the caption"
aria-label="click to see details of the caption">
<summary><cite>Arthur I of Brittany doing homage to Philip Augustus</cite>, (<a
href="https://www.bl.uk/manuscripts/Viewer.aspx?ref=royal_ms_16_g_vi_f361v"
target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"
aria-label="Go to British Library webpage, to the digitalized illuminated manuscript Les Grandes Chroniques de France, to page f.361v to see the picture and text">Royal
MS 16 G VI,f.361v</a>) description</summary>
After King Richard's death, Arthur I of Brittany (to the right) is wearing a crown, and
is doing homage to King Philip II of France in return for this latter's support to his
claim to the English throne.
<blockquote>
<!-- CITE FROM MANUSCRIPT SOURCE-->
<cite>"Arthur of Brittany doing homage to Philip Augustus"</cite>
<br>Les Grandes Chroniques de France, 1332-1350
<br>British Library, Royal MS 16 G VI, f.361v
</blockquote>
</details>
</figcaption>
</figure>
</div>
</section>
<!--SECTION 4: TWO KINGS, ONE THRONE -->
<section>
<h2><span>T</span>wo Kings, One Throne</h2>
<p>John, was accepted as king in England and Normandy. King Philip,
however, recognized Arthur's right to Brittany, Anjou, Aquitaine, and Maine
<!-- TOOLTIP 11 -->
<a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Arthur-I#:~:text=Philip%2C%20however%2C%20recognized%20Arthur%E2%80%99s%20right%20to%20Brittany%2C%20Anjou%2C%20Aquitaine%2C%20and%20Maine"
target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"
aria-label="Go to the the British Library website to explore the digitalized manuscript of the full roll chronicle to which the membrane included in this page belongs">
<sup>11<span class="tooltiptext">Reference: <em>Arthur I</em> - Encyclopaedia
Britannica.</span></sup></a>, and Arthur led a force to Anjou and Maine
<!-- TOOLTIP 12 -->
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_I_of_England" target="_blank"
rel="noopener noreferrer"
aria-label="Go to the the British Library website to explore the digitalized manuscript of the full roll chronicle to which the membrane included in this page belongs">
<sup>12<span class="tooltiptext">Wikipedia Reference: Jones, Dan (2014). <em>The
Plantagenets: The Warrior Kings and Queens Who Made England</em> - Penguin
Books. ISBN 978-0-1431-2492-4.</span></sup></a>.
<br><br>
Meanwhile, Constance was indefatigable as she worked on her son Arthur's behalf,
negotiating with barons and offering lands and patronage in return for their continuing support.
<!-- TOOLTIP 13 -->
<a href="https://www.historyhit.com/the-real-king-arthur-the-plantagenet-king-who-never-reigned/#:~:text=He%20then%20used%20this%20as%20an%20excuse%20to%20take%20control%20of%20the%20towns%20and%20fortifications%20in%20those%20areas%20while%20keeping%20Arthur%20in%20Paris.%20Meanwhile%2C%20Constance%20was%20indefatigable%20as%20she%20worked%20on%20her%20son%E2%80%99s%20behalf%2C%20negotiating%20with%20barons%20and%20offering%20lands%20and%20patronage%20in%20return%20for%20their%20continuing%20support."
target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"
aria-label="Go to History HIt website to full article">
<sup>13<span class="tooltiptext">Reference: J.F. Andrews, Lost Heirs of the Medieval Crown, Pen
& Sword Books.</span></sup></a>.
<br><br>
It was only a year later, that Arthur got captured while trying to take control of Poitou with rebel
nobles that followed him. It is assumed that he was taken to the castle of La Falaise, and no one
ever heard of him again. Whether he was murdered, or died while being castrated, all are
suppositions.
<br><br>
In the Treaty of Le Goulet, that John was recognized as successor in all Richard's French
possessions, in return for financial and territorial concessions to Philip.
</p>
<!-- FIGURE: width:100%, EXTRACT FROM LES GRANDES CHRONIQUES DE FRANCE, WHERE ARTHUR IS NAMED KING OF BRITTANY AFTER RICHARD'S DEATH -->
<div>
<figure id="arthur_kingOfBrittany">
<!-- img + link to source-->
<a title="Go to manuscript direct page, via National British Library"
aria-label="Go to digitalized manuscript page, via National British Library"
href="https://www.bl.uk/manuscripts/Viewer.aspx?ref=royal_ms_16_g_vi_f361v" target="_blank"
rel="noopener noreferrer">
<img src="./assets/images/arthur_i_section_4_arthur_le_rois_de_bretaigne_les_chroniques_de_france_royal_ms_16_g_vi_f361v.avif"
srcset="./assets/images/arthur_i_section_4_arthur_le_rois_de_bretaigne_les_chroniques_de_france_royal_ms_16_g_vi_f361v.png"
alt="Capture from the manuscript Les Chroniques de France, mentions Arthur as King of Brittany (Royal MS 16 G
VI,f.361v) lines 10-11">
</a>
<figcaption>
<details>
<summary title="click to see details of the caption">Arthur I of Brittany is named
King Arthur of Brittany - <em>Les Grandes Chroniques de France</em>, c.1300
</summary>
Caption of illuminated manuscript naming Duke Arthur I of Brittany as
King Arthur of Brittany, and explains how he disputed the English throne to John
Lackland after Richard's death:
<blockquote>
<cite>"... Arthus li Rois de bretaigne..."</cite> (Arthur King of Brittany)<br>
Les Grandes Chroniques de France manuscript, f. 361v <em>(lines 10-11)</em> - dated
1332-1350 (Philip Augustus, book 2, 18) - British Library (<a
href="https://www.bl.uk/manuscripts/Viewer.aspx?ref=royal_ms_16_g_vi_f361v"
target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"
aria-label="Go to British Library webpage, to the digitalized illuminated manuscript Les Grandes Chroniques de France, to page f.361v to see the picture and text">Royal
MS 16 G VI,f.361v</a>)
</blockquote>
</details>
</figcaption>
</figure>
</div>
</section>
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